Re; [techtalk] Permissions
As Robert said, the O'Reilly books are great. I have Linux in a Nutshell from O'Reilly and learned an easier way to change permissions than what I had been using. The idea is just to say what you want the permissions to be for user, group, and other. Here's some examples: /home/terry/temp>ls -la total 16 drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:56 . drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rwx, g=rw, o=x file_one chmod: g=rw,: No such file or directory chmod: o=x: No such file or directory (Oops, I guess it doesn't like spaces- try again) /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=x file_one (Meaning that I,user, can read write xecute, group can read write, other can execute) /home/terry/temp>ls -la total 16 drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:56 . drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. -rwxrw---x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two (It worked!) /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rw * (user can read and write all files in directory) /home/terry/temp>ls -la total 16 drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 01:14 . drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. -rw--x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one -rw--- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two /home/terry/temp>chmod g= * (group cannot do anything to any files - leaving a blank removes permissions) /home/terry/temp>ls -la total 16 drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 01:14 . drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. -rw--x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one -rw--- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two Carolyn Jarie Getter wrote: > > Someone please tell me there exists an explanation of file and directory -snip- > > Carolyn > > ___ > techtalk mailing list > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: Re; [techtalk] Permissions
Followup to this post... Does anyone have a reference that tells what files need to be what? For example, what permissions do CGI files need to be? How about the cgi-bin directory? And the html or public_html directory? Thanks, Lilly On Mon, 19 Jun 2000 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: > As Robert said, the O'Reilly books are great. > I have Linux in a Nutshell from O'Reilly and learned > an easier way to change permissions than what I had been > using. The idea is just to say what you want the > permissions to be for user, group, and other. Here's > some examples: > > /home/terry/temp>ls -la > total 16 > drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:56 . > drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. > -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one > -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two > > > /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rwx, g=rw, o=x file_one > chmod: g=rw,: No such file or directory > chmod: o=x: No such file or directory > > (Oops, I guess it doesn't like spaces- try > again) > > /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=x file_one > > (Meaning that I,user, can read write xecute, group can read write, other > can execute) > /home/terry/temp>ls -la > total 16 > drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:56 . > drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. > -rwxrw---x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one > -rw-r--r-- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two > > (It worked!) > > /home/terry/temp>chmod u=rw * > > (user can read and write all files in directory) > /home/terry/temp>ls -la > total 16 > drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 01:14 . > drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. > -rw--x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one > -rw--- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two > > /home/terry/temp>chmod g= * > (group cannot do anything to any files - leaving a blank removes > permissions) > > /home/terry/temp>ls -la > total 16 > drwxr-xr-x 2 terryusers4096 Jun 19 01:14 . > drwx-- 10 terryusers4096 Jun 19 00:55 .. > -rw--x 1 terryusers 9 Jun 19 00:56 file_one > -rw--- 1 terryusers 11 Jun 19 00:56 file_two > > > > > Carolyn Jarie Getter wrote: > > > > Someone please tell me there exists an explanation of file and directory > > -snip- > > > > Carolyn > > > > ___ > > techtalk mailing list > > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk > > > ___ > techtalk mailing list > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk > ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] Thought this was useful
This is for all of us newbies. I thought it's a nice "cheat-sheet". Lilly -- / - the root tree | -- bin - programs considered necessary | -- boot - linux boot image | -- dev - devices, like serial ports, printers, hard drives | -- etc - configuration files for network, X11, mail, etc. | -- home - where users live (including sysadmin) | -- lib - software libraries | -- lost+found - recovered files (from e2fsck) | -- mnt - where you mount other filesystems | | -- cdrom | | -- dos | | -- flash | | -- floppy | -- proc - kernel, device, process status files | -- root - where the sysadmin works, but doesn't live | -- sbin - system binaries (many root-only) | -- tmp - temp files stored, deleted from here | -- usr - hosts much, much software, libraries | | -- X11R6 - X Window System software | | -- bin - more software | | -- dict - dictionaries | | -- doc - FAQs, HOW-TOs, software documentation | | -- etc - software configuration files | | -- games - fun, fun, fun! | | -- i486-linuxaout | | -- include - header files for programming | | -- info - GNU information | | -- lib - more software libraries | | -- libexec | | -- local - programs not on CD-ROM | | | -- bin | || -- doc | || -- etc | || -- games | || -- info | || -- lib | || -- man | || -- sbin | || -- src - source code to programs | | -- man - manual pages | || -- man 1...9n | | -- sbin | | -- share | | -- src - source for linux!!! | || -- linux -> linux 2.0.30 | || -- linux-2.0.30 | | -- tmp -> ../var/tmp | -- var - system logs, compressed manual pages ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: Re; [techtalk] Permissions
