em to be reliable for PostgreSQL. Those are expected
to be significantly cheaper than the 710 models, while having the same
reliability characteristics. I haven't been able to get one yet though,
so I don't really know for sure how well they perform.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2
t; 'i'
AND nspname !~ '^pg_toast'
AND relpages > 100
ORDER BY pg_total_relation_size(C.oid) DESC
LIMIT 20;
On my trivial test install that gives me just the one user table:
relation | total_size
------+----
public.t | 3568 kB
While still showing large
d drives still on the market I know of that pass a
serious test. The other good models are direct PCI-E storage units,
like the FusionIO drives.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Support www.2ndQuadrant.com
--
Sent
material outside of
the manual and distribute them to the world than to add 40 pages to the
official manual. And I say that as someone who tried wandering down
both paths to see which was more productive.
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PostgreSQL Train
t subject at
http://notemagnet.blogspot.com/2008/08/linux-write-cache-mystery.html
and http://blog.2ndquadrant.com/tuning_linux_for_low_postgresq/ (note
that some of the links in that second one, to the test pgbench results,
are broken; http://www.highperfpostgres.com/pgbench-results/index.htm is
Of course a
several year newer kernel runs much faster on latest generation hardware.
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To
hing to consider. I'm not sure if
you'll really see the gains you're hoping for, but it should be easy
enough to test.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Support www.2ndQuadrant.com
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Sent
ellent conference. It's
also very well run by its organizers, even though they are "private
event management" by your definition.
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NALYZE plans of whatever the
slowest single query is. More on that subject at
http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Slow_Query_Questions
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28.890 ops/sec
Non-Sync'ed 8kB writes:
write 112113.908 ops/sec
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e to be in the PostgreSQL core to
be packaged nicely so that you can easily install and use it. It's
probably easy for you to get pgAdmin installed and working for example,
and that's not a part of core. There's just been a lot more work put
into packaging it than most to
On 12/09/2011 08:54 PM, Greg Smith wrote:
I decided about a year ago that further work on using Systemtap was a
black hole: time goes in, nothing really usable on any production
server seems to come out.
My off-list e-mail this weekend has, quite rightly, pointed out that
this cheap shot is
e
this sort of thing easier to build into the core database. For example,
the recent "Command Triggers" feature submission will make it easier to
catch DDL changes as well as queries for this sort of thing.
--
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PostgreSQ
we'd have to validate whether query prioritization code was
operating as expected or not, I imagine some extra monitoring tools
really need to get built first. Might as well expose those for people
like yourself too, once they're built for that purpose.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadra
t. And the earlier the better--since many migrations have a long
lead time, just knowing it's coming in the next version would be good
enough for some people who are blocked right now to start working on theirs.
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Po
get a better response on the lower volume pgsql-performance mailing list
too.
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To make
http://www.pgcon.org/2010/schedule/events/261.en.html for more information.
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To make ch
On 09/22/2011 01:34 AM, Mike Christensen wrote:
If Oracle was a swimming pool, I would have those little floaty duck
things on my arms.
Yes, it's too bad the license to get Oracle 11g with Floaties is cost
prohibitive for most companies.
--
Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant US
n the PostgreSQL
buffer cache code, there really is no reason to give more than 8GB of
dedicated memory to the database on Linux via shared_buffers. You're
better off letting the OS do caching with it instead.
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Post
n the PostgreSQL cache is a bit
more complicated than an LRU, while the one in the OS probably is a
LRU. If the table is used frequently, it's very likely to stay in one
of the two caches anyway.
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PostgreSQL Training, S
ments a whole lot, all of your checkpoints
will be based on the timeout instead. Then you can see how WAL load
decreases as you increase checkpoint_timeout. I've had to set
checkpoint_timeout as high as 30 minutes before on busy systems, to
lower the WAL overhead.
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covery only has to replay activity since that checkpoint
marker to fix all torn pages.
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es of
checkpoints are to move forward the pointer of how far back crash
recovery needs to replay from. Starting each new checkpoint over again,
with a full copy of all the data modified going into the WAL, it is part
of that logic.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimor
lpful for spotting what's wrong with your
input file.
P.S. The fast way to get lots of data into PostgreSQL is to use COPY,
not a series of INSERT statements. You may want to turn off
synchronous_commit to get good performance when doing lots of INSERTs.
--
Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg
t of thing once
that ships. But it looks like the issues around not supporting Intel's
latest graphics drivers on recent "Sandy Bridge" servers may postpone
adopting that further for me.
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PostgreSQL Trai
if it's that the flash
cells deliver stuff faster when you read a sequential series from the
same cell of flash, or if it's just that there's less physical IOs
happening.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services
wal_buffers over 16MB.
