Yes, the beats in the Hagelstein, Letts, and Cravens experiment are presumably formed by this process. A thin gold film was deposited on the cathode surface and the effect was not observed without the thin gold film. It is believed that the thin gold went down as tiny islands that were responsible for the nonlinearity needed to form the beats.
This gold film was right on the surface, and thus the THz beat would have been delivered right at the surface of the Pd cathode. Note that this THz beat frequency will not propagate through even 1 micron of electrolyte, so the THz signal must be generated right at the surface of the Pd. On Mon, Oct 19, 2020 at 9:39 AM H LV <hveeder...@gmail.com> wrote: > > > Were the laser beats in the Hagelstein, Letts & Cravens experiment of > this type? > > The way the beats are generated could play role in the generation of > anomalous heat. > Harry > > On Sun, Oct 18, 2020 at 2:51 PM Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com> > wrote: > >> No, not exactly. Addition is a linear process and produces no >> frequencies in the output of the summation which are not present in the >> input. A nonlinear process is commonly applied to the summation to create >> beats. For example putting a summation of sine wave voltages onto a diode >> would produce a nonlinear current that would contain the beats. >> >> Sampling, like multiplication, is also a nonlinear process that can >> produce beats. >> >> On Sun, Oct 18, 2020 at 12:19 PM H LV <hveeder...@gmail.com> wrote: >> >>> So the addition of frequencies requires that the input signal already >>> contains a non-linear component. >>> and for entirely linear input the frequencies would not be additive. >>> Harry >>> >>> On Sun, Oct 18, 2020 at 12:08 PM Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com> >>> wrote: >>> >>>> To get frequencies in the output that were not in the input requires a >>>> nonlinearity. If you model the nonlinearity using a series such as Y = a + >>>> bX + cX^2 + dX^3... >>>> then all of the terms with X^2 and greater are the nonlinear terms. >>>> Usually the coefficient of the squared term, c, is the largest of the >>>> nonlinear terms. When you have an input that is the sum of two >>>> frequencies, you get a component in Y that is c[sin(w1t) + sin(w2t)]^2 . >>>> It is the square of the sum of sines that produces the sum and difference >>>> frequencies. >>>> >>>> In the case of the Moire masks, you end up with a multiplication taking >>>> place, not a sum. The product of sines will also produce a sum and >>>> difference. Multiplication of inputs is a nonlinear operation. >>>> >>>> On Sun, Oct 18, 2020 at 9:44 AM H LV <hveeder...@gmail.com> wrote: >>>> >>>>> Hi, >>>>> When two waves of different frequencies combine the result is a third >>>>> wave with a beat frequency corresponding to the difference between the two >>>>> original frequencies. A wave model can show how this happens, but I don't >>>>> see how it can bring about the addition of frequencies. Can someone model >>>>> this additive process for me? >>>>> >>>>> Harry >>>>> >>>>>>