"Lilly S." wrote: > > Followup to this post... > > Does anyone have a reference that tells what files need to be what? For > example, what permissions do CGI files need to be? How about the cgi-bin > directory? And the html or public_html directory? I don't know of such a reference. I tend to trust the installation guides and/or package managers to get it right. :/ cgi-bin: the webserver's cgi-handling program needs to be able to read and execute the files, but only I (or my group) should be able to write it. public_html: the webserver needs to be able to read it, but only I (or my group?) should be able to write it. Precisely who should own or group-own the files probably depends on the exact webserver program you're using. Actually, you can manage most file permissions by thinking things through like that. Though README and other docs for the relevent programs is really the best way to manage it. Directories have to be executable /to you/ for you to get into them. They have to be readable /to you/ for you to be able to 'ls'. They have to be writable /to you/ for you to be able to add or delete files in them. Files have to be executable /to you/ for you to be able to run them (if they're programs, or devices, or whatever). They have to be readable /to you/ for you to be able to look at the contents. (this does allow copying) They have to be writable /to you/ for you to be able to change them, remove them, or change permissions. (The file owner may be a special case here.) Symbolic links are a special case, they take on the permissions of the file they link to. There's also special-case stuff with suid, but I would need to read up on precisely what happens there. Notes: * root has full permissions for everything. * when considering what permissions to put on a file, I recommend going for 'if it ain't broke don't fix it' as the first rule. If it /is/ broke, I read as many diagnostic things as I can. IFF that suggests file permissions, I record what the permissions were before I changed anything, then think about who is using the file and for what. Plot the permissions needed from the POV of owner, group, and all. I hope this was helpful, even though it's not what was asked for. Jenn V. -- "We're repairing the coolant loop of a nuclear fusion reactor. This is women's work!" Helix, Freefall. http://www.purrsia.com/freefall/ Jenn Vesperman[EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.simegen.com/~jenn ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
RE: Re; [techtalk] Permissions
Lilly S., [EMAIL PROTECTED], said: > Does anyone have a reference that tells what files need to be what? For > example, what permissions do CGI files need to be? How about the cgi-bin > directory? And the html or public_html directory? It depends what user your webserver is running as, so it might be in the documentation of your webserver (or there might be people here running your webserver that would know..). The public_html directories should generally be readable (and not writable) by anyone (and you don't really have any reason to make them less accessible if they're going to be on the web anyway). To make a directory searchable, you actually must add the execute bit (x), so chmod a+xr public_html (chmod anyone add execute and read permission to public_html) should work. Also, all the directories above it in the tree (ie if your html dir is /home/lilly/public_html, then /, /home, and /home/lilly are above it in the tree) must be searchable (ie have x set). This is usually the case, but if you've been changing stuff, you might want to check that. (use 'ls -ld '; the -d means "ls the directory, not the files in the directory") Files in that directory should be readable by all and not writable or executable (unless you have user directory cgis, but that's another story) The u and g permissions as determined by your umask are probably fine. The cgi files you generally want to be readable and executable by the user the webserver runs as (if you're running apache, I think the user and group are in the config file, for roxen, it's somewhere in the config interface.) ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] dialup problems RH 6.1, Corel, Caldera
Hi, Carla, I use Caldera 2.4 (mostly) and Red Hat 6.0 on one machine. I use KPPP. I had no problems whatsoever getting my dialup to work well. > In RH 6.1 I had to install ppp & start from scratch. Same symptom every > one: it dials, "ppp daemon dies unexpectedly." I got that and had to change one of my settings. Check all your modem settings, as well as your DNS settings as provided by the ISP. This *should* be easy to correct. > In fact I am majorly peeved > with RH 6.1, sucker shipped with a lot of glitches. Yeah, that release, and three good Caldera releases in a row got me to change distros. I understand Red Hat 6.2 is better, though. I don't know what your specific problem is. A lot depends on the ISP. Sorry I couldn't be more helpful. Regards, Caity ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] dialup problems RH 6.1, Corel, Caldera
Caitlyn Máire Martin wrote: > > Hi, Carla, > > I use Caldera 2.4 (mostly) and Red Hat 6.0 on one machine. I use KPPP. I > had no problems whatsoever getting my dialup to work well. > > > In RH 6.1 I had to install ppp & start from scratch. Same symptom every > > one: it dials, "ppp daemon dies unexpectedly." > > I got that and had to change one of my settings. Check all your modem > settings, as well as your DNS settings as provided by the ISP. This > *should* be easy to correct. > Last line sure is true..it's trial and error. Most of the times I've had that error, I just had to specify "noauth" as a pppd flag. Yesterday, actually, on my Corel test install (gotta try 'em all!). It did the trick. ++ | Julie Meloni | | Tech. Director, i2i Interactive (www.i2ii.com) | | e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] | || | "PHP Essentials" ... http://www.thickbook.com/ | ++ ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] Permissions
