tkinter blues (greens, reds, ...)
hi all i recently wrote a script that implements a puzzle. the interface mostly consists of a bunch of colored disks on a tkinter canvas. the problem is that the disks change their colors in ways other than the way they're supposed to. it certainly isn't just a bug in my script, since i can sometimes change the color of certain disks just by taking focus off of the window and then bringing it back again! does this sound like some known bug in tkinter? and if so, is there a recommended way of working around it? if it matters, i'm using python 2.3 under windows 95. any advice will be much appreciated. peace -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: tkinter blues (greens, reds, ...)
i'm using the canned colors ("pink", "orange", etc). should i try
changing to explicit color specifications to see if that makes a
difference? i'm not sure what the other guy meant by a "soft toy", but
i take it the idea is to try and construct a correctness proof for the
script, and see what keeps it (the proof) from working. it's a sound
idea, of course, but the script is pretty darn straightforward, as you
can see (below). anyway, i'll let you know how it turns out.
peace
green = 'green'
orange = 'orange'
pink = 'pink'
yellow = 'yellow'
red= 'red'
blue = 'blue'
fb = 'frontback'
ud = 'updown'
lr = 'leftright'
def select(x,a,b): return b[a.index(x)]
def frontback(orientation): return
select(orientation,[fb,ud,lr],[fb,lr,ud])
def updown(orientation): return
select(orientation,[fb,ud,lr],[lr,ud,fb])
def leftright(orientation): return
select(orientation,[fb,ud,lr],[ud,fb,lr])
class cell:
def __init__(self, circlecolor, pointercolor, orientation,
coordinates):
self.circlecolor = circlecolor
self.pointercolor = pointercolor
self.orientation = orientation
self.coordinates = coordinates
def endpoint(self):
a,b = self.coordinates
if self.orientation==fb:
if abs(a)==1: return [2*a,2*b]
if abs(a)==2: return [a/2,b/2]
if self.orientation==ud: return [+a,-b]
if self.orientation==lr: return [-a,+b]
class cube:
def __init__(self):
self.ful = cell(green, blue, fb, [-2,+2])
self.fur = cell(orange, blue, fb, [+2,+2])
self.fdl = cell(pink, blue, fb, [-2,-2])
self.fdr = cell(yellow, blue, fb, [+2,-2])
self.bul = cell(green, red, fb, [-1,+1])
self.bur = cell(orange, red, fb, [+1,+1])
self.bdl = cell(pink, red, fb, [-1,-1])
self.bdr = cell(yellow, red, fb, [+1,-1])
self.cells =
[self.ful,self.fur,self.fdl,self.fdr,self.bul,self.bur,self.bdl,self.bdr]
def redraw(self,*cells):
for x in cells:
A = x.coordinates
B = x.endpoint()
erase(*A)
drawpointer(color=x.pointercolor,*(A+B))
drawcircle(color=x.circlecolor,*A)
def display(self):
self.redraw(*self.cells)
def cycle(self,a,b,c,d,funct):
x = d.circlecolor
y = d.pointercolor
z = funct(d.orientation)
d.circlecolor = c.circlecolor
d.pointercolor = c.pointercolor
d.orientation = funct(c.orientation)
c.circlecolor = b.circlecolor
c.pointercolor = b.pointercolor
c.orientation = funct(b.orientation)
b.circlecolor = a.circlecolor
b.pointercolor = a.pointercolor
b.orientation = funct(a.orientation)
a.circlecolor = x
a.pointercolor = y
a.orientation = z
rubik = cube()
def F1_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.ful,rubik.fur,rubik.fdr,rubik.fdl,frontback)
def F2_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.fdl,rubik.fdr,rubik.fur,rubik.ful,frontback)
def B1_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.bdl,rubik.bdr,rubik.bur,rubik.bul,frontback)
def B2_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.bul,rubik.bur,rubik.bdr,rubik.bdl,frontback)
def U1_(): rubik.cycle(rubik.bul,rubik.bur,rubik.fur,rubik.ful,updown)
def U2_(): rubik.cycle(rubik.ful,rubik.fur,rubik.bur,rubik.bul,updown)
def D1_(): rubik.cycle(rubik.bdl,rubik.bdr,rubik.fdr,rubik.fdl,updown)
def D2_(): rubik.cycle(rubik.fdl,rubik.fdr,rubik.bdr,rubik.bdl,updown)
def L1_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.ful,rubik.bul,rubik.bdl,rubik.fdl,leftright)
def L2_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.fdl,rubik.bdl,rubik.bul,rubik.ful,leftright)
def R1_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.fur,rubik.bur,rubik.bdr,rubik.fdr,leftright)
def R2_():
rubik.cycle(rubik.fdr,rubik.bdr,rubik.bur,rubik.fur,leftright)
def F1(): F1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.ful,rubik.fur,rubik.fdr,rubik.fdl)
def F2(): F2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.fdl,rubik.fdr,rubik.fur,rubik.ful)
def B1(): B1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.bdl,rubik.bdr,rubik.bur,rubik.bul)
def B2(): B2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.bul,rubik.bur,rubik.bdr,rubik.bdl)
def U1(): U1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.bul,rubik.bur,rubik.fur,rubik.ful)
def U2(): U2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.ful,rubik.fur,rubik.bur,rubik.bul)
def D1(): D1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.bdl,rubik.bdr,rubik.fdr,rubik.fdl)
def D2(): D2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.fdl,rubik.fdr,rubik.bdr,rubik.bdl)
def L1(): L1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.ful,rubik.bul,rubik.bdl,rubik.fdl)
def L2(): L2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.fdl,rubik.bdl,rubik.bul,rubik.ful)
def R1(): R1_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.fur,rubik.bur,rubik.bdr,rubik.fdr)
def R2(): R2_(); rubik.redraw(rubik.fdr,rubik.bdr,rubik.bur,rubik.fur)
def solve():
rubik.__init__()
rubik.display()
def scramble():
n = 15
from random import randint
f = [F1_,F2_,B1_,B2_,U1_,U2_,D1_,D2_,L1_,L2_,R1_,R2_]
for i in range(n): f[randint(0,11)]()
rubik.display()
canvaswidth = 380
canvasheight = 330
def c
Re: tkinter blues (greens, reds, ...)
hi ron changing from english words to hexadecimal numerals did the trick for me, so everything's cool now. thanks for looking at it. peace -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
mysterious buggy behavior
While fiddling with a little script I ran into a problem that baffles
me completely. Maybe I'm missing something completely obvious, and
somebody out there can diagnose the problem at a glance. Anyway,
that's the hope. Here's the code (it plays tic tac toe):
"""
Something goes wrong with the "time saver" section of the function
makeMove. The section
needs to be there to ensure that the computer makes its move in a
reasonable amount of
time when it is making the first or the second move. That section of
code is so simple
that I can't even imagine what could be going wrong with it.
