Yup, that's some good advice. Here's a B210 with the TX gain set to 60.
The first plot is with the peak IQ levels around +/- 0.62. The second
plot is with the peak IQ levels around +/- 0.83. The LO leakage stays
the same, but you get a few dB more signal.
I have a little utility block that pr
Those buffer warnings are normal and can be ignored. They are just from
blocks using vector sizes that are not a power of 2.
The input file (adv16.cfile) is not a Transport Stream, it's an IQ file
of a DVB-T transmission. The flow graph stops after a while because the
"repeat" parameter on the
Here's an article that may help with your NF calculations.
"Calculating noise figure and third-order intercept in ADCs"
https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slyt090/slyt090.pdf
I wrote a little C program from it.
#include
#include
#include
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
double k, t, dBm1Hz,
t no apparent effect
over the spectrum at all.
------------
*De:* Ron Economos via USRP-users
<mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>
*Enviado:* miércoles, 17 de julio de 2024 15:00
*Para:* usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
<mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>
<mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus
I can't comment on issue #1, but I do have experience with issue #2. To
get a clean output spectrum, you need to do two things.
First, the IQ values generated by your application can never exceed
+1.0/-1.0 in value. You have to account for the PAPR of your waveform.
If you're using GNU Radio,
You have to specify a NEON architecture during CMake.
cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=hard
-mfpu=neon -mtune=cortex-a9 -Wno-psabi"
-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon
-mtune=cortex-a9 -Wno-psabi" -DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a
It was attached. ssbtested.grc
Ron
On 1/6/21 09:22, Barry Duggan wrote:
Thanks for your reply. Did you forget to give the link to the GRC file?
73,
---
Barry Duggan KV4FV
https://github.com/duggabe
On Tue, 5 Jan 2021 17:33:24 -0800, Ron Economos wrote:
Here's an ssb flow graph that's known t
Here's an ssb flow graph that's known to work. You can select the
sideband with the default option of the QT GUI Chooser block before you
start the flow graph (you can't change filter taps on the fly).
The test file is here.
http://www.w6rz.net/ssbaudio.wav
Ron
On 1/5/21 15:29, Barry Duggan
The 98 dB figure for 16-bit DAC SNR is just a theoretical maximum. The
actual SNR is lower. The Noise Spectral Density of the AD9146 is around
-163 dBc/Hz, so the SNR in the Nyquist bandwidth of 400 MHz is 77 dB
(-163 + 10 log 400). I guess the UBX has a 160 MHz low pass, so 81 dB is
probably a
Unfortunately, that FFTW bug has been around for a while. Issue 213 is a
duplicate of issue 182 from a year+ ago.
https://github.com/FFTW/fftw3/issues/182
On Ubuntu 20.04 armhf, they're just compiling the FFTW package without
NEON enabled.
Ron
On 12/6/20 06:27, Ben Magistro via USRP-users w
The automatic setting of the master clock seems to be getting in the way
after the PPS transition. Try explicitly setting the master clock.
"num_recv_frames=128,master_clock_rate=" + str(samp_rate*4)
Ron
On 11/19/20 03:33, Josh via USRP-users wrote:
Marcus,
This is naked hardware - B210 usb
Older versions of UHD won't compile with newer versions of boost.
Try 3.15 or even 4.0.
git checkout v3.15.0.0
or
git checkout v4.0.0.0
If you really need an older version of UHD, you'd be better off with
Ubuntu 18.04.
Ron
On 10/29/20 05:20, Baroch Oren via USRP-users wrote:
Than
If you change the UHD printout from MHz to Hz, it looks like the step
size is around 0.4 Hz at 23 MHz (and MCR doesn't have to be an integer).
Using a DVB-T2 sample rate of (800.0 * 5) / 7 and adding 0.01 Hz for
each run (with 4X MCR)
[INFO] [B200] Asking for clock rate 22857142.977143 Hz.
Just for comparison, I can easily do 10 Msps with a Beagleboard X-15 and
B210. Also, benchmark_rate works fine at 20 Msps. This is without Thread
Priority Scheduling.
