e cores -- why the hell does your microwave oven need two cores?)
It seems to me that those who claim that the GIL is a serious barrier to
Python's use in the enterprise are mostly cargo-cult programmers,
parroting what they've heard from other cargo-cultists. It really is
astonishing
plicitly trust that each
upgrade is an actual *upgrade*, not a downgrade with a higher version
number like KDE 3 -> KDE 4, or a sidegrade, like Firefox.
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On Mon, 30 Jul 2012 21:45:51 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> And at that level, you aren't going to write your app in Python anyway,
>> and not because of the GIL. (These microcontrollers are unlikely to
>> have multiple cores -- why the hel
e network
diagnostics, to eliminate corruption introduced in the network layer. But
I expect that you won't find anything there, and the problem is a simple
thread bug. Simple, but really, really hard to find.
Good luck.
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d pay attention to modern practices for writing good quality code.
If you would rather stick to worst-practices from the 1960s, don't expect
any encouragement.
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and Context.
Mind you, both of those are seriously large, Decimal has 117 methods and
Context around 70-80 (I stopped counting). So as I said, that's about the
upper limit for what I consider reasonable in a single module.
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ype *is* a standard type. It's just not bound to a publicly
accessible name in the built-ins. But you can easily get access to the
class using either:
type(None)
None.__class__
or in Python 2.6 at least,
import types
types.NoneType
(although it has been removed from Python 3.2 for some re
ut using type(), there's an easier way.
def factory(name, parent_class):
class MyClass(parent_class):
def method(self):
print "Called method"
return 42
MyClass.__name__ = name
return MyClass
Much easier than the equivalent using type.
def method(self):
print "Called method"
return 42
type(name, (parent_class,), {'method': method})
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eginner for getting the case wrong,
you have done exactly the same thing.
A form of Muphry's Law (the Iron Law of Nitpicking) perhaps?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muphry%27s_law
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rsion of Python with
capabilities.
http://plash.beasts.org/wiki/CapPython
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-capability_model
Berp - a compiler which works by translating Python to Haskell and
compiling that.
https://github.com/bjpop/berp/wiki
Give them some love!
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urn sin(x*x)
If that's Python code, then I'm Ethel the Aardvark.
Cython is very Python-like, but there is no doubt in my mind that it is a
superset of Python and therefore a different language.
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On Sat, 04 Aug 2012 16:34:17 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Sat, Aug 4, 2012 at 4:15 PM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> CLPython, an implementation of Python written in Common Lisp.
>>
>> Berp - a compiler which works by translating Python to Haskell and
>
e in Python 3?
In Python 3, filter returns a lazy iterator, a "filter object". It
generates items on demand.
In Python 2, filter is eager, not lazy, and generates items all up-front.
If the input is a string, it generates a string; if the input is a tuple,
it generates a tuple; otherwise it generates a list.
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ig speedups for most code at the cost of
trivial slowdowns when you do something unusual.
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filter take different
arguments, do different things, and return different objects. Why is it
hard to remember that range is restartable and filter is not?
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On Sat, 04 Aug 2012 18:38:33 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> Runtime optimizations that target the common case, but fall back to
>> unoptimized code in the rare cases that the optimization doesn't apply,
>> offer the opportunity of big speedu
BOSE_FLAG:
for item in loop:
print(DEBUG_INFORMATION)
do_actual_work(item)
else:
for item in loop:
do_actual_work(item)
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that
appears to be perfectly fine, the reason is a missing bracket of some
sort on a previous line. (For Americans, I mean parentheses, brackets or
braces; for Britons and Australians, round square or curly brackets; for
everyone else, whatever you call them.)
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for Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). An OOAD
> textbook /should/ be language neutral and, these days, likely using the
> constructs/notation of UML [which derived from a merger of two or three
> separate proposals for OOAD tools]
Good lord. I'd rather read C++ than UML. A
tract and jargon-ridden that they
have become a badge of membership into an elite. Shorn of their excessive
abstractness, they're not very special. People were writing helper
functions to assemble complex data long before the Builder pattern was
named, and a Facade is just an interface layer.
> Learn Python by all means, the interactive mode is particularly fun,just
> try and get a good idea of what OO is all about before you start.
As far as I am concerned, any language without an interactive interpreter
is incomplete.