"""
"""
012
345
678
"""
ex,oh,blank = range(3)
lines = [(0,3,6),(1,4,7),(2,5,8),(0,1,2),(3,4,5),(6,7,8),(0,4,8),(2,4,6)]
def subs(board,player,i):
b = board[:]
b[i] = player
return b
def valMove(board):
winners = [x for x in (ex,oh) for L in lines if
board[L[0]]==board[L[1]]==board[L[2]]==x]
if winners: return winners[0]==ex and (+1,None) or (-1,None)
if board.count(blank)==0: return (0,None)
player = (oh,ex)[board.count(ex)==board.count(oh)]
optimal = (min,max)[player==ex]
blankIndices = [i for i in range(9) if board[i]==blank]
return optimal([(valMove(subs(board,player,i))[0],i) for i in
blankIndices])
BOARD = [blank]*9
def clickButton(i):
def f():
BOARD[i] = ex
(topButtons,midButtons,botButtons)[i//3][i%3]['text'] = 'X'
return f
def newGame():
BOARD = [blank]*9
for x in topButtons+midButtons+botButtons: x['text'] = ''
def makeMove():
i = None
##
if BOARD.count(blank)>=8:
for j in [4,0,2,6,8]:
if BOARD[j]==blank: i = j; break
##
if i==None: i = valMove(BOARD)[1]
BOARD[i] = oh
(topButtons,midButtons,botButtons)[i//3][i%3]['text'] = 'O'
from Tkinter import *
root = Tk()
###
topRow = Frame(master=root)
topButtons = [Button(master=topRow,width=1,command=clickButton(i)) for
i in range(3)]
###
midRow = Frame(master=root)
midButtons = [Button(master=midRow,width=1,command=clickButton(3+i))
for i in range(3)]
###
botRow = Frame(master=root)
botButtons = [Button(master=botRow,width=1,command=clickButton(6+i))
for i in range(3)]
###
map(lambda x: x.pack(side=TOP),[topRow,midRow,botRow])
map(lambda x: x.pack(side=LEFT),topButtons + midButtons + botButtons)
###
dummyRow = Frame(master=root)
placeHolder = Label(master=dummyRow,text='')
dummyRow.pack(side=TOP)
placeHolder.pack(side=TOP)
###
ctrlRow = Frame(master=root)
computerMoveButton = Button(master=ctrlRow,text='computer
move',command=makeMove)
newGameButton = Button(master=ctrlRow,text='new game',command=newGame)
ctrlRow.pack(side=TOP)
computerMoveButton.pack(side=TOP)
newGameButton.pack(side=TOP)
###
root.title('tic tac toe')
root.mainloop()
--
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unicode mystery
I recently found out that unicode("\347", "iso-8859-1") is the
lowercase c-with-cedilla, so I set out to round up the unicode numbers
of the extra characters you need for French, and I found them all just
fine EXCEPT for the o-e ligature (oeuvre, etc). I examined the unicode
characters from 0 to 900 without finding it; then I looked at
www.unicode.org but the numbers I got there (0152 and 0153) didn't
work. Can anybody put a help on me wrt this? (Do I need to give a
different value for the second parameter, maybe?)
Peace,
STM
PS: I'm considering looking into pyscript as a means of making
diagrams for inclusion in LaTeX documents. If anyone can share an
opinion about pyscript, I'm interested to hear it.
Peace
--
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reusing Tkinter Canvases
I'd like to save one Tkinter Canvas in order to use it on another Canvas later. The problem is that it gets saved as EPS but it needs to be GIF to be reuseable. How can I convert that format? Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Save the Canvas!
I'd like to be able to save a Tkinter Canvas in a format other than postscript (preferably gif). Is there a tool out there for accomplishing that? Any help will be much appreciated. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Two questions on lambda:
def PRINT(x): print x
f = lambda: PRINT("hello")
###
def let(x,y):
globals()[x] = y
return True
f = lambda x: let('y',x*x) and y+y
--
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Re: map/filter/reduce/lambda opinions and background unscientific mini-survey
Tom Anderson wrote:
> So, if you're a pythonista who loves map and lambda, and disagrees with
> Guido, what's your background? Functional or not?
glad you asked. personally i don't know lisp (or scheme), but now i've
decided to learn it, because eventually it will no longer be possible
in python to pass functions as arguments or return them as values. the
education sig will have to change its motto to "computer programming
for every C-programmer". until then hangers-on like myself can use
home-grown substitutes for the functional constructs (examples below),
but in my opinion the best thing is to migrate as soon as possible. the
real programmers are squeezing us out. now is the time to abandon
python for an intelligent language (macros! real conditional evaluation
instead of the and/or kluge!)
