Colgo entusiasmo per queste ipotesi e interpretazioni che la FTC fa. Io ritengo che siano invece, al di là del fatto che si tratta appunto di ipotesi e interpretazioni, non fatti conclamati, considerazioni sostanzialmente frutto di bias cognitivi e background culturale che poca conoscenza hanno del funzionamento degli LLM.
Affermare che OpenAI sarebbe «direttamente responsabile per i danni eventualmente provocati da un prodotto (significativamente chiamato "product" e non "service") che permette a terze parti, cioè agli utilizzatori, di generare affermazioni false o diffamatorie a loro insaputa», è come dire che se io mettessi online un generatore di frasi casuali, ma di senso compiuto, che prendessero spunto dall'input dell'utente, e se l'input dell'utente fosse il nome e cognome di una persona esistente, e se il software generasse, casualmente, frasi potenzialmente diffamatorie per quella persona se l'utente le pubblicasse, e se poi l'utente le pubblicasse, il responsabile dell'eventuale diffamazione sarei io e non l'utente che ha fornito l'input e ha poi divulgato l'output. Trovo che sia una posizione sostanzialmente cretina. Fabio Il giorno sab 15 lug 2023 alle ore 12:37 Maurizio Borghi via nexa <nexa@server-nexa.polito.it> ha scritto: > > Si può leggere qui il documento della FTC: > > https://www.washingtonpost.com/documents/67a7081c-c770-4f05-a39e-9d02117e50e8.pdf?itid=lk_inline_manual_4 > > L'indagine ha per oggetto la possibilità che i prodotti che incorporano Large > Language Models configurino pratiche sleali o ingannevoli in relazione a 1) > privacy e data security e 2) danni ai consumatori, inclusi danni > reputazionali (diffamazione, ecc.). Si compone di 49 "interrogazioni" e 17 > richieste di documentazione, inclusa ad esempio la richiesta di documenti > interni come linee guida o “dizionari” (sic) che spieghino che cosa intende > OpenAI per: a) "freely and openly available data", b) "reinforcement learning > from human feedback" e c) "hallucination" o "hallucinate". > > Tra i molti aspetti interessanti dell'indagine, c'è il fatto che la FTC > sembri considerare OpenAI direttamente responsabile per i danni eventualmente > provocati da un prodotto (significativamente chiamato "product" e non > "service") che permette a terze parti, cioè agli utilizzatori, di generare > affermazioni false o diffamatorie a loro insaputa. E ciò a dispetto degli > "avvertimenti" riguardo alle c.d. allucinazioni ecc. > > Nella sua impostazione generale, l'investigazione mi sembra inoltre > sgomberare il campo dalla distinzione tra "input" e "output" su cui si basa > molta della narrativa AI-innocentista, ovvero l'argomento secondo cui > l’utilizzo di training data è comunque lecito, indipendentemente dal tipo di > dato e dalle modalità di utilizzo, mentre è solo a livello dell’output che > può sorgere qualche responsabilità – eventualmente da “condividere” con > l’utilizzatore di turno. Nell’impostazione della FTC, invece, la pratica > commerciale che presiede al prodotto in questione va considerata nel suo > insieme,e in relazione agli effetti complessivamente provocati sul > consumatore. > > Infine, alcune alcune delle interrogazioni (ad es. la n. 22) riguardano in > maniera dettagliata la raccolta e il trattamento di dati personali, con la > richiesta di specificare le modalità impiegate da Open AI per escludere > l’impiego di informazioni personali come training data. Qui la FTC da’ > chiaramente per acquisito che il trattamento di dati personali come training > data senza consenso sia illegale. Forse una riprova del fatto che i tanto > vituperati rilievi del Garante italiano non erano così infondati? > > Un saluto cordiale, > > _______________ > Maurizio Borghi > Università di Torino > https://www.dg.unito.it/persone/maurizio.borghi > Co-Director Nexa Center for Internet & Society > > > Il giorno gio 13 lug 2023 alle ore 17:40 Daniela Tafani > <daniela.taf...@unipi.it> ha scritto: >> >> The FTC is investigating whether ChatGPT harms consumers >> >> The agency’s demand for OpenAI’s documents about AI risks mark the company’s >> greatest U.S. regulatory threat to date >> >> By Cat Zakrzewski >> Updated July 13, 2023 at 10:44 a.m. EDT|Published July 13, 2023 at 6:00 >> a.m. EDT >> The Federal Trade Commission has opened an expansive investigation into >> OpenAI, probing whether the maker of the popular ChatGPT bot has run afoul >> of consumer protection laws by putting personal reputations and data at risk. >> >> The agency this week sent the San Francisco company a 20-page demand for >> records about how it addresses risks related to its AI models, according to >> a document reviewed by The Washington Post. The salvo represents the most >> potent regulatory threat to date to OpenAI’s business in the United States, >> as