Thanks for the help. Believe it or not, I have RTFM, and the relevant parts in Running Linux. (Maybe I need to read them again, eh? I have not been too keen on Running Linux. It seemed to me to far too often read something like "you can do great things with XYZ, but we don't have space to tell you about XYZ." Or it tells how to do something without really explaining what it is I am doing. I'll unbury it and give it another shot.) I think I run into trouble mostly when my files are buried ten directories down a tree. Okay, maybe not ten, but definitely down the tree. Am I correct that to read, write or execute, say, three directories down a tree, I have to give read, write, and execute privileges to each of the directories in that tree? That makes me a bit nervous. The SUID bit has me a bit perplexed as well. I swear that I have it set on the appropriate files, but I can't get whatever it is to function. Yesterday, I tried to get ppp working using SUID where I thought necessary. No cigars. Login as root and I get it running no sweat. Incredibly frustrating, that, especially when it happens nearly every time I try to install something! Reading about the security problems bad permissions and SUID open up doesn't make it any easier! I'm finding far too much of the documentation reads something like "There are some lamers who SUID on file LMNOP. That is such a stupid and obvious security hole." There is nothing said about what the lamer should be doing. I think I can; I think I can; I think I can. :) Carolyn ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Thought this was useful
On Mon, Jun 19, 2000 at 10:07:28AM -0400 or thereabouts, Lilly S. wrote: > This is for all of us newbies. I thought it's a nice "cheat-sheet". It's brilliant. Addenda: > | -- etc - configuration files for network, X11, mail, etc. I once heard this described as containing the "personality" of your system, which I thought was a perfect description. You can configure anything from the default prompt to the behaviour of the printer to the cron jobs in it. "Personality" is just so apt for it! [/usr..] > | | -- src - source for linux!!! > | || -- linux -> linux 2.0.30 > | || -- linux-2.0.30 > | | -- tmp -> ../var/tmp > | -- var - system logs, compressed manual pages On rpm-using systems, /usr/src is also where things appear if you unpack or recompile source rpms. Usually it's /usr/src// Dunno where deb-using systems unpack that kind of thing. The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard at http://www.pathname.org/fhs/ goes into -great- detail about what you should find where, btw, for anyone who wants the detail on this. But Lilly's version is much nicer to print out :) Telsa ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
Whoever's working on the Techtalk FAQ (Jenn?), this looks like a *marvelous* template for a newbie section! Anyway, here's my attempt. On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, jennyw wrote: > Hi, all! I'm just starting to get into Linux. I've installed it on a few > computers, but now want to learn more about what happens behind the scenes. > Hopefully I can find some answers here! Specifically, I'm interested in > knowing ... > > What are typical directory structures and file locations? I know these > differ from distribution to distribution (and from computer to computer), > but some patterns probably exist. > Someone (I can't remember who) just sent a really nice directory structure to the list today. I'll forward that to you - I saved it because even though I've been adminning Red Hat for a couple years now, I thought it looked very useful! > What happens on bootup? For example, what are the boot files, what order do > they get loaded in, and how do you find them? > Most of the files run at boot up are either in /boot or the /etc/rc.d/ directory structure. The rc.d directories are run according to what runlevel you're in (ie, rc3.d is for runlevel 3), and within those directories, the scripts to start/stop services are run in numerical order (ie, S01kerneld starts (S) kerneld before S10network is run - 1 comes before 10). > What good resources are there that describe things like the above? Are > there any books that anyone can recommend? > A couple of really great books are Running Linux and the Linux Network Administrator's Guide (both titles I'm reading off the shelf above my monitor). They're both O'Reilley books. There's also the Linux System Administrator's Guide (I think by Olaf Kirch) which is available on the web. Another great place to look is the LDP project - check out www.metalab.unc.edu for some How-Tos and other online documentation. > Thanks! > > Jen > Hope this helps! Mur! ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
RE: [techtalk] Permissions
Carolyn Jarie Getter, [EMAIL PROTECTED], said: > I think I run into trouble mostly when my files are buried ten > directories down a tree. Okay, maybe not ten, but definitely down the > tree. Am I correct that to read, write or execute, say, three > directories down a tree, I have to give read, write, and execute > privileges to each of the directories in that tree? > That makes me a bit nervous. No. You do not need read and write on the directories above. You only need execute. Basically, for directories, read lets you ls, write lets you create files, and execute lets you cd into it and get at anything in it (or its subdirectories). Example: > ls -l total 24 drw-r--r-- 2 user group 8192 Jun 19 13:47 no_execute d-wx--x--x 2 user group 8192 Jun 19 13:48 no_read For a directory with read permissions but no execute permissions, I can ls it (read), but I cannot cd into it, or read files inside it, even if I have read permissions on the file. > ls no_execute/ filesubdir > cd no_execute/ no_execute/: Permission denied. > cat no_execute/file cat: cannot open no_execute/file I also cannot cd to subdirectories. > cd no_execute/subdir no_execute/subdir: Permission denied. For a directory with execute permissions but no read permissions, I can't ls it, but I can cd into it and read files in it. > ls no_read/ no_read/: Permission denied > cat no_read/file stuff > I can also cd into subdirs (and ls them) > cd no_read/subdir > ls You might want to try