This setting for work_mem can easily allow your server to allocate over
250GB of RAM for query working memory, if all 100 connections do
something. Either reduce that a lot, or decrease max_connections, if
you want this server to run safely.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant U
eger) FROM pg_settings WHERE
name='max_connections';
The setting comes back as a text field when using current_setting on the
pg_settings view (which isn't a real table, under the hood it's calling
a system function)
--
Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Bal
ust a web
interface to it. They can't move things around there because they don't
really own the list; they just make a copy of all its messages.
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did the math on MySQL, too. Could be worse; could have ran
into http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=33704 which, as you can see, is
totally not a bug.
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Sent
uying a copy of that should repay itself in time savings--where you can
look something up rather than trying to figure it out from
scratch--about once every week.
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per hour; that rate can show you one
of these 990:1 shots every 7 hours of play. Leaves one with a healthy
respect for the sharp pointy bit on the end of the bell curve, after
you've been stabbed with it a few times you start to remember it's there.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant U
lost this sort of 990:1 long shot
multiple times. It definitely gives you a better gut feel for
"gambler's ruin", one that translates back into stock trading--and into
thinking about how to really achieve high-availability for a computing
system, too.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant U
the future instead:
http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-jobs/
In addition to that being the policy here, using that list instead means
that we can block people replying to the whole list with their resumes
and similar details they didn't mean to make public (which does happen).
--
ing the sort of info Scott is asking for into
their messages.
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y
if you disable that, and the speed improvement could be large.
-If you want to start up a discussion about optimizing your server, that
would be better done on the pgsql-performance list than this one.
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Sent
xity needs to consider how difficult a
program is going to be to debug and maintain. And in those areas,
making a single table gapless is quite complicated.
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http:/
rried
about locking down security, you probably wouldn't be deploying an
auto-installer on Windows in the first place.
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ions are basically:
1) Use case to help sort this out
2) Use lots of underscores and cope with the ambiguity
3) Pick something to put in the middle to represent relationships
between things, to make them less ambiguous. You might name this
foo_to_barbiz or the compact but expres
e actually
have, and the ones the paper tries to solve are not the ones I've seen
in my own experiments in multi-tenant deployments.
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by. And discussing aspects of that problem does
flare up among the PostgreSQL developers regularly.
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stead of
letting it "fold" the name to all lower-case, you must continue to
reference it that way in the future. There's nothing stopping you from
just never quoting anything though.
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Comprehensive and C
e of their customers,
because they have their hands where they can firmly squeeze their...uh,
wallets.
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"PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance": http://www.2
backup, too. You can treat your data as disposable and
expect to lose it when any single component fails, or you can include
some good redundancy practices in the design to reduce odds of a
failure. There really isn't really a good solution providing partial
protection in the middle of tho
quite a history of squeezing as many dollars out of its customers as its
can. Since there is choice among PostgreSQL support companies, you'll
never get into that position with it.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, a
o use one of these really
complicated sharded approaches to make their server perform well.
Unless you have a massive database or extremely high write volume, it's
way more trouble than it's worth to go through distributing writes onto
multiple nodes.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant US
address this particular need: filling the cache back up with relevant
data after restart. This is the main one:
http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgfincore/
http://www.pgcon.org/2010/schedule/events/261.en.html
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PostgreSQ
uot;--inplace" feature to make the copy from new master -> old
master faster. Since it has older copies of the files, the copy can go
faster than one to an empty system would take. But you can't just
convert the old master to be a standby of a new master.
--
Greg Smith
WAL split between
spindle groups).
If you can try to measure the exact ratio of database to WAL traffic
here, that might help guide which of these configurations makes more
sense. Hard to answer in a general way.
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PostgreSQL T
pplying the write cache to help, your write
throughput requirements don't ever exceed what a single disk can
provide, than maybe RAID5 will be fine for you. Make sure you keep
shared_buffers low though, because you're not going to be able to absorb
a heavy checkpoint sync on R
I think that if you start with this and try to experiment from there,
you may be able to figure out what's going on here a little better.
This connects up the main relevant tables in the right way.
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PostgreSQL Traini
Linux; that's available at http://pgmag.org/
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u're doing--some bug fixes to
pg_upgrade--have all been backported to 9.0 now.
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eSQL into a tree under your home directory, with reasonable
defaults for all of the parts related to downloading the source code and
compiling it. See the documentation for the peg utility at
https://github.com/gregs1104/peg for more examples
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fill in this information.
