url: http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m62907.html Re: CS>Yellow tinted CS!! From: Al Davis Date: Wed, 1 Oct 2003 21:58:23
> Mike, > I may have a partial answer to your problem, but we use very > different set-ups for making our brew. I use a silvergen SG-6 with > different electrodes than standard. I made some copper electrodes > using electrical copper wire (very pure-about .9995) just for a > lark. I experienced a very strange phenomenon. The SG-6 is current > controlled to about 1 mA and has automatic shutoff at about 6.5 > volts at full setting. At least it does with silver electrodes. > Here's where we get into the twilight zone! With the copper > electrodes everything proceeds as usual until I get to about 5 > micro-seimens on the PWT. The CC is colorless and has no Tyndall > effect. This occurs at about 17 volts. From there on the current > remains constant AND the voltage remains constant! The brew begins > to take on a distinct copper color and has a very strong tyndall > effect! Apparently, the setup makes ionic copper to a certain > voltage and then suddenly shifts into making only colloidal metal > particles! (It did not prove to be stable). > I don't know what happens with a constant voltage low current > density method such as you use, but perhaps this will offer a > clue, since it seems copper and silver behave very differently. > Hope this helps. > Al Davis Hi Al, Thank you for the post! Yes, after carefully cleaning everything again, it started behaving rationally. A bit different from your description, but I did get results similar to yours on previous runs. It seems the copper behaves the same as silver, but at lower ppm. This time, nothing happened for a long time, then tiny black whiskers started growing from the bottom edge of the cathode. These started looking like tiny trees with many branches. Eventually they grew all the way to the anode, and other trees started growing from the side of the cathode towards the anode. I don't know what the estimated ppm was, since I increased the current several times during the run. It was 327 uA/sq.in. when the trees started growing. The branches seem to be conductive. Sometimes a long piece broke off and jerks sideways several times. It often went back and reattached to the main branches. So they might be made of copper atoms that have gained electrons at the cathode. I waited until the bottom one looked thick and solid, then shook the electrodes to break it. The voltage across the cell instantly jumped quite a bit. So I think the branches may be pure copper. According to my research, the copper ion is doubly ionized (missing two electrons.) I wonder if this changes the converson factor between uS and ppm? Probably, it should. Could you do me a favor? Next time you do a run, can you measure the current, brew time, and the ppm when the cell voltage plateaus? Does the current regulator saturate at the start of the run? If so, could you use more copper wire for the anode and cathode? Or measure the current vs time readings until the regulator comes out of saturation? We should be able to estimate how many copper ions are liberated and get an idea what the conversion factor might be. Some ions may plate out on the cathode, and some will be lost forming oxides. But we should be able to determine if the factor is unity as for silver. Just for the record, here are the unit conversions for Mercury: Cou = I * sec ; total number of Coulombs esec = I / 1.60217733e-19; electrons per second gm = k * I * sec ; Faraday's equation isin = esec / sqin ; ions per sq. in. per sec isnm = isin / 6.45e14 ; ions per square nanometer per sec k = 0.5* 63.5 / 96485 ; Coulombs required per gram of copper lt = 3.785 * gal ; convert gallons to litres lt = ml / 1000 ; convert millilitres to litres mg = gm * 1000 ; convert grams to milligrams ml = 29.57 * oz ; convert ounce to milliliters phr = ppm / hrs ; ppm per hour ppm = mg / lt ; 1 ppm is 1 milligram per litre sec = hrs * 3600 + mnt * 60 ; convert hours to seconds uAin = 1e6 * I / sqin ; current density in uA per sq in Note the change to the Coulomb calculation: k = 0.5* 63.5 / 96485 ; Coulombs required per gram of copper With your help, we might add yet another small bit to the vast store of knowledge in the silver archives:) Best Regards, Mike Monett -- The silver-list is a moderated forum for discussion of colloidal silver. Instructions for unsubscribing may be found at: http://silverlist.org To post, address your message to: [email protected] Silver-list archive: http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/index.html List maintainer: Mike Devour <[email protected]>
