home user composed on 2023-05-18 20:25 (UTC-0600):
> The boot partition has been big enough for over 10 years, including the time
> I've had 4 kernels + 1 rescue kernel (since late last year). I'm puzzled
> about how the /boot partition is now too small. Has the kernel grown
> significantly?
In 10 years, very, very much. Fedora's splitting of kernels into multiple
packages
complicates assessment of changes in size, but here is some raw data showing the
general trend from:
ls -hgGrS kernel-*4.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 79K Jan 19 2018 kernel-4.14.14-300.fc27.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 23M Jan 19 2018 kernel-core-4.14.14-300.fc27.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 27M Jan 19 2018 kernel-modules-4.14.14-300.fc27.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 107K May 15 2019 kernel-5.0.16-100.fc28.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 23M May 15 2019 kernel-core-5.0.16-100.fc28.i686.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 29M May 15 2019 kernel-modules-5.0.16-100.fc28.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 19K Nov 15 2019 kernel-5.3.11-100.fc29.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 29M Nov 15 2019 kernel-modules-5.3.11-100.fc29.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 31M Nov 15 2019 kernel-core-5.3.11-100.fc29.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 26K Jun 12 2020 kernel-5.6.13-100.fc30.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 29M Jun 12 2020 kernel-modules-5.6.13-100.fc30.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 33M Jun 12 2020 kernel-core-5.6.13-100.fc30.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 45K Oct 17 2020 kernel-5.8.15-101.fc31.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 30M Oct 17 2020 kernel-modules-5.8.15-101.fc31.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 34M Oct 17 2020 kernel-core-5.8.15-101.fc31.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 154K Aug 8 2021 kernel-5.11.22-100.fc32.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 31M Aug 8 2021 kernel-modules-5.11.22-100.fc32.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 34M Aug 8 2021 kernel-core-5.11.22-100.fc32.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 32M Nov 13 2021 kernel-modules-5.14.18-100.fc33.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 35M Nov 13 2021 kernel-core-5.14.18-100.fc33.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 47M May 30 2022 kernel-core-5.17.12-100.fc34.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 54M May 30 2022 kernel-modules-5.17.12-100.fc34.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 116K Dec 8 17:21 kernel-6.0.12-100.fc35.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 52M Dec 8 17:21 kernel-core-6.0.12-100.fc35.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 62M Dec 8 17:21 kernel-modules-6.0.12-100.fc35.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 116K Jan 7 18:00 kernel-6.0.18-300.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 121K Feb 26 11:20 kernel-6.1.14-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 130K May 11 18:55 kernel-6.2.15-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 264K Oct 21 2022 kernel-5.19.16-301.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 16M May 11 18:56 kernel-core-6.2.15-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 31M May 11 18:56 kernel-modules-core-6.2.15-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 49M Oct 24 2022 kernel-core-5.19.17-300.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 49M Jan 7 18:00 kernel-core-6.0.18-300.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 49M Feb 26 11:21 kernel-core-6.1.14-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 55M May 11 18:56 kernel-modules-6.2.15-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 55M Apr 26 21:11 kernel-modules-6.2.13-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 55M May 1 08:11 kernel-modules-6.2.14-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 58M Oct 24 2022 kernel-modules-5.19.17-300.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 59M Jan 7 18:00 kernel-modules-6.0.18-300.fc37.x86_64.rpm
-rw-rw-r-- 1 59M Feb 26 11:21 kernel-modules-6.1.14-200.fc37.x86_64.rpm
These are from an old Athlon that I stopped using Fedora on several years ago
that
you could compare to your current installed kernels:
# ls -hgGrS initr*g vmlin*E
-rwxr-xr-x 1 6.3M Mar 31 2017 vmlinuz-4.10.8-200.fc25.i686+PAE*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 6.8M May 22 2018 vmlinuz-4.16.11-100.fc26.i686+PAE*
-rw------- 1 11M Apr 4 2017 initramfs-4.10.8-200.fc25.i686+PAE.img
-rw------- 1 12M Sep 18 2018 initramfs-4.16.11-100.fc26.i686+PAE.img
# ls -hgGrS initr*g vmlin*[E,6]
-rwxr-xr-x 1 6.9M Sep 10 2018 vmlinuz-4.18.7-200.fc28.i686*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 7.1M Sep 13 2018 vmlinuz-4.18.7-100.fc27.i686+PAE*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 7.1M May 14 2019 vmlinuz-5.0.16-100.fc28.i686*
-rw------- 1 13M Sep 18 2018 initramfs-4.18.7-100.fc27.i686+PAE.img
-rw------- 1 14M Sep 18 2018 initramfs-4.18.7-200.fc28.i686.img
-rw------- 1 14M Aug 4 2019 initramfs-5.0.16-100.fc28.i686.img
Rather easier to see I collected a few months ago from Tumbleweed 20230331
64bit:
/usr/lib/modules # du -d1 (sorted)
73196 ./5.4.14-2-default # 9052400 vmlinuz in /boot
73956 ./5.5.13-1-default # 9142512 vmlinuz in /boot
75524 ./5.6.14-1-default # 9311888 vmlinuz in /boot
75920 ./5.7.11-1-default # 10050K vmlinuz in /boot
77236 ./5.8.15-1-default # 10171K vmlinuz in /boot
76356 ./5.9.14-1-default # 10253K vmlinuz in /boot
77292 ./5.10.16-1-default # 10529K vmlinuz in /boot
95748 ./5.11.16-1-default # 10616K vmlinuz in /boot
96612 ./5.12.13-1-default # 10762K vmlinuz in /boot
98440 ./5.13.12-1-default # 10724K vmlinuz in /boot
123952 ./5.14.14-3-default # 10884K vmlinuz; removal freed 163.9 MiB
163272 ./5.15.12-1-default # 11174K vmlinuz; removal freed 233.4 MiB
162928 ./5.16.15-1-default # 11340K vmlinuz
191304 ./5.17.9-1-default # 11475K vmlinuz
205624 ./5.18.15-1-default # 12148K vmlinuz
142544 ./5.19.13-1-default # 10753K vmlinuz
198788 ./6.0.12-1-default # 12407K vmlinuz
198896 ./6.1.12-1-default # 12409K vmlinuz
183924 ./6.2.10-1-default # 13718K vmlinuz
The apparent drop in sizes after 5.18.15 is from applying more effective
compression.
This barely does justice for the total magnitude since 10 years ago, but it does
show there have been steadily increasing overall kernel sizes.
--
Evolution as taught in public schools is, like religion,
based on faith, not based on science.
Team OS/2 ** Reg. Linux User #211409 ** a11y rocks!
Felix Miata
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