def LISTCOMP(f,s,g):
reval = []
for x in s:
if g(x):
reval.append(f(x))
return reval
def LAMBDA(arguments,value):
symbols = arguments.split(',')
def reval(*args):
for i in range(len(args)):
locals()[symbols[i]] = args[i]
return eval(value)
return reval
def MAP(f,s):
return LISTCOMP(f,s,LAMBDA('x','True'))
def FILTER(f,s):
return type(s)(LISTCOMP(LAMBDA('x','x'),s,f))
def REDUCE(f,s,t):
if not s: return t
return f(s[0],REDUCE(f,s[1:],t))
--
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Re: map/filter/reduce/lambda opinions and background unscientific mini-survey
Peter Hansen wrote: > Sean, what gave you the impression this would change? just inductive reasoning. i've been wrong before (like anyone who makes that claim), and i'm a former python enthusiast, so my judgement must be colored to some extent by bitterness. maybe they have solid reasons for scrapping the functional constructs. but to me it seems like they're eliminating them just because they offend the sensibilities of C-programmers. (i mean those stereotypical C-programmers, baffled by recursion and the like, who don't want to be reproached with the fact of their mathematical illiteracy.) if that's the case then list comprehensions and/or "first class functions" are likely to be the next target. even if they're not, it's pretty clear that python is leaving its multiparadigmatic origins behind. "do it our way," the pundits are effectively saying, "or get out". for my part, i'm getting out. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
two questions - no common theme
And now for a pair of questions that are completely different: 1) I'd like to be able to bind callbacks to presses of the arrow buttons on the keyboard. How do you say that in Tkinter? 2) The function 'listdir' in os.path returns a list of all the files in the given directory - how do I get hold of a list of its subdirectories? Any help will be greatly appreciated. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
'modal dialogs' with Tkinter
I'd like to have a function f such that, when f is invoked, a Tk window w is presented in which a number of variables can be modified, and f returns the values that are indicated by the relevant menus/checkbuttons/etc at the time w gets closed. I've tried various ways of doing this, without success. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated. Peace, Sean McIlroy -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: String Replace Problem...
I can't claim to have studied your problem in detail, but I get
reasonable results from the following:
filename = 'Errors.txt'
S = open(filename,'r').read().split()
f = lambda x: (x[0]=='@' and x[6:] + '.0') or (x=='/' and x + '\n') or
x
open(filename,'w').write(' '.join(map(f,S)))
HTH
-
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>...
> Hello NG,
>
> probably this is a basic question, but I'm going crazy... I am unable
> to find an answer. Suppose that I have a file (that I called "Errors.txt")
> which contains these lines:
>
> MULTIPLY
> 'PERMX' @PERMX1 1 34 1 20 1 6 /
> 'PERMX' @PERMX2 1 34 21 41 1 6 /
> 'PERMX' @PERMX3 1 34 1 20 7 14/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX4 1 34 21 41 7 14/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX5 1 34 1 20 15 26/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX6 1 34 21 41 15 26/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX7 1 34 1 20 27 28/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX8 1 34 21 41 27 28/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX9 1 34 1 20 29 34/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX10 1 34 21 41 29 34/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX11 1 34 1 20 35 42/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX12 1 34 21 41 35 42/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX13 1 34 1 20 43 53/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX14 1 34 21 41 43 53/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX15 1 34 1 20 54 61/
> 'PERMX' @PERMX16 1 34 21 41 54 61/
> /
>
> I would like to replace all the occurrencies of the "keywords" (beginning
> with the @ (AT) symbol) with some floating point value. As an example, this
> is what I do:
>
> # --- CODE BEGIN
>
> import re
> import string
>
> # Set Some Dummy Parameter Values
> parametervalues = range(1, 17)
>
> # Open And Read The File With Keywords
> fid = open("Errors.txt","rt")
> onread = fid.read()
> fid.close()
>
> # Find All Keywords Starting with @ (AT)
> regex = re.compile("[EMAIL PROTECTED]", re.IGNORECASE)
> keywords = regex.findall(onread)
>
> counter = 0
>
> # Try To Replace The With Floats
> for keys in keywords:
> pars = parametervalues[counter]
> onread = string.replace(onread, keys, str(float(pars)))
> counter = counter + 1
>
> # Write A New File With Replaced Values
> fid = open("Errors_2.txt","wt")
> fid.write(onread)
> fid.close()
>
> # --- CODE END
>
>
> Now, I you try to run this little script, you will see that for keywords
> starting from "@PERMX10", the replaced values are WRONG. I don't know why,
> Python replace only the "@PERMX1" leaving out the last char of the keyword
> (that are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ). These values are left in the file and I
> don't get the expected result.
>
> Does anyone have an explanation? What am I doing wrong?
>
> Thanks to you all for your help.
>
> Andrea.
>
> --
> Message for the recipient only, if received in error, please notify the
> sender and read http://www.eni.it/disclaimer/
--
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canvassing for assistance
Hi all!
I've written a utility for making diagrams. It could also be a good
environment for experimenting with a Tk canvas, so I'm including the
code here (see below). The problem is that, when I save a canvas and
include the resulting postscript file in a LaTeX document, I often
find that the right edge of the canvas has been cut off and/or that
there's a bunch of extra space at the bottom that forces the picture
to take up a whole page just by itself. The Introduction to Tkinter
lists a bunch of options for the Canvas postscript method, but it
doesn't say anything about the semantics of any of them, and there are
several that sound like they could be what I need. So, if anybody
knows how to exercise finer control over the Canvas postscript method,
I'd be grateful to hear about it.
Peace,
STM
###
## FRESH SHELL: import canvasser
## (so that text can be copied from the shell)
###
pencil = 1
eraser = 10
color = 'black'
def save():
from tkSimpleDialog import askstring
filename = askstring('save diagram','enter name of diagram: ') +
'.eps'
canvas.postscript(file=filename,width=100,height=100,pagewidth=100,pageheight=100)
def circle(x,y,radius=25,color=None):
r = radius
return canvas.create_oval(x-r,y-r,x+r,y+r,fill=color)
#
__P__ = None
__I__ = None
def draw(event):
global __P__
Q = [event.x,event.y]
canvas.create_line(__P__[0],__P__[1],Q[0],Q[1],width=pencil,fill=color)
__P__ = Q
def erase(event):
r = eraser
x,y = event.x,event.y
for x in canvas.find_overlapping(x-r,y-r,x+r,y+r):
canvas.delete(x)
def carry(event):
if __I__==None: return
C = canvas.coords(__I__)
x,y = event.x,event.y
if len(C)==2: canvas.coords(__I__,x,y)
else:
a,b = C[:2]
f = lambda i: ( i%2 and [y-b] or [x-a] ) [0]
D = [x,y] + [C[i] + f(i) for i in range(2,len(C))]
canvas.coords(__I__,*D)
def scale(event):
C = canvas.coords(__I__)
if len(C)<>4: return
canvas.coords(__I__,C[0],C[1],event.x,event.y)
def point(event):
codeArea.insert(INSERT,str(event.x) + ',' + str(event.y))
def item(event):
codeArea.insert(INSERT,str(canvas.find_closest(event.x,event.y)[0]))
def mouseDown(event):
global __P__,__I__
m = mode.get()
if m==0: __P__ = [event.x,event.y]
elif m==2: point(event)
elif m==3: item(event)
elif m>=4: __I__ = canvas.find_closest(event.x,event.y)
def mouseDrag(event):
m = mode.get()
if m==0: draw(event)
elif m==1: erase(event)
elif m==4: carry(event)
elif m==5: scale(event)
def mouseUp(event):
global __P__,__I__
__P__ = None
__I__ = None
def runCode(dummy):
x = codeArea.get()
y = [i for i in range(len(x)) if x[i]=='=' and
x[:i].count('(')==0]
z = y and x[:y[0]] + '=' + x[y[0]+1:] or x
print '>>> ' + z
try: exec z in globals()
except: print 'ERROR'
codeArea.delete(0,END)
from Tkinter import *
print '*'*80
print 'REMINDER: canvas; pencil,eraser,color; save,circle'
print '*'*80
root = Tk()
canvas = Canvas(root,background='white')
canvas.bind('',mouseDown)
canvas.bind('',mouseDrag)
canvas.bind('',mouseUp)
canvas.pack(side=TOP,expand=1,fill=BOTH)
codeArea = Entry(root,font=6)
codeArea.pack(side=TOP,expand=1,fill=X)
codeArea.bind('',runCode)
ctrl = Frame(root)
mode = IntVar()
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=0,text='draw').pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=1,text='erase').pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=2,text='point').pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=3,text='item').pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=4,text='carry').pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(ctrl,indicatoron=0,variable=mode,value=5,text='scale').pack(side=LEFT)
ctrl.pack(side=TOP,pady=10)
root.title('canvasser')
root.mainloop()
--
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Re: String Replace Problem...