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rying to solve. I almost invariably use one
type of box and one type of arrowhead. Sometimes if I'm bored I draw
doodles on the diagram. If only I could remember to be consistent about
what doodle I draw where, I too could be an UML guru.
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word, but
this does not stop you from defining a word called ::: or "foo:bar" (with
or without the quotes!).
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e.
> I suspect), but can't say that I've ever used a "factory function"...
If you've ever used an ordinary function decorator, you almost certainly
have.
If you've every created a closure, you definitely have.
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On Mon, 06 Aug 2012 17:17:33 +0100, Mark Lawrence wrote:
> Please see my comment at the bottom hint hint :)
Please trim unnecessary quoted text.
We don't need to see the entire thread of comment/reply/reply-to-reply
duplicated in *every* email.
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e.com/meme/359ofp/
http://www.quickmeme.com/meme/3q8648/
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.chain(xrange(N, 250), xrange(N)) # in Python 3
for j in jvalues:
for i in ivalues:
...
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strings:
py> text = 'aπ©Z!'
py> data = text.encode('iso-8859-7')
py> data.decode('latin1')
'að©Z!'
py> data.decode('iso-8859-14')
'aŵ©Z!'
Both the encode and decode methods take an optional argument, errors,
which specify t
On Mon, 06 Aug 2012 09:55:24 +0100, lipska the kat wrote:
> On 06/08/12 01:22, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Sun, 05 Aug 2012 20:46:23 +0100, lipska the kat wrote:
>>
>>>
>>> Object Oriented programming is a mindset, a way of looking at that
>>> part
uot;Simplify the interface, oh and also change the API of these three
methods to match this other library, and add a couple of helper methods,
and while you're at it, this method has a bug that upstream refuses to
patch, do something about that."
So is that a facade or an adaptor, or s
lly not that Java methods take an extra "Two lines per source
file". It is that Java forces a single mental model on you, all the time,
whether it makes for better, more readable code or not.
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th.__dict__)
py> math.__dict__ == namespace
True
py> math.__dict__ is namespace
False
It are modules which should be special, and Python tries really hard to
ensure that they are singletons. (Multitons?) But not superhumanly hard.
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On Tue, 07 Aug 2012 10:19:31 +0100, lipska the kat wrote:
> On 07/08/12 06:19, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
[...]
>> But what *really* gets me is not the existence of poor terminology. I
>> couldn't care less what terminology Java programmers use among
>> themselves.
&
used as the default, each
and every time.
In your case, you can fix this problem and get the effect of "late
binding" like this:
class SymList:
def __init__(self, L=None):
if L is None: L = []
self.L = L
Now each time the method body runs, you get a different empty
On Tue, 07 Aug 2012 08:25:43 -0700, Roy Smith wrote:
> On Tuesday, August 7, 2012 9:52:59 AM UTC-4, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> In general, you should avoid non-idempotent code. You should doubly
>> avoid it during imports, and triply avoid it on days ending wi
://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CategoryPattern
And the ever-finer distinctions between variations on patterns. Without
looking them up, what are the difference between Default Visitor,
Extrinsic Visitor, Acyclic Visitor, Hierarchical Visitor, Null Object And
Visitor, and regular old Visitor patterns? -- and no, I did not make any
of them up.
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we now have a communication mismatch. The finer the
distinction between Foo and Bar Visitor, the more likely that people will
misunderstand or fail to see the distinction, and the less useful the
terminology gets.
There is a point of diminishing returns in terminology, where finer
distinctions lead to less clarity rather than more, and in my opinion
that point was already passed when Go4 wrote their book, and it's just
got worse since.
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hey say: I'll believe that corporations are people when Texas
executes one.)
You can, of course, ban the name "Person" from your classes and
databases. But that's a mere cosmetic quirk -- you're still modelling
people as objects and/or database records, whether you use the word or
not.
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Python 3, use list(range(8)) instead.
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pam, spam, and
>>> spam.
>>
>> Now now gentlemen we're getting slightly off topic here and wouldn't
>> want to upset the people who insist on staying on topic. Or would we?
>> :)
>
> We apologise for the off-topicness in the thread. Those responsible
>
when the flag is set.
It doesn't need to be a global flag. You can make the flag an attribute
of the thread, and then have the thread check self.flag.
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ction cannot fail to have collisions. The
problem is that in general you have an essentially unlimited number of
objects being mapped to a large but still finite number of hash values.
