Your graphs clearly demonstrate the double balanced mix of a carrier signal and a modulation signal. I have been working with radio design for many years and this is a classical view. Even though the magnitude of the total waveform goes to zero based upon the modulation frequency, the actual signal consists of two individual sine waves. If you place a narrow band filter centered on one of the components you will observe a steady sine wave with a ripple on its magnitude proportional to the amount of leakage afforded the filtered out signal. I understand your point that strange things happen when non linear activity is present and I have seen some amazing behavior.
Thanks for pointing out that nickel is opaque to a band of frequencies that begins at zero hertz and continues until x-rays are passed at somewhere beyond 50 keV. I have always assumed that this is due to the reflection of the energy by free electrons within the metal but have never looked into the process in any detail. My concern at the moment is for the high energy photons at the binding energy region, in this case near 8 MeV. I worry that once released, these will be nearly impossible to attenuate. I know of the W&L theory that their proposed heavy electrons will accomplish the job, but there has never been any proof that this is true. Also, how could this process influence virtually all of the gamma rays in every direction unless the nickel is literally crawling with heavy electrons? The extremely tiny wavelength of these high energy gammas would not suggest to me that they impact many nearby electrons if any at all. Couple this with the fact that no one has proven that the heavy electrons exist and you can see why I am skeptical. I like the concept of an x-ray laser and expect that one day it might be demonstrated. Someone might already know of such a device, and it would be interesting for them to tell us of its nature. It is amazing that x-rays can exert such a large amount of pressure inside the hydrogen weapon. I had always considered photon pressure as being wimpish! I suppose that if I looked into the actual mass associated with high energy x-rays that thought would quickly banish. Have you calculated the number of coherent x-rays at the 50 keV energy level needed to impart upon a proton the coulomb barrier energy? According to calculations that I have seen we need to obtain somewhere within the ballpark of 5 MeV of energy to breech that barrier. This appears like an interesting path to explore. I like the concept of x-rays trapped within a slot cavity. In radio terms I wonder what Q is associated with this process? This is another way of asking for information about the rate at which energy escapes your trap. Are you visualizing a system where a number of trapped x-rays continue to apply pressure against a proton also trapped within the slot thereby forcing it into the hands of a nearby nickel nucleus? This might actually apply ramped up pressure as more x-rays become trapped with time. I suspect that the vort members that have a strong background in chemistry would consider it unlikely that the crystal structure could withstand this magnitude of pressure. It is not my call. Eric, in my estimation there are no crazy ideas as I am the perpetrator of a significant number that might be placed within that category. You are exhibiting an open mind which will lead into many different directions of study. Keep your interesting ideas flowing. Dave -----Original Message----- From: Eric Walker <[email protected]> To: vortex-l <[email protected]> Sent: Thu, Jun 28, 2012 3:37 am Subject: [Vo]:Re: [Vo]:Re: [Vo]:Re: [Vo]:Re: [Vo]: Dave’s Demon and Radiation Free LENR On Wed, Jun 27, 2012 at 11:16 PM, David Roberson <[email protected]> wrote: I still do not have a mental picture of how the photoelectric effect works where a light photon that is many times larger than a single electron nevertheless only results in the emission of one electron from a metal surface. I need to find one of those quantum mechanics wands to wave over any problem to find a solution. My mind still thinks in a classical sense most of the time. The other things you mentioned were interesting. But for the moment I'll address this point. Descending from higher to lower frequencies, nickel becomes effectively opaque to high-energy electromagnetic radiation at around 50 keV. Once nickel becomes opaque, one can imagine the normal scattering going on in an elongated, nano-scale cavity. I'm thinking of Compton scattering, stimulated emission, the photoelectric effect, and so on. But there's also the possibility of coherent x-ray scattering -- e.g., perhaps a mini x-ray laser or "super radiance," a precursor. X-rays are what are used in atomic bombs to exert pressure on fusion fuel, so their credentials for creating pressure are good. All that is needed in this case is a minimum of pressure to bring the likelihood of fusion into a realistic, but not large, range. I'm thinking of something like popcorn in a microwave. Above 50 keV, it is possible that nonlinear effects within the cavity can still yield coherent scattering, even though nickel becomes more and more transparent. An example of the kind of thing that can happen is that x-rays can bounce around for high values of Q if the grazing incidence is slight, and the coherence of the scattering can be improved if there are atoms within the cavity. There are some interesting slides that were included in an earlier email that go into more detail. Unknown (i.e., miraculous) quantum effects may make the nickel cavity even more opaque even to photons above 50 keV. But let's assume that we have to get from 8 MeV to 50 keV in a hurry. That's a decrease of 160-fold. I have no idea how to do this realistically. But that's not a huge range in the big scheme of things, especially when you consider that nano-scale electronic components can generate radio frequencies. One of the nonlinear optical effects is heterodyning. You can combine a lower frequency carrier signal with a higher frequency beat signal and get some interesting effects. Here are two graphs, before and after heterodyning of the carrier signal (x-rays) with the beat signal (a gamma; hopefully I'm doing the calculation correctly): Before: http://bit.ly/LCMs7E After: http://bit.ly/N5ybMy You may need Google Chrome to see the graphs -- I'm not sure. The second signal still has a lot of stuff going on, but it's also got some much more macro-scale features now as well. Perhaps it is now able to interact with the environment of the cavity. Other nonlinear effects may take over from here, such as Raman amplification, where the "signal" photon, in the x-ray range in this case, is amplified by another signal photon in the same range produced by a nonlinear interaction with the "pump" photon, in this instance the gamma. All of this is obviously highly speculative. But it does not seem to be completely crazy. Eric