the company goes on a global charm offensive to shape the future of >> artificial intelligence policy. >> >> Analysts have called OpenAI’s ChatGPT the fastest-growing consumer app in >> history, and its early success set off an arms race among Silicon Valley >> companies to roll out competing chatbots. The company’s chief executive, Sam >> Altman, has emerged as an influential figure in the debate over AI >> regulation, testifying on Capitol Hill, dining with lawmakers and meeting >> with President Biden and Vice President Harris. >> >> Big Tech was moving cautiously on AI. Then came ChatGPT. >> >> But now the company faces a new test in Washington, where the FTC has issued >> multiple warnings that existing consumer protection laws apply to AI, even >> as the administration and Congress struggle to outline new regulations. >> Senate Majority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) has predicted that new AI >> legislation is months away. >> >> The FTC’s demands of OpenAI are the first indication of how it intends to >> enforce those warnings. If the FTC finds that a company violates consumer >> protection laws, it can levy fines or put a business under a consent decree, >> which can dictate how the company handles data. The FTC has emerged as the >> federal government’s top Silicon Valley cop, bringing large fines against >> Meta, Amazon and Twitter for alleged violations of consumer protection laws. >> >> The FTC called on OpenAI to provide detailed descriptions of all complaints >> it had received of its products making “false, misleading, disparaging or >> harmful” statements about people. The FTC is investigating whether the >> company engaged in unfair or deceptive practices that resulted in >> “reputational harm” to consumers, according to the document. >> >> The FTC also asked the company to provide records related to a security >> incident that the company disclosed in March when a bug in its systems >> allowed some users to see payment-related information, as well as some data >> from other users’ chat history. The FTC is probing whether the company’s >> data security practices violate consumer protection laws. OpenAI said in a >> blog post that the number of users whose data was revealed to someone else >> was “extremely low.” >> >> OpenAI and the FTC did not immediately respond to requests for comment sent >> on Thursday morning. >> >> News of the probe comes as FTC Chair Lina Khan is likely to face a combative >> hearing Thursday before the House Judiciary Committee, where Republican >> lawmakers are expected to analyze her enforcement record and accuse her of >> mismanaging the agency. Khan’s ambitious plans to rein in Silicon Valley >> have suffered key losses in court. On Tuesday, a federal judge rejected the >> FTC’s attempt to block Microsoft’s $69 billion deal to buy the video game >> company Activision. >> >> The agency has repeatedly warned that action is coming on AI, in speeches, >> blog posts, op-eds and news conferences. In a speech at Harvard Law School >> in April, Samuel Levine, the director of the agency’s Bureau of Consumer >> Protection, said the agency was prepared to be “nimble” in getting ahead of >> emerging threats. >> >> “The FTC welcomes innovation, but being innovative is not a license to be >> reckless,” Levine said. “We are prepared to use all our tools, including >> enforcement, to challenge harmful practices in this area.” >> >> The FTC also has issued several colorful blog posts about its approach to >> regulating AI, at times invoking popular science fiction movies to warn the >> industry against running afoul of the law. The agency has warned against AI >> scams, using generative AI to manipulate potential customers and falsely >> exaggerating the capabilities of AI products. Khan also participated in a >> news conference with Biden administration officials in April about the risk >> of AI discrimination. >> >> “There is no AI exemption to the laws on the books,” Khan said at that event. >> >> The FTC’s push faced swift pushback from the tech industry. Adam Kovacevich, >> the founder and CEO of the industry coalition Chamber of Commerce, said it’s >> clear that the FTC has oversight of data security and misrepresentation. But >> he said it’s unclear if the agency has the authority to “police defamation >> or the contents of ChatGPT’s results.” >> >> "AI is making headlines right now, and the FTC is continuing to put flashy >> cases over securing results,” he said. >> >> Among the information the FTC is seeking from Open AI is any research, >> testing or surveys that assess how well consumers understand “the accuracy >> or reliability of outputs” generated by its AI tools. The agency made >> extensive demands about records related to ways OpenAI’s