Alright, now it's too much. It's not enough that you're eliminating it
from the language, you have to stigmatize the lambda as well. You
should take some time to reflect that not everybody thinks the same
way. Those of us who are mathematically inclined like the lambda
because it fits in well with the way we already think. And besides, it
amounts to an explicit declaration that the function in question has
no side effects. And besides, it adds flexibility to the language. Go
ahead and throw it away, but you're making python less accessible for
those of us whose central concern is something other than programming.
("Single line" indeed!)
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Re: canvassing for assistance
'scale' puts the lower-right corner of a bounding box where the pointer is, while keeping the upper-left corner where it was before (or, if the relevant item's coordinates aren't of bounding-box type, the function does nothing). Thanks for the link. Peace, STM "[EMAIL PROTECTED]" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>... > Sean, nice work on canvasser! One question: what is the purpose of > 'scale'? I notice that if you have already drawn a line on the canvas, > then 'scale' can be used to draw a straight-line element extending from > the end of the previous freehand line, but if you start with a blank > screen, 'scale' has no effect. > > BTW if you want to extend your app further, take a look at paint.py in > the Vaults of Parnassus: > http://py.vaults.ca/apyllo.py?i=173784088 > > cheers, > S -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
seeking tree-browser widget for use with Tkinter
I'm looking for a widget, to be used with Tkinter, that displays a tree whose leaves are strings. I thought there was something like that in the Python Megawidgets, but when I look at the documentation (http://pmw.sourceforge.net/doc/refindex.html), it doesn't seem to be there. Any advice will be much appreciated. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
how to use structured markup tools
I'm dealing with XML files in which there are lots of tags of the following form: xy (all of these letters are being used as 'metalinguistic variables') Not all of the tags in the file are of that form, but that's the only type of tag I'm interested in. (For the insatiably curious, I'm talking about a conversation log from MSN Messenger.) What I need to do is to pull out all the x's and y's in a form I can use. In other words, from... . . x1y1 . . x2y2 . . x3y3 . . ...I would like to produce, for example,... [ (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) ] Now, I'm aware that there are extensive libraries for dealing with marked-up text, but here's the thing: I think I have a reasonable understanding of python, but I use it in a lisplike way, and in particular I only know the rudiments of how classes work. So here's what I'm asking for: Can anybody give me a rough idea how to come to grips with the problem described above? Or even (dare to dream) example code? Any help will be very much appreciated. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to use structured markup tools
Exactly what I was looking for. Thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
tkinter manual question
The 'Canvas Methods' section of the online Intro to Tkinter (http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/x2102-methods.htm) refers (without explanation) to something called "bbox". What is this? TIA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Mean, median, and mode
>>> mean = lambda x: sum(x)/len(x)
>>> median = lambda x: (max(x)-min(x))/2
>>> mode = lambda x: max([(x.count(y),y) for y in x])[1]
"Robert Brewer" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>...
> (now that we have a meaningful subject line)
>
> Alfred Canoy wrote:
> > >> I'm just new to programming and would like to ask for help..
> > >>
> > >> Build a module that contains three functions that do the following:
> > >>
> > >> a.. Compute the average of a list of numbers
> > >> b.. Finds the statistical median value of a list of numbers
> > >> c.. Finds the mode of a list of numbers
> > >>
> > >> Can you please give me clue how I should start solving the
> > >> following problem
> > >> below? Here's the source code that I did so far:
> > >>
> > >> # compute the average of a list of numbers:
> > >> # Keeps asking for numbers until 0 is entered
> > >> # Prints the average value
> > >>
> > >> count = 0
> > >> sum = 0
> > >> number = 1
> > >>
> > >> print 'Enter 0 to exit the loop'
> > >> while number != 0:
> > >> number = input ('Enter a number: ')
> > >> count = count + 1
> > >> sum = sum + number
> > >> count = count -1
> > >> print ' The average is:', sum/count
>
> For the mode, you might build a dictionary:
>
> freq = {}
> while number != 0:
> number = input ('Enter a number: ')
> count = count + 1
> sum = sum + number
> try:
> freq[number] += 1
> except KeyError:
> freq[number] = 1
>
> ...then you can check for the largest value in that dictionary:
>
> max = 0
> mode = None
> for k, v in freq.iteritems():
> if v > max:
> max = v
> mode = k
>
> I leave the rest in your capable hands... ;) Including the case where
> two numbers occur in equal frequencies. ;;)
>
>
> Robert Brewer
> MIS
> Amor Ministries
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
--
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example code sought
There's something quite simple I'd like to do, but I'm hampered by lack of knowledge regarding Tkinter. If someone could help me out with a snippet of maximally-simple code showing, in general terms, how to do this, that would be really great. What I want to do is simply to move a shape around on the screen using the mouse. I've looked at Tkdnd.py but I can't seem to extract what I need from the more involved stuff in there. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
cosmetic Tkinter question
I've got a bunch of Frames, all packed into the root window with side=TOP, and in each Frame I've got a Checkbutton packed with side=LEFT. I expected the Checkbuttons to be flush with the left edge of the window, but they're not, and it looks a little gross. How do I get them to align? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
mysteriously nonfunctioning script - very simple
Can anybody help me make sense of the fact that the following script
doesn't work? It's so simple I can't imagine what I'm missing. Any
help will be much appreciated.
Peace,
STM
## ALARM CLOCK:
from time import sleep,time,localtime
wakeuptime = input('hours: '), input('minutes: ')
onehourlater = (wakeuptime[0]+1, wakeuptime[1])
while not wakeuptime < localtime(time())[3:5] < onehourlater:
sleep(3)
print 'PLAY A SOUND FILE'
--
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Re: mysteriously nonfunctioning script - very simple
Fair enough. Here's the verbose version: ## from time import sleep,time,localtime wakeuptime = (7,00) ## I WANT TO BE WOKEN UP AT 7AM (FOR EXAMPLE) onehourlater = (wakeuptime[0]+1, wakeuptime[1]) ## ONE HOUR LATER THAN THAT IS 8AM while not wakeuptime < localtime(time())[3:5] < onehourlater: sleep(3) ## CHECK THE CURRENT TIME EVERY 3 SECONDS, AND IF IT'S NOT BETWEEN ## 7AM AND 8AM, GO BACK TO SLEEP FOR ANOTHER 3 SECONDS ## CONTROL NEVER REACHES THIS POINT ## Peter Hansen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>... > Sean McIlroy wrote: > > Can anybody help me make sense of the fact that the following script > > doesn't work? It's so simple I can't imagine what I'm missing. Any > > help will be much appreciated. > > Always post actual tracebacks of the problem, if > indeed it is producing a traceback. Do this always > by *cut and paste*, not by retyping the text. Make > sure not to remove anything important, and make sure > you are running the actual code you have posted here. > > Also always describe the problem in more detail than > just "doesn't work". For all we know, the code runs > fine but its output just doesn't suit you... > > -Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: mysteriously nonfunctioning script - very simple
Heiko Wundram <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>... > Why not try the following: I did try it, and it didn't work either. It appears there must be something wrong with my computer, hopefully something benign. Thanks anyway. Peace, STM -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
the bugs that try men's souls
This needs some background so bear with me.
The problem: Suppose p is a permutation on {0...n} and t is the
transposition that switches x and y [x,y in {0...n}]. A "stepup pair"
(just a term I invented) for p is a pair (a,b) of integers in {0...n}
with a>
k = 18
moved = [i for i in range(len(t)) if t[i]<>i]
a, b = min(moved), max(moved)
n = len(p) - 1
s = stepups(n) ## MYSTERIOUSLY BROKEN: [x for x in stepups(n) if
xor(a in x,b in x)]
print '-'*k
print 'p: ' + str(range(n+1)) + '\n ' + str(p)
print '-'*k
print 't = ' + str((a,b))
print '-'*k
print '%s %7s %3s' %('pair','p','pt') + '\n' + '-'*k
for [a,b] in s:
print '%s %5s %3s' %(str([a,b]),int([p[a],p[b]] in
s),int([p[t[a]],p[t[b]]] in s))
print '-'*k
--
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Re: the bugs that try men's souls
"Jordan Rastrick" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>... Wow. I'd resigned myself to the task of reformulating my question in an intelligent way, I stopped by just to leave a little note to the effect that the thread wasn't dead, and I find out the question's been answered. Thanks very much. I'll let you know how it turns out. Peace, Sean -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: the bugs that try men's souls
Wow again. I had a real "V8 moment" when I looked at your solution (smacking my forhead, groaning ruefully, etc). You were right: my intention was simply to hide the trivial cases from view; I completely missed the fact that I was now testing for membership in a different set. I should have remembered that python "plays fair", and looked a little harder to find my mistake. Thanks again, Sean -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
change text of a Tkinter Button by clicking it
hello (how) can you change the text of a Tkinter Button by clicking it? something like def click(index): return lambda: buttons[index].text = 'hello' buttons = [Button(root,command=click(index)) for index in range(numbuttons)] only with an attribute that Buttons actually have. sorry to have to ask such a see-spot-run question. thanks if you can help. peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: change text of a Tkinter Button by clicking it
never mind. i found it. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
useless python - term rewriter
## term rewriter (python 3.1.1)
def gettokens(string):
spaced = string.replace('(',' ( ').replace(')',' ) ')
return spaced.split()
def getterm(tokens):
if tokens[0] in '()':
term = []
assert tokens[0] == '('
tokens.pop(0)
while not tokens[0] == ')': term.append(getterm(tokens))
tokens.pop(0)
return term
return tokens.pop(0)
def parse(strg):
tokens = gettokens(strg)
term = getterm(tokens)
assert not tokens
return term
def unparse(term):
if type(term) == str: return term
subterms = [unparse(subterm) for subterm in term]
return '({})'.format(' '.join(subterms))
def atom(term):
return type(term) == str
def compound(term):
return type(term) == list
def variable(term):
return atom(term) and term[0].isupper()
def constant(term):
return atom(term) and not term[0].isupper()
def conformable(term1,term2):
return compound(term1) and compound(term2) and len(term1) ==
len(term2)
def getrule(string):
left, right = string.split('=')
return [parse(left), parse(right)]
def getrules(string):
nonblank = lambda substring: substring and not substring.isspace()
return [getrule(substring) for substring in string.splitlines() if
nonblank(substring)]
def substitute(bindings,term):
if constant(term): return term
if variable(term): return bindings.get(term,term)
return [substitute(bindings,subterm) for subterm in term]
def match(term,pattern):
from operator import concat
from functools import reduce
if variable(pattern): return [[pattern, term]]
if constant(pattern) and pattern == term: return []
if conformable(pattern,term):
matches = [match(subterm,subpattern) for subterm, subpattern
in zip(term,pattern)]
return reduce(concat,matches)
raise Exception
def rewrite(term,rule):
if type(rule) == dict:
function = rule[term[0]]
arguments = [int(subterm) for subterm in term[1:]]
return str(function(*arguments))
left, right = rule
bindings = dict(match(term,left))
return substitute(bindings,right)