I'm also using X forwarding (with a wired 1 Gbps Ethernet connection).
The GUI Frequency Sink is sending 120 Mbps over the net
ttusResearch/uhd.git";
so how does one revert back to an earlier release please?
Hope you can help, sorry for my noob git knowledge!
Cheers,
Dave
On 12/09/2020 00:02, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
Yes, it's not a problem. If you don't want to see the message, use:
git che
Yes, it's not a problem. If you don't want to see the message, use:
git checkout v3.15.0.0 -b tmp
Also, you should never use the master branch of UHD. It's really a
development branch and could be unstable. Always use a release tag.
To see all the release tags:
git tag
Ron
On 9/11/20 10:38
If that helps, you can disable individual interfaces from being managed.
In /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
add the lines:
[keyfile]
unmanaged-devices=interface-name:sfp0
Ron
On 9/3/20 12:41, Venkatesh Sathyanarayanan via USRP-users wrote:
Thanks a lot Michael and cedric for taking ti
The RFSpace TSA600 works well at 2.6 GHz.
http://rfspace.com/RFSPACE/Antennas_files/TSA600.pdf
https://antennatestlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/EX03A_RFSpace-TSA600_Excel-Summary.xlsx
Ron
On 8/22/20 01:58, Pavlos Basaras via USRP-users wrote:
Hello,
I hope everyone is well.
I am lookin
It has to do with using a newer version of UHD. After v3.13.0.3-rc1, the
ability to use large USB buffers was changed. To fix the issue, change
the "Device Address" parameter in the USRP Sink block from
send_frame_size=65536 to send_frame_size=8192.
I've fixed this issue in GNU Radio, but it w
de is taken from 3.7.11 , with the include header
modified for shared_ptr use.
David.
*From:* Ron Economos via USRP-users
*Sent:* Monday, August 3, 2020 3:36 AM
*To:* usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
*Subject:* Re: [USRP-users] GRC up-grade - installation issues
You don't need to supply a Findpybi
ulled successfully in using the old method.
Many thanks,
David GD4FMB
*From:* Ron Economos via USRP-users
*Sent:* Sunday, July 26, 2020 3:59 PM
*To:* usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
*Subject:* Re: [USRP-users] GRC up-grade - installation issues
David,
You don't need MPIR. The dependency can be res
In full duplex applications, it's very likely that you're interfering
with yourself. Some sort of filter may be required on the receiver to
attenuate the transmitter signal.
What kind of filter depends on the size of the duplex gap (the frequency
span between transmit and receive). If the gap
David,
You don't need MPIR. The dependency can be resolved with libgmp. Here's
what that portion of my OOT CMake looks like:
-- Found LOG4CPP: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblog4cpp.so
-- Found PkgConfig: /usr/bin/pkg-config (found version "0.29.1")
-- Checking for module 'gmp'
-- No package '
Take a look at:
https://files.ettus.com/manual/page_build_guide.html
Typically, for Linux it's:
git clone https://github.com/EttusResearch/uhd.git
cd uhd
git checkout v3.15.0.0 -b tmp
cd host
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ../
make
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig
It's highly recommended t
Here's a complete AM transmitter flow graph for GNU Radio 3.7 and Ettus
B2xx. It uses offset tuning to eliminate the DC offset on the
transmitted carrier. It can also send DSB. The test file is available here:
http://www.w6rz.net/ssbaudio.wav
Ron
On 6/24/20 08:01, Barry Duggan via USRP-users
60 dB is a lot of attenuation. You can remove *one* of the 30 dB
attenuators. For gain settings, 30 is good for RX and 50 to 60 is good
for TX.
Ron
On 6/12/20 14:14, Thuc TheGifted via USRP-users wrote:
Hi everyone,
I am new to this USRP B200 board. I currently have two boards and I
want to
application note:
https://kb.ettus.com/Software_Development_on_the_E3xx_USRP_-_Building_RFNoC_UHD_/_GNU_Radio_/_gr-ettus_from_Source#Building_GNU_Radio.
Jeff
*From:* USRP-users on behalf of
Ron Economos via USRP-users
ation
notes.
Jeff
*From:* USRP-users on behalf of
Ron Economos via USRP-users
*Sent:* Thursday, April 2, 2020 6:59 PM
*To:* usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
*Subject:* Re: [USRP-users] E310 Cross-compiling UHD / GNU Radio (vol
Try adding this to your CMake command line.
-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon
-mtune=cortex-a9" -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a
-mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon -mtune=cortex-a9"
-DCMAKE_ASM_FLAGS:STRING="-march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon
-mtune=
dmesg should say "new SuperSpeed USB device number X using xhci_hcd" or
"new SuperSpeed Gen 1 USB device number X using xhci_hcd" if you have a
newer kernel.
"high-speed" means USB 2.0.
Ron
On 3/18/20 03:41, Rodolphe Bertolini via USRP-users wrote:
Dear all,
I have been using a USRP B210 on
You can get the gain capabilities with the shell command:
uhd_usrp_probe
Setting a specific power output is not possible unless you calibrate
with an external measuring device like a spectrum analyzer. However,
once you are calibrated, the internal attenuator is pretty accurate.
Ron
On 1/24
e connected to my host pc by USB only.
On Sat, 21 Dec 2019 at 21:15, Ron Economos via USRP-users <
usrp-users@lists.ettus.com> wrote:
I always thought these pulsations were due to some kind of bug
with
Gqrx. If you change the FFT size, the rate of pulsation changes.
Also,
you don't see th
I always thought these pulsations were due to some kind of bug with
Gqrx. If you change the FFT size, the rate of pulsation changes. Also,
you don't see this on a real spectrum analyzer, even an inexpensive one.
Ron
On 12/21/19 09:25, Marcus Müller via USRP-users wrote:
Just to rule out inter
Vào Th 6, 15 thg 11, 2019 vào lúc 13:30 Malik Saad via USRP-users
mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>> đã viết:
Dear,
You can change the signal waveform (fro signal source) from sine
to cosine.
On Fri, Nov 15, 2019 at 9:25 PM Ron Economos via USRP-users
mailto
You can't have a center frequency of 1 kHz in your UHD Sink block. The
frequency range of the B200 is 50 MHz to 6 GHz.
If you change the center frequency to 50 MHz, you should see a 50.001
MHz signal.
Be sure to terminate the output of the B200 with 50 ohms. With Gain Type
= Normalized, Gain
You need python-setuptools.
sudo apt-get install python-setuptools
Ron
On 10/26/19 19:20, 张恒 via USRP-users wrote:
Dear all,
When I execute 'make' in 'uhd/host/build' folder, I met error
'[100%] Built target pyuhd
[100%] Generating build/timestamp
python/CMakeFiles/pyuhd_library.dir/build.ma
gards
Rajesh
On Sat, Sep 7, 2019 at 2:06 PM Ron Economos via USRP-users
mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>> wrote:
Okay, here's the complete set of instructions.
git clone https://github.com/bastibl/gr-ieee802-11.git
cd gr
ajesh Tiwari wrote:
Hi Ron,
Thanks for response. I think I am bit confused here..., I am trying to
install from https://github.com/bastibl/gr-ieee802-11 and I am getting
error.
Regards
Rajesh
On Sat, Sep 7, 2019 at 12:07 PM Ron Economos via USRP-users
mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>
Opps, should be:
git checkout maint-3.7
Ron
On 9/7/19 04:05, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
There's a 3.7 version of gr-ieee802-11. In the gr-ieee802-11
directory, type:
git checkout maint3.7
Ron
On 9/7/19 03:52, Dr. Rajesh Tiwari via USRP-users wrote:
HI Michael,
Many thank
There's a 3.7 version of gr-ieee802-11. In the gr-ieee802-11 directory,
type:
git checkout maint3.7
Ron
On 9/7/19 03:52, Dr. Rajesh Tiwari via USRP-users wrote:
HI Michael,
Many thanks for prompt response. I encountered problem in installing
module "gr-ieee802-11" as it seems requiring gnur
Your noise floor calculation is incorrect. It's (k * 290 * B) + NF.
Also, the B210 NF is dependent on receiver gain. See:
https://kb.ettus.com/images/c/cb/B200_RF_Performance.pdf
So the noise floor at 100 kHz bandwidth is more like -99 dBm.
As for IQ imbalance, 100 ksps is too low of a sample
In GNU Radio, there is a dual channel B210 example flow graph in the DTV
component. The file is:
/share/gnuradio/examples/dtv/vv018-miso.grc
The download location of the test input file can be found in the README.
/share/gnuradio/examples/dtv/README.dvbt2
It sends an Alamouti coded MISO (Mult
I wonder if the 2X master clock rate may be an issue. I use offset
tuning all the time on my B210, but at smaller sample rates and offsets
(10 Msps, 4 MHz offset and 4X master clock rate).
Maybe a test with 10 MHz LTE versus 20 MHz would be useful?
Ron
On 6/5/19 16:34, Dario Fertonani via USR
10 MHz is a lot of offset. The master clock rate probably needs to be 40
MHz or above.
Ron
On 6/5/19 16:12, Dario Fertonani via USRP-users wrote:
Thank you Marcus. I should have mentioned that I tried removing that
line, with no success. With non-zero dsp_freq, the power spectrum
looks OK but
You can use the DTV component in GNU Radio to output a known good OFDM
signal.
There are many DVB-T2 flow graphs in
/share/gnuradio/examples/dtv
Try vv009-4kfft.grc. A link to the test input file can be found in
README.dvbt2.
Depending on which version of UHD you're using, you may have to
Setting a large number of UHD buffers can help quite a bit. In the GRC
UHD Sink block device address:
"num_send_frames=256"
In Python:
self.uhd_usrp_sink_0_0 = uhd.usrp_sink(
",".join(("num_send_frames=256", "")),
uhd.stream_args(
cpu_format="fc3
You should probably post this on the srsLTE mailing list.
http://www.softwareradiosystems.com/mailman/listinfo/srslte-users
Ron
On 4/16/19 20:28, Nehemiah Chan via USRP-users wrote:
Hi everyone, I am totally to srsLTE.
I am using two computers Ubuntu 16.04 with B210 and Ubuntun 18.04 with
bla
More info here.
http://lists.ettus.com/pipermail/usrp-users_lists.ettus.com/2019-January/058897.html
Ron
On 2/8/19 13:05, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
See issue #222 (now closed) on the UHD Github for more info.
https://github.com/EttusResearch/uhd/issues/222
IMHO, this is equivalent
what the changes you referenced are and their
consequences? In my past experience, increasing the frame size has
been critical to achieving full-rate throughput on the B200 series.
Jason
On Feb 8, 2019, at 3:45 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users
mailto:usrp-users@lists.ettus.com>> wrote:
The recv_frame_size behavior has been changed in UHD after
v3.13.0.3-rc1. If you want to experiment with large frame sizes, you
have to go back to v3.13.0.3-rc1 or before.
Ron
On 2/8/19 03:23, Krzysztof Wisniewski via USRP-users wrote:
Dear users,
I’m new to Ettus SDR therefor I might be mi
The API was changed in the master branch of UHD. You need to build a
release of UHD. I've successfully built srsLTE with the v3.13.0.3-rc1
release.
git checkout v3.13.0.3-rc1
Ron
On 1/28/19 03:28, Ralph A. Schmid, dk5ras via USRP-users wrote:
Hi,
I asked this already in the srslte list, wit
Correction, v3.13.1.0-rc1 or later.
On 1/16/19 08:44, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
Setting the frame size (send_frame_size=x) with UHD v3.13.1.0 or later
seems broken. I haven't tested receive, but transmit fails with any
value over 8192.
Many:
[ERROR] [B200] Got a ctrl packet
Setting the frame size (send_frame_size=x) with UHD v3.13.1.0 or later
seems broken. I haven't tested receive, but transmit fails with any
value over 8192.