products could >> generate disparaging statements, asking the company to provide records of >> the complaints people send about its chatbot making false statements. >> >> >> The agency’s focus on such fabrications comes after numerous high-profile >> reports of the chatbot producing incorrect information that could damage >> people’s reputations. Mark Walters, a radio talk show host in Georgia sued >> OpenAI for defamation, alleging the chabot made up legal claims against him. >> The lawsuit alleges that ChatGPT falsely claimed that Walters, the host of >> “Armed American Radio,” was accused of defrauding and embezzling funds from >> the Second Amendment Foundation. The response was provided in response to a >> question about a lawsuit about the foundation that Walters is not a party >> to, according to the complaint. >> >> ChatGPT also said that a lawyer had made sexually suggestive comments and >> attempted to touch a student on a class trip to Alaska, citing an article >> that it said had appeared in The Washington Post. But no such article >> existed, the class trip never happened and the lawyer said he was never >> accused of harassing a student, The Post reported previously. >> >> The FTC in its request also asked the company to provide extensive details >> about its products and the way it advertises them. It also demanded details >> about the policies and procedures that OpenAI takes before it releases any >> new product to the public, including a list of times that OpenAI held back a >> large language model because of safety risks. >> >> >> The agency also demanded a detailed description of the data that OpenAI uses >> to train its products, which mimic humanlike speech by ingesting text, >> mostly scraped from Wikipedia, Scribd and other sites across the open web. >> The agency also asked OpenAI to describe how it refines its models to >> address their tendency to “hallucinate,” making up answers when the models >> don’t know the answer to a question. >> >> OpenAI also has to turn over details about how many people were affected by >> the March security incident and information about all the steps it took to >> respond. >> >> The FTC’s records request, which is called a Civil Investigative Demand, >> primarily focuses on potential consumer protection abuses, but it also asks >> OpenAI to provide some details about how it licenses its models to other >> companies. >> >> Europe moves ahead on AI regulation, challenging tech giants’ power >> >> The United States has trailed other governments in drafting AI legislation >> and regulating the privacy risks associated with the technology. Countries >> within the European Union have taken steps to limit U.S. companies’ chatbots >> under the bloc’s privacy law, the General Data Protection Regulation. Italy >> temporarily blocked ChatGPT from operating there due to data privacy >> concerns, and Google had to postpone the launch of its chatbot Bard after >> receiving requests for privacy assessments from the Irish Data Protection >> Commission. The European Union is also expected to pass AI legislation by >> the end of the year. >> >> There is a flurry of activity in Washington to catch up. On Tuesday, Schumer >> hosted an all-senator briefing with officials from the Pentagon and >> intelligence community to discuss the national security risks of artificial >> intelligence, as he works with a bipartisan group of senators to craft new >> AI legislation. Schumer told reporters after the session that it’s going to >> be “very hard” to regulate AI, as lawmakers try to balance the need for >> innovation with ensuring there are proper safeguards on the technology. >> >> On Wednesday, Vice President Harris hosted a group of consumer protection >> advocates and civil liberties leaders at the White House for a discussion on >> the safety and security risks of AI. >> >> “It is a false choice to suggest that we either can advance innovation or we >> protect consumers,” Harris said. “We can do both.” >> >> >> https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/ >> >> _______________________________________________ >> nexa mailing list >> nexa@server-nexa.polito.it >> https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa > > > > -- > _______________ > Maurizio Borghi > Università di Torino > https://www.dg.unito.it/persone/maurizio.borghi > Co-Director Nexa Center for Internet & Society > > My Webex room: https://unito.webex.com/meet/maurizio.borghi > _______________________________________________ > nexa mailing list > nexa@server-nexa.polito.it > https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa _______________________________________________ nexa mailing list nexa@server-nexa.polito.it https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa