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r
forum. If there is none, try emailing the author.
If you do get an answer elsewhere, please consider passing it on here so
others can learn about it too.
Have you looked at how GUIs like wxPython and Tkinter handle key events?
That might help.
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hat the ipow operation ""is the equivalent
> of the Python statement o1 **= o2 when o3 is Py_None, or an in-place
> variant of pow(o1, o2, o3) otherwise.""
Where is that from?
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ncy with something other than **= would be inconsistency.
> and provide a feature that at the
> moment is not present. (well if the designers of python care really much
> about consistency they'd probably add an "ipow" built-in function, so
> that you don't have to import it from "operator").
Not everything needs to be a built-in function.
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e to do something like that, I'd say
>
>for x in range(1 + (len(L) & 1)):
[snip]
I'd simplify it even more:
for x in (0,) if len(L)%2 else (0, 1):
...
which is even more explicit and simpler to read even though it is longer.
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ce but I think I
got away with it."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xnNhzgcWTk
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*stably*[1] return the currently executing callable object?
I doubt it. Should there be? "currentcallable" is not a standard function
in any language I'm familiar with, although I may be missing something
obvious.
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On Mon, 13 Aug 2012 03:18:49 -0700, Xantipius wrote:
> subj
The same way as you compressed it, only in reverse.
When you ask a sensible question, I'm sure that somebody will give you a
sensible answer.
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t; if len(set(s)) == 9:
> print(n, s)
Um, I don't think so.
>>> for pre in ('12', '13', '14', '15', '21' ):
... n = int(pre + '543')
... s = str(n * n)
... if len(set(s)) == 9:
... print(n, s)
...
12
t;>
>>
>>
> Yes m'lud. Do I lick your boots or polish them?
Children children, if you won't play nice don't play at all. You're
scaring away the people who are here to learn about Python.
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is crosses the line to total dickishness.
Chill out before you get yourself kill-filed into irrelevance.
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have already tried? Show us your code.
- Show us some *simple* sample data.
The more you help us, the more we can help you.
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y back. Can someone please contribute a functioning module showing me
> how to do it?
[snip]
Ha ha, very amusing :)
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ode lives, you can't.
Once you have the Perl code, you can then run it using the subprocess
module, and collect its results.
Once you have the results, you can store it in a database.
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On Tue, 14 Aug 2012 12:38:24 +0100, Mark Lawrence wrote:
> On 14/08/2012 04:00, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
[...]
> For the record I was asked to use my full name rather than my user name
> on Python mailing lists. But see also my earlier reply to you on the
> "save dictio
are in-house, then a utilities module makes more sense.
If you're writing libraries for independent release, not so much.
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f
> anyone wants a truly unique handle for me, "Rosuav" is more effective
> than my real name.
Mom? Is that you?
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th_x.append(word)
else:
words_without_x.append(word)
words[:] = words_without_x # slice assignment
return words_with_x
The only downside of this is that if the list of words is so enormous
that you can fit it in memory *once* but not *twice*, this may fail. But
the same applies to the list comprehension solution.
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On Wed, 15 Aug 2012 11:44:29 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Wed, Aug 15, 2012 at 9:55 AM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> On Wed, 15 Aug 2012 07:46:31 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
>>
>>> I have my surname in my From address, but I tend to sign my posts
>>
this sort of
quoting, meta-quoting, etc. in detail. A good read if you want your brain
stretched to the point it starts leaking out of your ears.
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atter to Emacs
or some other editors, but Python simply matches on this regex:
coding[=:]\s*([-\w.]+)
http://docs.python.org/py3k/reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations
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s still good, with
unfortunately one complication:
If you inherit from builtins, you cannot use automatic delegation on the
magic "double-underscore" (dunder) methods like __eq__, __len__, etc.
See this thread here for one possible solution:
http://www.velocityreviews.com/forums/t732798-automatic-delegation-in-python-3-a.html
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ning a (number, bool) tuple -- safer, yet more
> boring... ;)
Boring is good, but it is also a PITA to use, and that's not good. I
never remember whether the signature is (offset, flag) or (flag, offset),
and if you get it wrong, your code will probably fail silently:
py> flag, offset = (23
On Thu, 16 Aug 2012 14:47:47 +0200, Hans Mulder wrote:
> On 8/08/12 04:14:01, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> NoneType raises an error if you try to create a second instance. bool
>> just returns one of the two singletons (doubletons?) again.