some of this yourself (on scratch files, of course) to see what you can and cannot do (owner of the file can always change permissions). It's good that you're nervous about that. Many security holes arise from someone not being nervous enough, or ignoring their nervousness. > The SUID bit has me a bit perplexed as well. I swear that I have it set > on the appropriate files, but I can't get whatever it is to function. > Yesterday, I tried to get ppp working using SUID where I thought > necessary. No cigars. Login as root and I get it running no sweat. > Incredibly frustrating, that, especially when it happens nearly every > time I try to install something! (error messages and ls -l ing the appropriate files would be nice if you're asking for help.. Nobody else can tell what's going on if you just say "It doesn't work") Last time I set up ppp it involved quite a few scripts and programs, you may be missing a few. But really, what's wrong with running it as root? Even if nobody cracks root with it (which, iirc, would be fairly trivial with my ppp; it would allow you to specify a program to run when the connection went up or down), there are any number of fun (or for you, not so fun) things that can be done with suid ppp, such as kill your connection, make your modem call 1-900 numbers, get your isp password, etc. > Reading about the security problems bad permissions and SUID open up > doesn't make it any easier! I'm finding far too much of the > documentation reads something like "There are some lamers who SUID on > file LMNOP. That is such a stupid and obvious security hole." There > is nothing said about what the lamer should be doing. IMO, many linux distributions are insecure enough as installed, but I agree that the big flashing "DON'T EVER EVER DO THIS" is a bit overused; it'd be far more useful to explain why. Remember, every time you make something suid, you're just adding another possible way to get root. Generally, if you've got a suid executable, and someone can make it (or any program it calls, or library it uses) crash, or convince it to write over any executable, or essentially do anything it wasn't exactly meant to do, they can get root. ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, Amanda Owens wrote: > Whoever's working on the Techtalk FAQ (Jenn?), this looks like a > *marvelous* template for a newbie section! Anyway, here's my attempt. Definately. > > On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, jennyw wrote: > > > Hi, all! I'm just starting to get into Linux. I've installed it on a few > > computers, but now want to learn more about what happens behind the scenes. > > Hopefully I can find some answers here! Specifically, I'm interested in > > knowing ... > > > > What are typical directory structures and file locations? I know these > > differ from distribution to distribution (and from computer to computer), > > but some patterns probably exist. > > > > What good resources are there that describe things like the above? Are > > there any books that anyone can recommend? Once you've gone through a book that gets you started, or if you have a working knowledge of how to *use* a Unix system -- you can get around the fs, run some commands, get stuff done -- the best book I've found to answer the questions you've asked (and some other good questions you didn't ask, but will later) is Essential System Administration, by Æleen Frisch (yep, another O'Reilly book...). Jeff My Geekcode has moved to my .plan file. finger [EMAIL PROTECTED] for that and other Junk My Public Key -- http://24.5.73.229/pubkey.txt -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.0.1 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Made with pgp4pine 1.75 iD8DBQE5TnD+7sVCtrzVTMERAly6AJ9/533jOkd3YpodVi1AzvJHU5nY7wCfabAb jGu4ET/ws9b1wfsOqOXnrTk= =AbkD -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Thought this was useful
'On rpm-using systems, /usr/src is also where things appear if you unpack or recompile source rpms. Usually it's /usr/src//' in slackware7, it's located in /usr/src/rpm ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Thought this was useful
This is great. I hope there are no penalties for revealing the "secrets of the temple"! Carla At 10:07 AM 6/19/00 -0400, Lilly S. wrote: >This is for all of us newbies. I thought it's a nice "cheat-sheet". > >Lilly > >-- >/ - the root tree >| -- bin - programs considered necessary >| -- boot - linux boot image >| -- dev - devices, like serial ports, printers, hard drives >| -- etc - configuration files for network, X11, mail, etc. >| -- home - where users live (including sysadmin) >| -- lib - software libraries >| -- lost+found - recovered files (from e2fsck) >| -- mnt - where you mount other filesystems >| | -- cdrom >| | -- dos >| | -- flash >| | -- floppy >| -- proc - kernel, device, process status files >| -- root - where the sysadmin works, but doesn't live >| -- sbin - system binaries (many root-only) >| -- tmp - temp files stored, deleted from here >| -- usr - hosts much, much software, libraries >| | -- X11R6 - X Window System software >| | -- bin - more software >| | -- dict - dictionaries >| | -- doc - FAQs, HOW-TOs, software documentation >| | -- etc - software configuration files >| | -- games - fun, fun, fun! >| | -- i486-linuxaout >| | -- include - header files for programming >| | -- info - GNU information >| | -- lib - more software libraries >| | -- libexec >| | -- local - programs not on CD-ROM >| | | -- bin >| || -- doc >| || -- etc >| || -- games >| || -- info >| || -- lib >| || -- man >| || -- sbin >| || -- src - source code to programs >| | -- man - manual pages >| || -- man 1...9n >| | -- sbin >| | -- share >| | -- src - source for linux!!! >| || -- linux -> linux 2.0.30 >| || -- linux-2.0.30 >| | -- tmp -> ../var/tmp >| -- var - system logs, compressed manual pages > > > > >___ >techtalk mailing list >[EMAIL PROTECTED] >http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] storing objects in a db with PHP