def apply(rule,term):
try: return [rewrite(term,rule), True]
except:
if atom(term): return [term, False]
applications = [apply(rule,subterm) for subterm in term]
subterms = [subterm for subterm, change in applications]
changes = [change for subterm, change in applications]
return [subterms, any(changes)]
def normalize(term,rules):
while True:
changes = []
for rule in rules:
term, change = apply(rule,term)
changes.append(change)
if not any(changes): break
return term
def translate(rules):
string = input('>>> ')
if string and not string.isspace():
try:
term = parse(string)
normal = normalize(term,rules)
string = unparse(normal)
print(string)
except: print('parse error')
def interpret(equations):
import operator
rules = [vars(operator)] + getrules(equations)
while True:
try: translate(rules)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('end session')
break
example = """
(factorial 0) = 1
(factorial N) = (mul N (factorial (sub N 1)))
(fibonacci 0) = 0
(fibonacci 1) = 1
(fibonacci N) = (add (fibonacci (sub N 1)) (fibonacci (sub N 2)))
"""
interpret(example)
--
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Re: Null String Variable
well, somebody's already pointed out that bool(msg)==False iff msg==''. i'm curious to know what's wrong with simply writing if msg=='': ## do_something -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
is this a bug? (python 2.3)
hi all when i run this code in python 2.3 ## BEGIN CODE class warfare: def __init__(self): self.pairs = [[0,0]]*2 def __str__(self): return str(self.pairs) def setfirst (self,i,value): self.pairs[i][0] = value def setsecond(self,i,value): self.pairs[i][1] = value w = warfare() print w w.setfirst(0,'hello') print w ## END CODE i get this result ## BEGIN ACTUAL RESULT [[0, 0], [0, 0]] [['hello', 0], ['hello', 0]] ## END ACTUAL RESULT instead of the expected result ## BEGIN EXPECTED RESULT [[0, 0], [0, 0]] [['hello', 0], [0, 0]] ## END EXPECTED RESULT is there a reasonable explanation for this behavior? peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: is this a bug? (python 2.3)
thanks -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
alias for data member of class instance?
hi all is there a way to do this ... class clown: def __init__(self): self.x = 0 self.y = ALIAS(self.x) ## FEASIBLE ? ... so that you get results like this ... krusty = clown() krusty.x >> 0 krusty.y >> 0 krusty.x = 1 krusty.x >> 1 krusty.y >> 1 ... ? thanks. peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Need an identity operator because lambda is too slow
On Feb 17, 9:59 pm, "Deron Meranda" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: [snip] this may be really dense, but i'm curious what's wrong with the "multiplexer" idiom: for item in some_sequence: item2 = (not some_rare_condition and item) or \ (some_rare_condition and some_transform_function(item)) . # more stuff peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
tictactoe (reprise)
"""
AUTHOR: Sean McIlroy
LANGUAGE: Python 2.5
OVERVIEW: instances of "tictactoeplayer" play optimal tictactoe
SPECIALIZED TYPES: player={ex,oh}; empty={blank}; cell=player+empty;
board=[cell]
TYPE RELATIONS: bool(c)==True for any c in cell
"""
ex, oh, blank = 'X', '0', ' '
linear = [[0,1,2],[3,4,5],[6,7,8],[0,3,6],[1,4,7],[2,5,8],[0,4,8],
[2,4,6]]
lines = lambda board: [[board[i] for i in x] for x in linear]
mover = lambda board: board.count(ex)==board.count(oh) and ex or oh
opponent = lambda player: player==ex and oh or ex
makesthreat = lambda player, cells: cells.count(blank)==1 and
opponent(player) not in cells
numthreats = lambda player, board: len([x for x in lines(board) if
makesthreat(player,x)])
haswon = lambda player, board: [player]*3 in lines(board)
marked = lambda board, index: [(board[i],mover(board))[i==index] for i
in range(9)]
display = lambda board: '\n\n' + '\n-+-+-\n'.join(['|'.join(board[3*i:
3*(i+1)]) for i in range(3)]) + '\n\n'
blankindices = lambda board: [i for i in range(9) if board[i]==blank]
isfinished = lambda board: blankindices(board)==[] or [ex]*3 in
lines(board) or [oh]*3 in lines(board)
numownthreats = lambda board: numthreats(mover(board),board)
numopponentsthreats = lambda board:
numthreats(opponent(mover(board)),board)
outcomevalue = lambda board: haswon(opponent(mover(board)),board) and
(-1) or haswon(mover(board),board) and (+1) or 0
assessment = lambda board: [outcomevalue(board),
(-1)*numopponentsthreats(board),(+1)*numownthreats(board)]
value = lambda board, index: blankindices(board) in [[],[index]] and
assessment(marked(board,index)) or \
min([assessment(marked(marked(board,index),i)) for i in
blankindices(board)if not i==index])
blankindexvalues = lambda board: [value(board,i) for i in
blankindices(board)]
analogisoptimal = lambda list1, list2, optimum: [x for (i,x) in
enumerate(list1) if list2[i]==optimum(list2)]
optimalblankindices = lambda board: blankindices(board) and
analogisoptimal(blankindices(board),blankindexvalues(board),max)
optimalmoves = lambda board: [marked(board,i) for i in
optimalblankindices(board)]
centergrabs = lambda board: [marked(board,i) for i in [4] if i in
blankindices(board)]
cornergrabs = lambda board: [marked(board,i) for i in [0,2,6,8] if i
in blankindices(board)]
tictactoemove = lambda board: len(blankindices(board)) in [8,9] and
(centergrabs(board) or cornergrabs(board))[0] or \
optimalmoves(board) and
optimalmoves(board)[0] or isfinished(board) and board
class tictactoeplayer:
def __init__(self):
globals()['mark'] = self.mark
globals()['newgame'] = self.newgame
globals()['turn'] = self.turn
print 'ENTER mark(i) TO PLACE A MARK ON THE i-TH CELL'
print '123' + '\n' + '456' + '\n' + '789'
print 'ENTER newgame() TO START A NEW GAME'
print 'ENTER turn() TO GIVE UP YOUR TURN'
self.newgame()
def mark(self,offbyoneindex):
self.board = marked(self.board,offbyoneindex-1)
print 'your move:' + display(self.board)
self.turn()
def newgame(self):
self.board = [blank]*9
print 'new game:' + display(self.board)
def turn(self):
self.board = tictactoemove(self.board)
print 'my move:' + display(self.board)
--
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examples of pipe usage?
