url: http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m62798.html
CS>Yellow tinted CS!!
From: Douglas Haack
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2003 08:34:25
> Silver Listers,
> We have discussed the yellow tint many times on the list. I now
> believe after some amateur research into Silver Colloid texts the
> yellowing is due to silver lumps, anions, ions whatever the
> preferred term/s is -- is due to sliver sintered off during the
> brewing electrolosis -- being larger or above 30 Angstroms and
> this gives the yellow tint.
> Forgive me if I'm off the mark and do correct me!
[...]
> I remain yours in SILvation, Douglas Haack
Hi Douglas,
There are several problems with the sintering theory.
First, it should occur all the time. This means you could never make
cs that did not show some tint. The tint would get more pronounced
the longer you run the brew.
As you have observed, you can make clear cs that stays clear. You
only get the tint when you go past a certain brew time.
A second problem with the sintering theory is it explains why you
get a black deposit on the anode, but it cannot explain why you can
also get the same deposit on the cathode. The particles have no
charge, so there is no reason for them to leave the vicinity of the
anode and collect on the cathode.
A third problem with the sintering theory is there is no explanation
why large groups of silver should leave the anode in the first
place.
This would violate Faraday's laws of electrolysis, which state the
amount of silver liberated at the anode is proportional to current
and time. The Faraday constant is an international unit of measure,
and is known to an accuracy of 7 decimal places. If sintering
occurred, it would make it impossible to determine the Faraday
constant to this level of accuracy.
If you study the electrolysis process, you will discover silver ions
leave the anode one at a time, and each ion gives up one electron.
This matches the electron that is consumed at the cathode to form
hydrogen, and keeps the currents at the anode and cathode the same.
They must be, since they are in a series circuit.
The reason for the tint is a bit more subtle. When you make cs, you
are producing silver ions at the anode and hydroxyl ions at the
cathode.
Since these ions have a temperature above absolute zero, they have a
thermal velocity. They are moving quite rapidly.
When they encounter a water molecule, they bounce off like billiard
balls on a pool table. Although they move in random directions afer
each collision, they eventually fill the volume of dw. This process
is called diffusion, and I recently posted two simple experiments
that show how this happens:
http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m61491.html
http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m61527.html
When you make cs, a thin layer called the Nernst diffusion layer
forms at each electrode. The region next to the electrode has the
highest concentration of ions, and the concentration is proportional
to the current density at the electrode.
When the ions from the opposing electrode reach this layer, some
ions will combine to form silver oxide. The equations are shown in
my reply to Reid Harvey at:
http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m62791.html
The probability that a silver ion will meet a hydroxyl ion and
combine depends on the density of ions in the cloud surrounding each
electrode.
This depends on the current density at the electrode, and the
concentration of ions already in solution. It is a bit like trying
to see through fog. If the fog is thick, you cannot see very far.
This corresponds to a high density of ions, and a high probability
they will combine.
If the fog is thin, you can see better. This corresponds to a low
density of ions. This means the ions can pass through the cloud with
little chance of combining.
This explains why you can make clear cs. You stopped the process
before the concentration of ions in solution became high enough to
form visible particles.
It also explains why you can get a black deposit on each electrode.
The silver oxide forms in the Nernst diffusion layer at each
electrode. Since the oxide is close to the electrode, it has a good
chance of sticking to the nearby electrode.
If you run at high current density, the probability of forming
silver oxide is also high, and you can get misting at each electrode
as shown here:
http://www.utopiasilver.com/images/gen3.jpg
and here:
http://silverpuppy.com/thermal%20stir%20sequence.html
If you run at low current density, you can make a higher
concentation of cs before the ions start combining to form oxide.
Instead of a black deposit, you will find a gray sludge at the
cathode as shown here:
http://www3.sympatico.ca/add.automation/misc/2ece54fc.jpg
Douglas, does this help explain why the sintering theory doesn't
work, and how the tint occurs?
Best Regards,
Mike Monett
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