hi all, does anyone know how to store objects in a database using PHP? I've created a class which has two attributes which are arrays. I need to store the whole object in a db but I'm not sure how to do it. When I try to serialize the array, the info is stored in a MySQL table, but I can't seem to retrieve the info (with unserialize) and then use the info as an object. Thanks for any help!!! And how about storing an array of objects in a db? thanks, Maria Maria B. Erb Web Developer Keene State College 603-358-2340 mail address: MS 2707 / CMIT 229 Main Street Keene, NH 03435 ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
most of the boot up files are in /etc/rc.d, just look around there and look at what it does on resources: I'd really reccommend you get a book such as Running Linux (O`Reilly), this particular one has helped me immensely, and it just plain rules. A tip, don't get a book such as 'Linux for Dummies' or 'Learn Linux in 24 hours,' don't be enticed by the low price or the cdrom, both of those books really suck, and taught me the wrong way to do everything. On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, jennyw wrote: > Hi, all! I'm just starting to get into Linux. I've installed it on a few > computers, but now want to learn more about what happens behind the scenes. > Hopefully I can find some answers here! Specifically, I'm interested in > knowing ... > > What are typical directory structures and file locations? I know these > differ from distribution to distribution (and from computer to computer), > but some patterns probably exist. > What happens on bootup? For example, what are the boot files, what order do > they get loaded in, and how do you find them? > What good resources are there that describe things like the above? Are > there any books that anyone can recommend? > > Thanks! > > Jen > > > > ___ > techtalk mailing list > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk > ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
RE: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
Amanda Owens, [EMAIL PROTECTED], said > Whoever's working on the Techtalk FAQ (Jenn?), this looks like a > *marvelous* template for a newbie section! Anyway, here's my attempt. If you (Amanda or anyone else) have an idea for a question or answer in the techtalk FAQ, I encourage you to file a bug at the sourceforge project page (http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=addbug&group_id=4338) with the question (and, if possible, a link to the relevant e-mail in the archives, or subject and date if you don't want to look it up) That would be a great help to the person/people working on it; they won't have to sift through their emails to find the questions. I suspect Jenn wouldn't mind people doing this for the other faqs either. ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Thought this was useful
Hi, On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, Robert Wade wrote: > 'On rpm-using systems, /usr/src is also where things appear if you > unpack or recompile source rpms. Usually it's /usr/src//' > > in slackware7, it's located in /usr/src/rpm On SuSE systems it is /usr/src/packages/SOURCES. I heard somewhere that this location corresponds to the rpm standards. -- Anne ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] mount: RPC: Program not registered message
Hi, I have 2 PC's running RH 6.1 hooked to our network. Yesterday both were able to mount a (NFS) server named Mango. Today after a reboot the NFS automount fails. Also I can't manually mount it with the following command: mount /mnt/mango when I do I get this message... mount: RPC: Program not registered I have not changed anything in /etc/fstab nor added or removed any services. I can ping, ftp and ssh into mango without problem, so I know I am connected to the network. Any idea's as to why I can't mount would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, Davida ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] mount: RPC: Program not registered message
Hi, I have 2 PC's running RH 6.1 hooked to our network. Yesterday both were able to mount a (NFS) server named Mango. Today after a reboot the NFS automount fails. Also I can't manually mount it with the following command: mount /mnt/mango when I do I get this message... mount: RPC: Program not registered I have not changed anything in /etc/fstab nor added or removed any services. I can ping, ftp and ssh into mango without problem, so I know I am connected to the network. Any idea's as to why I can't mount would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, Davida ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] Installing Linux on a laptop that is already running Windows
Hi, Does anyone know if I can install Linux on a laptop (Dell Lattitude) that is already setup with Windows 95 without needing to reinstall all of the windows curft? thanks a. ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Installing Linux on a laptop that is already runningWindows
I'm not sure what 'curft' means, but yes, you can install Linux along side Windows 95. There're two documents that would help you very much so: http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO.html - The Linux installation howto and: http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Linux+Win95.html - Using both Win95 and Linux on the same machine Good Luck! Robert On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, ad wrote: > Hi, > > Does anyone know if I can install Linux on a laptop (Dell Lattitude) that > is already setup with Windows 95 without needing to reinstall all of the > windows curft? > > thanks > a. > > > > ___ > techtalk mailing list > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk > ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] Re: storing objects in a db with PHP
On Mon, Jun 19, 2000 at 03:57:28PM -0400, Erb, Maria wrote:
> does anyone know how to store objects in a database using PHP? I've created
> a class which has two attributes which are arrays. I need to store the
> whole object in a db but I'm not sure how to do it. When I try to serialize
> the array, the info is stored in a MySQL table, but I can't seem to retrieve
> the info (with unserialize) and then use the info as an object. Thanks for
> any help!!! And how about storing an array of objects in a db?