hola i'd like to control another interpreter from idle. i don't have any experience using unix but i think a "pipe" is what i need. am i right about this? can anybody point me to a simple example of using a pipe (if that's the right thing) for this kind of task? thanks if you can help. peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
override the interpreter's parser?
hi all i'd like to write a module that, when run in the interpreter, would cause the interpreter to read certain strings that would normally be rejected as syntax errors (strings beginning with the @ symbol, say) and pass them on to an object defined in the aforementioned module. where should i look to start finding out how to do this? thanks for any help. peace stm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: override the interpreter's parser?
never mind. i found it. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
chr / ord
hello
how do i say "chr" and "ord" in the new python? the functions below
(which work in 2.6.6) show what i'm trying to do. thanks if you can
help.
def readbytes(filepath):
return [ord(x) for x in open(filepath,'rb').read()]
def writebytes(numbers,filepath):
open(filepath,'wb').write(''.join([chr(x) for x in numbers]))
--
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Re: chr / ord
thanks. that did the trick. in case anyone else is in the same boat as myself, here are the relevant correspondences: string <-> [int] bytes <-> [int] --- -- lambda string: [ord(x) for x in string] list lambda ints: ''.join([chr(x) for x in ints]) bytes -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
midi file parser
""" A Sequence is a list [FormatType, TimeDivision, Tracks] where *) FormatType is in [0,1,2] *) TimeDivision is either [TicksPerBeat] with TicksPerBeat in range (2**15) or [FramesPerSecond, TicksPerFrame] with FramesPerSecond in range (2**7) and TicksPerFrame in range(2**8) *) Tracks is a list of Events An Event is either a ChannelEvent or a MetaEvent. A ChannelEvent is [DeltaTime, EventType, Channel, Parameters] and a MetaEvent is [DeltaTime, MetaType, Message] where *) DeltaTime is a nonnegative integer *) EventType is in range(7) *) Channelis in range(2**4) *) Parameters is a list with elements in range(2**7) *) MetaType is in range(2**7) *) Messageis a string The EventTypes and Parameters of ChannelEvents have the following verbal handles: EventTypeParameters 0 = NoteOff [NoteNumber, Velocity] 1 = NoteOn [NoteNumber, Velocity] 2 = NoteAftertouch [NoteNumber, Amount] 3 = Controller [ControllerType, Value] 4 = ProgramChange[ProgramNumber] 5 = ChannelAftertouch[Amount] 6 = PitchBend[ValueLSB, ValueMSB] """ def concat(xs): from itertools import chain return list(chain(*xs)) def zeropadded(digits,minlength): return [0]*(minlength-len(digits)) + digits def noleadingzeros(digits): while digits[0]==0 and len(digits)>1: digits = digits[1:] return digits def number2digits(number,base): digits = [number] while digits[0]>=base: digits[0:1] = [digits[0]//base, digits [0]%base] return digits def digits2number(digits,base): reversedigits = reversed(noleadingzeros(digits)) basepowers = [base**n for n in range(len(digits))] return sum([x*y for (x,y) in zip(reversedigits,basepowers)]) def number2fixedlength(number,length): return zeropadded(number2digits(number,2**8),length) def fixedlength2number(digits): return digits2number(digits,2**8) def number2variablelength(number): digits = number2digits(number,2**7) padding = [2**7]*(len(digits)-1) + [0] return [x+y for (x,y) in zip(digits,padding)] def variablelength2number(variablelength): padding = [2**7]*(len(variablelength)-1) + [0] digits = [x-y for (x,y) in zip(variablelength,padding)] return digits2number(digits,2**7) def smallbyte(number): return number < (2**7) def getfixedlength(numbers,startindex,numbytes): endindex = startindex + numbytes return (endindex, numbers[startindex:endindex]) def getvariablelength(numbers,startindex): index = startindex while not smallbyte(numbers[index]): index = index + 1 endindex = index + 1 return (endindex, numbers[startindex:endindex]) def analyzetimedivision(numbers): [byte1, byte2] = numbers indicator = byte1 // (2**7) firstbyte = byte1 % (2**7) secondbyte = byte2 if indicator==0: ticksperbeat = (2**8) * firstbyte + secondbyte return [ticksperbeat] if indicator==1: framespersecond = firstbyte ticksperframe = secondbyte return [framespersecond, ticksperframe] def synthesizetimedivision(numbers): if len(numbers)==1: [ticksperbeat] = numbers firstbyte = ticksperbeat // (2**8) secondbyte = ticksperbeat % (2**8) indicator = 0 if len(numbers)==2: [framespersecond, ticksperframe] = numbers firstbyte = framespersecond secondbyte = ticksperframe indicator = 1 byte1 = indicator * (2**7) + firstbyte byte2 = secondbyte return [byte1, byte2] def analyzeheaderdata(numbers): formattype = fixedlength2number(numbers[0:2]) numtracks= fixedlength2number(numbers[2:4]) timedivision = analyzetimedivision(numbers[4:6]) return (formattype, numtracks, timedivision) def synthesizeheaderdata(formattype,numtracks,timedivision): formattype = number2fixedlength(formattype, 2) numtracks= number2fixedlength(numtracks, 2) timedivision = synthesizetimedivision(timedivision) return formattype + numtracks + timedivision def analyzestatus(statusbyte): number = statusbyte - (2**7) eventtype = number // (2**4) channel = number % (2**4) return (eventtype, channel) def synthesizestatus(eventtype,channel): statusbyte = (2**7) + (2**4) * eventtype + channel return [statusbyte] def synthesizeevent(event): if len(event)==4: [deltatime, eventtype, channel, parameters] = event return number2variablelength(deltatime) + synthesizestatus (eventtype,channel) + parameters if len(event)==3: [deltatime, metatype, message] = event quantifiedmessage = number2variablelength(len(message)) + [ord (x) for x in message] return number2variablelength(deltatime) + synthesizestatus (7,15) + [metatype] + quantifiedmessage def makechunk(identifier,numbers): return identifier + number2fixedlength(len(numbers),4) + numbers de
Re: tkinter: get filename of askopenfilename
i think what he means is to put the global declaration inside the
function that assigns to filename:
def open_file_dialog():
global filename
filename = tkFileDialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=
[("allfiles","*")])
as it was, the function was creating a new variable called filename
and assigning to THAT (and then doing absolutely nothing with it).