>>
>> py> type(None)()
On Thu, 16 Aug 2012 13:18:59 +0200, Virgil Stokes wrote:
> On 15-Aug-2012 02:19, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Tue, 14 Aug 2012 21:40:10 +0200, Virgil Stokes wrote:
>>
>>> You might find the following useful:
>>>
>>> def testFunc(startingList):
>&
not subclasses, they are both the same type, namely Foo.
"Share a common base class" is a much weaker statement:
class Foo: pass
class Bar(Foo): pass
a = Foo()
b = Bar()
Now we can see that a and b are NOT the same type, but they share a
common base class, Foo.
--
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ht
(cls, arg)
>
> class FooList(Foo, list):
> pass
>
> class FooDict(Foo, dict):
> pass
Did you actually try your code?
py> x = Foo([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 7, in __new__
TypeError: object.__new__(Fo
wanted `a' and `b' to share the
> same function (the `merge' function), I thought that the easiest way to
> achieve this is by letting them share the same name-space.
Or you could you use composition, or a mixin, or straits, or prototypes.
Well, prototypes are hard in Python -- I'm not sure how you would go
about doing that.
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erged dict
for key, value in d2.items():
if key in d1 and d1[key] is None:
d3[key] = value # merge
Now pass d3 to your recursive_type function.
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t mutation-during-iteration,
they are more than welcome to come up with a patch. Don't forget unit and
regression tests, and also a set of timing results which show that the
slow-down isn't excessive.
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some protocols for running Python code remotely over
a network. Please do not re-invent the wheel without good reason.
See pyro, twisted, rpyc, rpclib, jpc, and probably many others.
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r heroes to die of hunger and cold
homeless in the street, and cultures that top-post. What's your point?
> Of course, "Do in Rome as romans do" is universally sound advice, (with
> Rome suitably parameterized), so its best to follow the netiquette of
> the forum you are u
On Fri, 17 Aug 2012 04:50:43 -0700, Richard Thomas wrote:
> On Thursday, 16 August 2012 19:49:43 UTC+2, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Thu, 16 Aug 2012 10:03:51 -0700, Richard Thomas wrote:
>>
>> > class Foo(object):
>> > def __new__(cls, arg)
ython compilers will have
the same support for unicode, rather than most being BMP-only. Each
individual string's internal storage will use only as many bytes-per-
character as needed to store the largest character in the string.
This will save a lot of memory for those using mostly
e efficient than Python 3.2
> for any string which had a max code point of 65535 or less (in Windows),
> or 4billion or less (in real systems). So unless French has code points
> over 64k, I can't figure that anything is lost.
I think that on narrow builds, it won't make terribly much difference.
The big savings are for wide builds.
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using two code points. This is fragile and doesn't work very well,
because string-handling methods can break the surrogate pairs apart,
leaving you with invalid unicode string. Not good.)
The difference between 44 bytes and 22 bytes for one little string is not
very important, but when you double the memory required for every single
string it becomes huge. Remember that every class, function and method
has a name, which is a string; every attribute and variable has a name,
all strings; functions and classes have doc strings, all strings. Strings
are used everywhere in Python, and doubling the memory needed by Python
means that it will perform worse.
With PEP 393, each Python string will be stored in the most efficient
format possible:
- if it only contains ASCII characters, it will be stored using 1 byte
per character;
- if it only contains characters in the BMP, it will be stored using
UCS-2 (2 bytes per character);
- if it contains non-BMP characters, the string will be stored using
UCS-4 (4 bytes per character).
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en None is returned instead.
if mo is not None:
print(mo.group(0))
=> prints @victory
So far so good. But we can do better. In this case, we don't really care
about the tags , we only care about the "victory" part. Here's how to
use grouping to extract substrings
On Sat, 18 Aug 2012 08:07:05 -0700, wxjmfauth wrote:
> Le samedi 18 août 2012 14:27:23 UTC+2, Steven D'Aprano a écrit :
>> [...]
>> The problem with UCS-4 is that every character requires four bytes.
>> [...]
>
> I'm aware of this (and all the blah blah bl
This is a long post. If you don't feel like reading an essay, skip to the
very bottom and read my last few paragraphs, starting with "To recap".
On Sat, 18 Aug 2012 11:26:21 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> (There is an extension to UCS-2,
e "utf-8 == ascii" and
> the rest of the world doesn't count.
UTF-8 is not ASCII.
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7;s first 256 code
points. That's not the same thing though: there is no Unicode standard
mapping to a single byte format.
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rom sys import getsizeof as size; print(size
('abcœ…'*1000))"
10038
As I said, there is a *tiny* overhead difference. But identifiers will
generally be smaller:
steve@runes:~$ python3.2 -c "from sys import getsizeof as size; print(size
(size.__name__))"
48
steve@runes:~$ python3.3 -c "from sys import getsizeof as size; print(size
(size.__name__))"
34
You can check the object overhead by looking at the size of the empty
string.
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his myth that PEP 393 uses Latin-1
internally, it does not. Read the PEP, it explicitly states that 1-byte
formats are only used for ASCII strings.
> Adding "€", it will still be stored as 2 bytes/codepoint.
That is correct.
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hey make basic string
operations O(N) instead of O(1).
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nd "knows how to read".
I'm not sure which is worse -- that perhaps I *am* some sort of mega-
genius and keep overestimating the difficulty of scroll-down-and-read for
normal people, or that others have such short attention spans that
anything that they can't see immediately in front of them might as well
not exist. Either thought is rather depressing.
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don't save any memory. Because the objects are so much bigger
and more complex, your CPU cache goes to the dogs and your code still
runs slow.
Which leaves us right back where we started, PEP 393.
> Obviously one can concoct hypothetical examples that would suffer.
If you think &q
On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 09:43:13 +0200, Peter Otten wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> I don't know where people are getting this myth that PEP 393 uses
>> Latin-1 internally, it does not. Read the PEP, it explicitly states
>> that 1-byte formats are only us
tell us please.
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On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 01:11:56 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> result = text[end:]
>
> if end not near the end of the original string, then this is O(N) even
> with fixed-width representation, because of the char copying.
Technically, yes. But it
On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 01:04:25 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> This standard data structure is called UCS-2 ... There's an extension
>> to UCS-2 called UTF-16
>
> My own understanding is UCS-2 simply shouldn't be used any more.
Pretty m
here. Your objection
appears to be based on some sort of philosophical objection to Latin-1
than on any genuine problem.
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ing about string indexing and slicing.
There is no value of k, say, k = 2, for which you can say "People will
sometimes ask for string[2] but never ask for string[3]". That is absurd.
Since k can vary from 0 to N-1, we can say that the average string index
lookup is k = (N-1)//2 w
On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 11:50:12 -0600, Ian Kelly wrote:
> On Sun, Aug 19, 2012 at 12:33 AM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
[...]
>> The PEP explicitly states that it only uses a 1-byte format for ASCII
>> strings, not Latin-1:
>
> I think you misunderstand the PEP then
On Sun, 19 Aug 2012 18:03:34 +0100, Blind Anagram wrote:
> "Steven D'Aprano" wrote in message
> news:502f8a2a$0$29978$c3e8da3$54964...@news.astraweb.com...
>
> > If you can consistently replicate a 100% to 1000% slowdown in string
> > handling, p
telling
the programmer "don't change working directories, or if you do, you need
to change back again before doing X, Y or Z".
Personally, I think that trying to fix all the things that break if you
chdir is not worthwhile, but having Python record the directory you
started with in (say) sys.startingdirectory might be a worthwhile feature
request.
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r ability to outstrip storage continues, compression and
memory-efficient storage schemes will remain in demand.
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On Mon, 20 Aug 2012 00:44:22 -0400, Roy Smith wrote:
> In article <5031bb2f$0$29972$c3e8da3$54964...@news.astraweb.com>,
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> > So it may be with utf-8 someday.
>>
>> Only if you believe that people's ability to generate d
admins
who want to write quick scripts in Python than a function intended to be
used in libraries or major applications.
An interesting question is, what do other languages do in this case?
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dict but it is not derived from dict and I want
> isinstance(x,dict)==True to use it in place of dict in some other code).
Be aware that some parts of Python will insist on real dicts, not just
subclasses or fake dicts.
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context
> (e.g. conversation history) and get all the information I need from
> what the sender is writing.
In my experience, if you ask a question in corporate environments by
email, you're lucky to get an answer within a day. Slow indeed.
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