Hi,
I think that the following example shows how to serialize and
unserialize object, and to show attributes of object.
The serialize function in PHP cannot serialize object's methods.
But, you can cast unserialized object as array. Then, you can
access attribute. If you display serialized object and array,
you see why and how to access attributes.
Hope this helps,
:eito
1, "white"=>2);
}
class Spam {
function get_egg($key) { return $this->egg[$key]; }
var $egg = array("egg"=>new Egg);
}
// create a new object of Spam, and store a new object of Egg
$s = new Spam;
$egg = $s->set_egg(new Egg);
// cast a Egg object as array, and access its attribute
$egg = (array)$s->get_egg();
echo($egg["content"]["yellow"]); echo("\n");
// serialize Spam object, and show its content
$p = serialize($s);
echo("$p\n");
// unserialize, and check if it is an object
$a = unserialize($p);
echo(gettype($a)); echo("\n");
// cast the unserialized object as array,
// then serialize the array, and show content
$m = (array)$a;
echo(serialize($m)); echo("\n");
// get Egg object from the array, and show the type
// then, cast the Egg object as array, and access attribute
$e = $m["egg"];
echo(gettype($e)); echo("\n");
$g = (array)$e;
echo(gettype($g)); echo("\n");
$h = $g["content"]["yellow"];
echo("$h\n");
?>
___
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Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
Amanda Owens wrote: > > Whoever's working on the Techtalk FAQ (Jenn?), this looks like a > *marvelous* template for a newbie section! Anyway, here's my attempt. Laurel Fan, actually, who's currently away from her main system and can't CVS. There's so much useful-interesting stuff flying around at the moment that I'm salvaging whole paragraphs from messages and dumping them into the FAQ for later editing! Laurel defined a really good structure for the FAQ, and so far none of the questions have really deviated from it. Jen: The rough Techtalk FAQ is available from Sourceforge at any time. http://www.sourceforge.net/ is the URL for sourceforge, the Linuxchix FAQs are under linuxchix-faqs. (Use their search engine.) At the moment, I'm putting the distilled wisdom of the list into the FAQ almost daily, so the best way to get the current FAQ is to learn how to use CVS. Sourceforge has adequate documentation on that. (But only 'adequate', dammit.) Jenn V. -- "We're repairing the coolant loop of a nuclear fusion reactor. This is women's work!" Helix, Freefall. http://www.purrsia.com/freefall/ Jenn Vesperman[EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.simegen.com/~jenn ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Permissions
Oh, another thing you can look at when setting permissions is the httpd.conf file in under apache/conf. This file, sets all of the defaults for what the web server can and cannot do. One thing people run into sometimes is that this file (httpd.conf) is not set to allow executables. So even though the permissions are set correctly in the directory and files, _boom_, the scripts will not execute! You'll get a forbidden error from the web browser, which doesn't tell you what piece of your system is doing the forbiding. There is a great log generated by Apache, though, which usually tells all. The apache/logs/error_log will usually reveal whether its a directory permission or an apache snafu. Here are some resources which go into more depth about apache and http errors: http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html and, for a breakdown of http status codes: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRESP.html and even more http stuff: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/rfc1945.html The part on the apache page about configuring your .conf files and the part about the error_log files are both very useful. I hope this helps. Nancy On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, Carolyn Jarie Getter wrote: > > Thanks for the help. Believe it or not, I have RTFM, and the relevant parts in > Running Linux. (Maybe I need to read them again, eh? I have not been too keen > on Running Linux. It seemed to me to far too often read something like "you > can do great things with XYZ, but we don't have space to tell you about XYZ." > Or it tells how to do something without really explaining what it is I am > doing. I'll unbury it and give it another shot.) > > I think I run into trouble mostly when my files are buried ten directories down > a tree. Okay, maybe not ten, but definitely down the tree. Am I correct that > to read, write or execute, say, three directories down a tree, I have to give > read, write, and execute privileges to each of the directories in that tree? > That makes me a bit nervous. > > The SUID bit has me a bit perplexed as well. I swear that I have it set on > the appropriate files, but I can't get whatever it is to function. Yesterday, > I tried to get ppp working using SUID where I thought necessary. No cigars. > Login as root and I get it running no sweat. Incredibly frustrating, that, > especially when it happens nearly every time I try to install something! > > Reading about the security problems bad permissions and SUID open up > doesn't make it any easier! I'm finding far too much of the documentation > reads something like "There are some lamers who SUID on file LMNOP. That is > such a stupid and obvious security hole." There is nothing said about what the > lamer should be doing. > > I think I can; I think I can; I think I can. :) > > Carolyn > > > > > > > > > ___ > techtalk mailing list > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk > ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Permissions
Carolyn Jarie Getter: > Thanks for the help. Believe it or not, I have RTFM, and the relevant > parts in Running Linux. (Maybe I need to read them again, eh? I have > not been too keen on Running Linux. It seemed to me to far too often > read something like "you can do great things with XYZ, but we don't > have space to tell you about XYZ." > Or it tells how to do something without really explaining what it is I am > doing. I'll unbury it and give it another shot.) I guess you'll always experience this with general books - it's actually the natur of "general" :) Books like "Running Linux" (which I haven't read myself) are probably very suitable for giving an overview of something, but to get the depth you need to buy another book on the specific issue or - maybe rather - search the web for it. (I personally love Google, it usually gives me what I want. Just remember to include all the words you think may be relevant, to narrow the search.) Also remember to check the HOWTOs (I guess they are somewhere under /usr/doc if you installed the doc on your box, or you can find them on the web. And of course the man-pages - just remember to start with 'man man' to get familiar with the commands :) > I think I run into trouble mostly when my files are buried ten directories > down a tree. Okay, maybe not ten, but definitely down the tree. Am > I correct that to read, write or execute, say, three directories down a > tree, I have to give read, write, and execute privileges to each of the > directories in that tree? That makes me a bit nervous. No, they don't have to be readable or writeable. They have to be writeable for those who are going to make subdirectories or files in them. Fex. you'll want to be able to write to your own home-directory /home/cgetter, but you don't have to write to the /home-directory to use it. And you don't need to have read-rights to /home, either - then you can cd into it (cd /home), but if you try 'ls /home' to see whose homedirs are there, you'll get a permission denied-message if you can't read the directory. Marks that even if you can't read a directory, you can explore it with cd to get further into it. So to answer you ten-directory-deep question: the nine directories closest to the root-dir don't need to be neither readable or writeable, while the innermost (the tenth - I think / is on the outher edge :)) must be writeable to those who will put files there. But it don't have to be readable to anyone - as long as the files within it are readable. And remember that only thos who are actually goning to write to a directory (i.e. putting files into it) or file need write access to it - use chmod to make them owner of it, or use chgrp and give access to a suitable group. On a web server you'll often have a www-group which contains all the people who maintain the servers main webpages, then the files need to be writeable for the people in the group plus have the appropriate groupship (hm, was that a new word?). For personal webpages the files don't need to be writeable for a group, of course, only for the actual owner of the page. > The SUID bit has me a bit perplexed as well. I swear that I have it set on > the appropriate files, but I can't get whatever it is to function. Yesterday, > I tried to get ppp working using SUID where I thought necessary. No cigars. > Login as root and I get it running no sweat. Incredibly frustrating, that, > especially when it happens nearly every time I try to install something! Can you show us the bits on pppd or whatever program you are using (I don't use ppp myself, so I don't know the programname, sorry)? Remember that you have to be root to make a program suid root (i.e. make it execute with root privelegesr), and also that you have to fix the right owner and group for the program first. So a 'chmod u+s pppd' followed by 'chgrp pppgroup pppd' won't work - it must be in the opposite way. (Ok, I was going to write something about suid programs in general, but as I wrote my English seemed poorer and poorer and at last I felt like a 7 year old or something, so I'll skip that for now. Maybe after a cup of coffee or a night's sleep, unless someone else says something wise :)) Magni, tired :) -- ulimit is good for you. ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
Hi, all! I'm just starting to get into Linux. I've installed it on a few computers, but now want to learn more about what happens behind the scenes. Hopefully I can find some answers here! Specifically, I'm interested in knowing ... What are typical directory structures and file locations? I know these differ from distribution to distribution (and from computer to computer), but some patterns probably exist. What happens on bootup? For example, what are the boot files, what order do they get loaded in, and how do you find them? What good resources are there that describe things like the above? Are there any books that anyone can recommend? Thanks! Jen ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...
"Fan, Laurel" wrote: > > Amanda Owens, [EMAIL PROTECTED], said > > Whoever's working on the Techtalk FAQ (Jenn?), this looks like a > > *marvelous* template for a newbie section! Anyway, here's my attempt. > > If you (Amanda or anyone else) have an idea for a question or answer > in the techtalk FAQ, I encourage you to file a bug at the sourceforge > project page (http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?func=addbug&group_id=4338) > with the question (and, if possible, a link to the relevant e-mail > in the archives, or subject and date if you don't want to look > it up) That would be a great help to the person/people working on > it; they won't have to sift through their emails to find the > questions. > > I suspect Jenn wouldn't mind people doing this for the other faqs > either. Not in the least! Jenn V. -- "We're repairing the coolant loop of a nuclear fusion reactor. This is women's work!" Helix, Freefall. http://www.purrsia.com/freefall/ Jenn Vesperman[EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.simegen.com/~jenn ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
[Fwd: Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...]
Doh! I sent it to Jeff only, sorry Jeff...let's try this again... Jeff Frasca wrote: *snip* > > > What good resources are there that describe things like the above? Are > > > there any books that anyone can recommend? > > Once you've gone through a book that gets you started, or if you have a > working knowledge of how to *use* a Unix system -- you can get around > the fs, run some commands, get stuff done -- the best book I've found to > answer the questions you've asked (and some other good questions you > didn't ask, but will later) is Essential System Administration, by > Æleen Frisch (yep, another O'Reilly book...). > > Jeff Excellent recommendation Jeff! Another good general Unix reference (which also has specific examples for Unix flavors like HP, IRIX, Sun, *BSD) is "The Unix System Administration Handbook". Another good and very general book "Unix: for Programmers and Users". I know these are both Unix books and not Linux but for someone wanting to learn the general stuff really well so as to be able to hop from flavor/distro to flavor/distro these books are some of the best (that and being best friends w/ the man pages and howtos). Hey perhaps all of us can review our favorite books that we are posting and then put them on the linuxchix.org site and/or FAQ? -Melissa ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] mount: RPC: Program not registered message
Davida Schiff wrote: > > Hi, > > I have 2 PC's running RH 6.1 hooked to our network. Yesterday both were able > to mount a (NFS) server named Mango. Today after a reboot the NFS automount > fails. Also I can't manually mount it with the following command: mount > /mnt/mango when I do I get this message... mount: RPC: Program not > registered I have not changed anything in /etc/fstab nor added or removed > any services. I can ping, ftp and ssh into mango without problem, so I know > I am connected to the network. Any idea's as to why I can't mount would be > greatly appreciated. > > Thanks, > > Davida Hum, Have you checked to make sure that all the correct daemons are running? I looked the daemon names up to be sure (still learning everything as we all are) they are nfsd and mountd, they have to be registered w/ the portmapper, i.e. rpc.portmap. The error you are getting means that mount was not registered w/ portmapper so either, it wasn't started at all or was started before the portmapper and hence wasn't registered. I think that just might be it. For more info see the The Network Administrators' Guide at http://www.linuxdoc.org/LDP/nag/node1.html Hope that helps, Melissa ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Installing Linux on a laptop that is already runningWindows
Thanks. I have loaded Linux into clean machines before but never into a Windows machine. Work is giving me a Windows 95 (i think it is W95 and hopefully not W98) laptop and said I could load Linux if I was willing to take responsiblity for it. The 'curft' (or rather cruft :), is all of the windows sw they are installing that they think I will need at some point or other. I am only allowed to load the Linux if I don't hurt the rest of the install. a. ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [Fwd: Re: [techtalk] Learning more about Linux ...]
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 On Mon, 19 Jun 2000, Melissa Plunkett wrote: > Doh! I sent it to Jeff only, sorry Jeff...let's try this again... Don't worry about it. Procmail put the first one in right spot -- I thought it had gone to the list myself (that's what I get for not checking the To: and Cc: fields... :) > > Jeff Frasca wrote: > Excellent recommendation Jeff! Another good general Unix reference > (which also has specific examples for Unix flavors like HP, IRIX, > Sun, *BSD) is "The Unix System Administration Handbook". > Another good and very general book "Unix: for Programmers and Users". > I know these are both Unix books and not Linux but for someone wanting > to learn the general stuff really well so as to be able to hop from > flavor/distro to flavor/distro these books are some of the best (that > and being best friends w/ the man pages and howtos). I would actually say that the general Unix books are the best. I've had some opportunities come up where I was helping someone poke around on HP/UX, the mail server at my school is an AIX cluster, and there are a number of other flavors at UW. If you start using Unix, you are bound to run into other variants than Linux -- heck, you might even want to get a little crazy and slap FreeBSD on your machine. They all have the same underlying philosophy, and you'll probably find yourself dinking around on one someday. > > Hey perhaps all of us can review our favorite books that we are posting > and then put them on the linuxchix.org site and/or FAQ? That sounds great. I'll write it up on my vacation... (I'll have to send it in this weekend, because I'm leaving, 0700h tomorrow, and well, I'm going miles from anything vaguely civilized... I promise I'll write something). Jeff My Geekcode has moved to my .plan file. finger [EMAIL PROTECTED] for that and other Junk My Public Key -- http://24.5.73.229/pubkey.txt -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.0.1 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Made with pgp4pine 1.75 iD8DBQE5TweJ7sVCtrzVTMERAkgrAJ97gUP8GQbNiKRNilGn40cp6S/1fQCcDsN1 rT7hDQjnk/adVuvpiNgiU/8= =bn9F -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
Re: [techtalk] Thought this was useful
Carla Schroder wrote: > > This is great. I hope there are no penalties for revealing the "secrets of > the temple"! > > Carla > > At 10:07 AM 6/19/00 -0400, Lilly S. wrote: > >This is for all of us newbies. I thought it's a nice "cheat-sheet". Heh. The only penalty is that I grab Lilly by the shoulders and say 'wanna help develop the Techtalk FAQ?' So, Lilly... *grab* "Wanna help develop the Techtalk FAQ?" (Well, if Laurel doesn't mind. Do you mind, Laurel?) Jenn V. -- "We're repairing the coolant loop of a nuclear fusion reactor. This is women's work!" Helix, Freefall. http://www.purrsia.com/freefall/ Jenn Vesperman[EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.simegen.com/~jenn ___ techtalk mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.linux.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/techtalk
