The LENR story is turning out to be a puzzle with many parts. The must obscure piece of this puzzle is the shape and character of the EMF that forms in the “Hot Spot” when nanoantennas concentrate photons through “dark mode” resonance formation.
This resonance formation process packs photons together in a nano-scopic volume. One possible formation that this ball of charged light can assume is the anapole ring which resembles the plasmoid. First let us recapitulate the anapole formation mechanism that produces large power concentrations in a multi-nanoparticle system where the particles vary widely in particle sizes. A cascade amplifier is any diode constructed from a series of amplifiers, where each amplifier sends its output to the input of the next amplifier in a daisy chain. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering acts like such a cascade amplifier, except that dipoles tuned to various resonant frequencies drive thermal power to higher power concentration levels zero loss factors. In detail, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, also called Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS), is a form of spectroscopy used primarily in chemistry, physics and related fields. It is sensitive to the same vibrational signatures of dipoles as seen in Raman spectroscopy. Unlike Raman spectroscopy, CARS employs multiple photo harmonics. It produces a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent with one another. As a result, CARS is orders of magnitude stronger than spontaneous Raman emission. CARS is a N-order nonlinear optical process involving multiple coupled dipole sources. These dipoles interact and generate a coherent optical signal at the anti-Stokes frequency. The high order harmonic is resonantly enhanced when the frequency difference between the low order pumps and the dipoles coincides with the frequency of a Raman resonance, which is the basis of the technique's intrinsic vibrational contrast mechanism. Multiple nanoparticles of various sizes interact each with their respective dipole resonant frequencies. The CARS process can be physically explained by using either a classical oscillator model or by using a quantum mechanical model. Classically, the Raman active vibrator is modeled as a (damped) harmonic oscillator with a characteristic frequency. In CARS, these oscillators are not driven by a single optical wave, but by the different resonant frequencies between the dipole pumps and the high order harmonic. This driving mechanism is similar to hearing the low combination beat tone when striking two different high tone piano keys: your ear is sensitive to the difference frequency of the high tones. Similarly, the Raman oscillator is susceptible to the difference frequency of multiple optical waves. When the difference frequency approaches beat resonance, the system of dipole oscillators are driven very efficiently. While intuitive, this classical picture does not take into account the quantum mechanical energy levels of the dipole. Quantum mechanically, the CARS process can be understood as follows. Our dipole is initially in the ground state, the lowest thermal energy state of the system. The pump dipole excites the dipole chain to a virtual vibrational state. A virtual state is not an eigenstate of the dipole and it cannot be occupied but it does allow for transitions between otherwise uncoupled real states. If a dipole is simultaneously present along with the pumps, the virtual state can be used as an instantaneous gateway to address a vibrational eigenstate of the dipole. The joint action of the pumps and the Stokes has effectively established a coupling between the ground state and the vibrationally excited state of the system. The system is now in multiple states at the same time: it resides in a coherent superposition of states. This promotes the system to a virtual state. Again, the molecule cannot stay in the virtual state and will fall back instantaneously to the ground state under the emission of a photon at the anti-Stokes frequency. The pump dipoles are no longer in a superposition, as it resides again in the lowest thermal state, the ground state. In the quantum mechanical model, energy is deposited in the dark mode highest resonant system during the CARS process. The molecule acts like a medium for converting the frequencies of the multiple resonant waves into a CARS signal (a parametric process). There are, however, related coherent Raman processes that occur simultaneously which do deposit energy into the high order resonant cavity at high efficiency. The maximum sustained energy level achieved in this smallest resonant cavity in the cavity chain is determined when losses from the cavity equals input energy levels. The magnetic Anapoles The property of a material which generate magnetism is the broken symmetry with respect to the arrow of time. But there is another symmetry, and that is the symmetry with respect to the direction of space. You can see this for example when you look at your hand in a mirror, your hand has changed from being left handed to being right handed and this is a direct observation of the fact that you have changed the direction of space. When you combine both the breaking of the direction time with breaking of the direction of space you generate a very special type of magnetism which is called the anapole, they are also called orbital currents. The anapole is thought to be most important in understanding a complex set of materials which are also able to conduct electricity without any resistance, called super conductors. So there are different types of magnets. Besides the dipoles that people know with the North/South divide there are also these anapoles. The anapole moment is a characteristic of a system which is related to the toroidal magnetic field confined within the system. The dipole moment, for example, your compass needle, has the property that it does break the direction of time, the arrow of time in a material, it is also characterized by the fact that if you change the direction of space it remains unchanged. The characteristic feature of the anapole is that they have the property that they also change their behavior if you change the direction of space. Now these anapoles can only be observed with light, so if you take a material and illuminate it with light, or X-rays, it gives you a method of imaging these anapoles. It has been generally known that anapole current circutation and effect the nucleus of the atom as follows: MONOPONUCLEOSIS - The wonderful things that monopoles can do to nuclei if they are there. http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1983/conf/Conf-83-107-T.pdf 1. Mixing of singlet and triplet states of deuteron-Like positronium. 2. Production of a new kind of nuclear matter with nucleon moments oriented in the field. 3. Catalysis of nuclear fission. 4. Catalysis of nuclear fusion (with implications for solar neutrinos). 5. Enhancement of forbidden decays like triplet positronium, e.g. fission products. The next point to cover is how anapole EMF affect the nucleus of the atom. Atomic Parity Violation proposes new physics beyond the standard model of elementary particles. APV is usually measured through the weak nuclear charge Qw, quantifying the strength of the electroweak coupling between atomic electrons and quarks of the nucleus. This idea deals how parity nonconserving (PNC), and coupled cluster approximation method to calculate removal energies of each state. Of the four forces of nature - strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational - the extremely short-range weak force was the last to be discovered. Neutrinos, having no electric charge, are immune to electromagnetism and only interact through the weak force. The weak force also has the startling ability to change the flavor of quarks, and to change protons into neutrons and vice versa. The anopole magnetic EMF concentration in the hot spot could change the electroweak coupling constant affecting the processes between mesons and quarks holding the nucleus together. This subject might be covered in future posts if I can figure it out.