with the above modification, the function understands that filename
refers to the global variable of that name, and that variable's value
does indeed get printed, but since the print statement comes before
root.mainloop() -- hence before the button gets pressed -- filename
gets printed before the function has assigned to it. this fact becomes
apparent if you initialize the variable with filename='blank' (for
example). putting the print statement after root.mainloop() doesn't
work either, since root.mainloop() keeps control from getting to the
print statement. the effect i think you want can be gotten from
putting the print statement into the function as well, so what you end
up with is this:
import Tkinter
import tkFileDialog
filename = 'uninitialized'
def open_file_dialog():
global filename
filename = tkFileDialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=
[("allfiles","*")])
print filename
root = Tkinter.Tk()
Tkinter.Button(root, text='Notch genes...',
command=open_file_dialog).pack()
root.mainloop()
--
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midi file toolkit
## python 2.6.2
from tkFileDialog import askopenfilename, askdirectory
def nowindow(function):
def windowless():
from Tkinter import Tk
Tk().withdraw()
return function()
return windowless
getfilename = nowindow(askopenfilename)
getdirectoryname = nowindow(askdirectory)
def haskellize(pathname):
return '\\'.join(pathname.split('/'))
def newname():
from time import time
return 'NAME_' + ''.join(str(time()).split('.'))
def mangle(name):
return '__' + name + '__'
def pathsafe(name):
return '_'.join(name.split('/'))
def changefilename(filename,directoryname=None,rewrite=lambda
name:name):
from os.path import split, splitext, join
dirname, filename = split(filename)
filename, extension = splitext(filename)
filename = rewrite(filename)
directoryname = directoryname or dirname
return join(directoryname,filename) + extension
def readbytes(filename):
return [ord(x) for x in file(filename,'rb').read()]
def writebytes(numbers,filename):
file(filename,'wb').write(''.join([chr(x) for x in numbers]))
def playbytes(numbers):
from os import startfile
filename = newname() + '.mid'
writebytes(numbers,filename)
startfile(filename)
def IfThenElse(criterion,optionTrue,optionFalse):
if bool(criterion)==True: return optionTrue
if bool(criterion)==False: return optionFalse
def flatten(homogeneouslist):
from itertools import chain
while type(homogeneouslist[0])==list: homogeneouslist = list(chain
(*homogeneouslist))
return homogeneouslist
def number2digits(number,base):
digits = [number]
while digits[0]>=base: digits[0:1] = [digits[0]//base, digits
[0]%base]
return digits
def digits2number(digits,base):
reversedigits = list(reversed(digits))
return sum([reversedigits[i]*(base**i) for i in range(len
(digits))])
def number2fixedlength(number,numbytes):
digits = number2digits(number,2**8)
numleadingzeros = IfThenElse(len(digits)=(2**7): index = index + 1
endindex = index + 1
return numbers[startindex:endindex], endindex
headeridentifier = [ord(x) for x in 'MThd']
trackidentifier= [ord(x) for x in 'MTrk']
eventtypes = range(2**3)
noteoff= eventtypes[0] ## notenumber,
velocity = parameters
noteon = eventtypes[1] ## notenumber,
velocity = parameters
noteaftertouch = eventtypes[2] ## notenumber,
aftertouchvalue= parameters
controller = eventtypes[3] ## controllernumber,
controllervalue = parameters
programchange = eventtypes[4] ##
programnumber = parameters[0]
channelaftertouch = eventtypes[5] ##
aftertouchvalue= parameters[0]
pitchbend = eventtypes[6] ## pitchvalueLSB,
pitchvalueMSB = parameters
nonmidicontrol = eventtypes[7]
channels = range(2**4)
systemexclusive = channels[0]
meta = channels[15]
def chunk(identifier,flatdata):
return identifier + number2fixedlength(len(flatdata),4) + flatdata
def analyzeheaderdata(data):
formattype = data[0:2]
numtracks= data[2:4]
timedivision = data[4:6]
return [digits2number(x,2**8) for x in [formattype, numtracks,
timedivision]]
def synthesizeheaderdata(formattype,numtracks,timedivision):
datasegments = [number2fixedlength(x,2) for x in [formattype,
numtracks, timedivision]]
return datasegments[0] + datasegments[1] + datasegments[2]
def headerchunk(formattype,numtracks,timedivision):
return chunk(headeridentifier, synthesizeheaderdata(formattype,
numtracks, timedivision))
def trackchunk(events):
return chunk(trackidentifier,flatten(events))
def analyzestatus(status):
number = status[0]
eventtype = (number - 2**7) // (2**4)
channel = number % (2**4)
return eventtype, channel
def synthesizestatus(eventtype,channel):
number = (2**7) + eventtype*(2**4) + channel
return [number]
def midicontrolevent(deltatime,eventtype,channel,*parameters):
deltatime = number2variablelength(deltatime)
status = synthesizestatus(eventtype, channel)
return [deltatime, status, list(parameters)]
def nonmidicontrolevent(deltatime,messagedata,metatype=[]):
deltatime = number2variablelength(deltatime)
eventtype = nonmidicontrol
channel = IfThenElse(metatype, meta, systemexclusive)
status = synthesizestatus(eventtype, channel)
datalength = number2variablelength(len(messagedata))
return [deltatime, status, (metatype + datalength + messagedata)]
def getchunk(numbers,startindex):
identifier, startindex = getfixedlength(numbers,startindex,4)
chunksize, startindex = getfixedlength(numbers,startindex,4)
chunkdata, startindex = getfixedlength
(numbers,startindex,fixedlength2number(chunksize))
return [identifier, chunksize, chunkdata], startindex
def file2chunks(numbers):
strictupperbound = len(numbers)
startindex = 0
chunks = []
while star