Many:
[ERROR] [B200] Got a ctrl packet with unknown SID XXX
And copious
Works fine with v3.13.0.3-rc1 and previous rele
Try deleting setting the frame sizes (send_frame_size=15360 and
recv_frame_size=15360).
I've just uncovered this regression myself.
Ron
On 1/16/19 08:27, Cedric Roux via USRP-users wrote:
Hi,
attached is a program that does:
open_b210()
while (1) {
t=rx(1ms of data)
tx(1ms of data at
Kurt,
You're correct. You don't need a DC blocker for your Smart TV.
However, you should use a 30 dB attenuator (as indicated in the linked
article) to protect your TV. The Mini-Circuits attenuators are not too
expensive (at least in the US).
https://www.minicircuits.com/WebStore/dashb
Gnu Radio flow graph attached.
Ron
On 09/12/2018 12:43 AM, Cedric Roux wrote:
Dear Ron,
On 09/11/18 08:49, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
I've done more testing. Here are some plots with the spectrum
analyzer in zero span and a real sawtooth wave being transmitted.
I would like t
, Marcus D. Leech via USRP-users wrote:
On 09/10/2018 10:48 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
It seems like it was correct before and wrong now. It's always been
said that baseband levels must be restricted to -1.0 to 1.0. Now it's
something different?
I consider this issue to be th
about that.
Ron
On 09/10/2018 07:26 PM, Marcus D. Leech via USRP-users wrote:
On 09/10/2018 10:21 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
I have to reduce the baseband amplitude from 0.96 to 0.67 to achieve
the same IMD.
This is a very annoying issue for me, especially since I've set
le
wrote:
On 09/10/2018 08:34 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
I'll try that. It's going to take a while though since I have to rebuild.
Ron
Understood. Sorry for the PITA
On 09/10/2018 05:30 PM, Marcus D. Leech via USRP-users wrote:
On 09/10/2018 08:27 PM, Ron Economos
I'll try that. It's going to take a while though since I have to rebuild.
Ron
On 09/10/2018 05:30 PM, Marcus D. Leech via USRP-users wrote:
On 09/10/2018 08:27 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
No change with 3.13.0. Haven't tried 3.14, since it's not released yet.
No change with 3.13.0. Haven't tried 3.14, since it's not released yet.
Ron
On 09/10/2018 05:21 PM, Marcus D. Leech via USRP-users wrote:
On 09/10/2018 08:17 PM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
I had previously noted that the B210 TX power had increased by about
5 dB goin
I had previously noted that the B210 TX power had increased by about 5
dB going from UHD 3.11.1.0 to UHD 3.12.0. Today, I was doing some two
tone IMD testing and noticed that the IMD performance has degraded
*severely* from UHD 3.11.1.0 to UHD 3.12.0.
Here are the spectrum analyzer plots at ro
al Message-
From: USRP-users [mailto:usrp-users-boun...@lists.ettus.com] On Behalf Of
Ron Economos via USRP-users
Sent: Sunday, August 19, 2018 4:13 PM
To: usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
Subject: Re: [USRP-users] B210 - how to use second TX/RX frontend?
Use A:B in the Subdev
me stuff by means of software is
"strange", I will try on another installation. TNX!
Ralph.
-Original Message-
From: USRP-users [mailto:usrp-users-boun...@lists.ettus.com] On Behalf Of
Ron Economos via USRP-users
Sent: Sunday, August 19, 2018 4:13 PM
To: usrp-users@lists.ettus.com
Use A:B in the Subdev Spec.
Ron
On 08/19/2018 07:03 AM, Ralph A. Schmid, dk5ras via USRP-users wrote:
Hi,
I am using an USRP B210, and it appears somehow it is deaf at higher
frequencies, 1.8 GHz and above.
Is there a possibility to use the second MIMO frontend single, by some
device string?
After upgrading UHD, I noticed that the TX power level on my B210 has
increased by about 5 dB (with the exact same flow graph). Is this an
intentional change, or a side effect of some other fix?
The power level change occurs between UHD 3.11.1.0 and UHD 3.12.0.
Ron
_
It looks like this near the end of cmake. Not an error.
-- ##
-- # UHD disabled components
-- ##
-- * GPSD
-- * E100
-- * E300
--
-- **
There's also a balun on the AD9361 input. Unfortunately, the balun part
number for the low frequency path is not on the schematic.
Ron
On 02/01/2018 05:39 PM, Dan CaJacob via USRP-users wrote:
That's an interesting thought. The 9361 does have a pretty bad match.
I'll try adding a 50 Ohm attenu
I think the incompatibility issues folks have are due to trying to use
gr-uhd (a component in GNU Radio) that was built against a certain
version of UHD with a different version of UHD.
If you're building from source, you should be able to use pretty much
any recent version of UHD with any rec
You may want to consider obtaining an FCC experimental license. A new
category called the "Program Experimental License" has been created.
https://www.fcc.gov/news-events/blog/2017/04/14/open-business-fccs-new-experimental-licensing-system-accepting-new
Ron
On 01/30/2018 07:27 PM, Bakshi, A
This is just a guess, but you may want to try:
sudo apt-get install python-dev
Ron
On 01/24/2018 10:17 AM, Zhongyuan Zhao via USRP-users wrote:
Python2.7-dev is already installed, here is the full cmake print
==
➜ build cmake ..
--
-- Configuring the python interpreter...
-- Python interprete
The bladeRF SDR can easily be configured to show aliasing. Here's a 6
MHz wide OFDM signal with the transmit filter set to 28 MHz. You can
also see the sin(x)/x response of the DAC.
bladeRF aliasing
Ron
On 12/30/2017 03:14 PM, Jeff Long via USRP-users wrote:
If you're trying to recreate Mike
I don't think there's a specification, but I'd say at least 25 watts (or
+44 dBm).
Ron
On 12/24/2017 09:55 PM, john liu via USRP-users wrote:
HI all,
How ahout the max input power for LP0965 antenna?
best regards
John
___
USRP-users mailing list
Make sure you unmount the SD card file system first before using dd.
Ron
On 11/16/2017 02:24 PM, Mann, John - 0662 - MITLL via USRP-users wrote:
I tried issuing a sync command after the dd command - no help.
I also tried using bmaptool to burn the image. It still doesn’t work. And it
still
I guess this is a little late, but you can pass in compiler flags on the
command line with -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS. For example:
cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS:STRING="-mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon
-mtune=cortex-a15" ../
Ron
On 11/10/2017 12:07 AM, Gwenhael Goavec-Merou via USRP-users wrote:
Hello,
maybe
I'm pretty sure the B200 defaults are:
send_frame_size = 8192
num_send_frames = 16
https://github.com/EttusResearch/uhd/blob/maint/host/lib/usrp/b200/b200_impl.cpp#L532
Ron
On 08/05/2017 12:00 AM, Dan CaJacob via USRP-users wrote:
Hi,
I have a GnuRadio modem I've developed and I'd like to r
There is a possible work around. If you use the external power supply
and can keep power applied after an initial firmware download, then the
B210 will enumerate as a USB 3.0 only device.
Ron
On 07/18/2017 06:00 AM, Sirkin, Joshua F. via USRP-users wrote:
Hi, I am trying to use a B210 with an
I've created an OOT module with a little utility I use to print peak IQ
levels. This allows for precise setting of the gain to insure IQ levels
are within +1/-1.
https://github.com/drmpeg/gr-iqlevels
Ron
On 07/07/2017 11:28 AM, Ron Economos via USRP-users wrote:
You can change the
You can change the gain setting on the interpolating FIR filter to
accomplish this.
The QT GUI Histogram Sink can be used to set a gain value that limits
the IQ values to +1/-1.
Ron
On 07/07/2017 10:20 AM, Michael Carosino via USRP-users wrote:
Hi Marcus,
you are correct, reducing the magn
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