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-performance list with
some of the information recommended at
http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/SlowQueryQuestions : disk controller
and disk info, PostgreSQL version, and database server configuration all
have a lot of impact here. The contents of pg_stat_bgwriter would be
interesting too.
onitoring-stats.html , it's
possible to change PGSTAT_STAT_INTERVAL at server compile time to make
it write statistics less frequently. There's no easier way to adjust
that though.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, an
possible causes quite a bit.
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to
where you can find alternate approaches here. If you need an exact
count and can't afford to generate a full query to find one, some sort
of trigger-based approach is likely where you'll need to go.
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PostgreSQ
d are:
1) Use information_schema. If all the info you need is in here, great;
it may not be though.
2) Use the system catalog data directly
3) Parse text output from psql.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Support
ncreasing this value.
This area pops up enough that I've made a discussion of it part of even
my shortest talk about PostgreSQL performance issues to be wary of.
There's a good documentation patch project for somebody here, I just
haven't had time to get to it yet.
base cache without a write. If the database
needs that page again, it will ask the OS for it. If the OS still has
it in its own read cache, it may just read it from the cache again,
without a real disk read happening.
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ure if things are working well.
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l for
some samples.
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database for too long.
That's a very specific type of post-traumatic stress disorder, and mild
cases can be treated with CBT. Severe cases will instead require ECT,
aka electroshock.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and
usage
on the drive. So a 4:1 ratio between best and worst manufacturer for
SSD seemed possible. Plenty of us have seen particular drive models
that were much more than 4X as bad as average ones among regular hard
drives.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
etter quality components could be
justified. The quality trend at the board and component level has been
trending for a long time toward cheap over good in almost every case
nowadays.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24
pect that Intel's numbers are actually much better
than the other manufacturers here, so a SSD from anyone else can easily
be less reliable than a regular hard drive still.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Suppo
timelines in a set of WAL files using
recovery_target_timeline and the other target settings. It really is
worth the trouble to run some experiments with these ideas to see what
you can do, before you're forced to do so by an emergency.
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em to stop replicating in your yard?
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not be so bad. But if they go many characters before you can
distinguish between any two entries, you're probably not going to be
happy with the performance or size of the indexes, relative to simple
integer keys.
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Postg
Jeff Davis wrote:
On Mon, 2011-05-02 at 23:07 -0400, Greg Smith wrote:
I see this whole area as being similar to SQL injection. The same way
that you just can't trust data input by the user to ever be secure, you
can't trust inputs to your database will ever be unique in t
g though, and that does factor into why there is such a
preference for surrogate keys in the industry.
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s and possibly
be slower though--part number strings can easily end up longer than
SERIAL-like integers.
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led "natural key" based on
them, expect that to break one day. That doesn't mean you can't use
them as a sort of foreign key indexing the data; it just means you can't
make them the sole unique identifier for a particular entity, where that
entity is a person, company,
eliminate one just by throwing some resources at
it, that's normally the right thing to do.
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hard limit.
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To
and to migrate a wiki
from one server to another. There are all kinds of issues you could
have left here before this works, trying to do a database-level
export/reload--encoding, foreign key problems, who knows what else. The
database-agnostic export/import into XML avoids all of those.
--
G
On 04/29/2011 06:13 PM, Jeff Davis wrote:
I'm not sure which reference you found, but SFPUG is certainly active
with meetings every month.
http://pugs.postgresql.org/sfpug ; last meeting listed there is January
2009.
--
Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimor
hy the lifetimes actually are a serious concern in some
situations. Not all of them, of course, but this is why I recommend
things like directly measuring your WAL volume.
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an that, but still with a
PostgreSQL tilt to them, and I never get those accepted either.
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scary technology for database use
so far. The published numbers from the manufacturer literature are a
very rosy best case when you're hitting the disk with this type of workload.
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e log file.
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sides. And you really, really want to do this as a proper
database transaction, which is easiest to express using INSERT instead
of COPY. If any step of the migration goes wrong, being able to do
ROLLBACK and undo the recent bad steps is vital.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquad
recognize an alternate solution
that is just as useful--just not as familiar--that is available or being
built.
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it
sounds like the author is managing lots of smallish (to me) databases,
so putting so much emphasis on making each individual one easier to
troubleshoot makes more sense.
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ydata:
http://www.flamingspork.com/projects/libeatmydata/
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And I'd still expect ext4/XFS to beat any ext2/ext3 combination you can
come up with, performance-wise.
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PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Support www.2ndQuadrant.us
"PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance": ht
es that as part of the
SQL itself, so it gets pulled out of the database already in bytes.
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l.com
as one worked out sample. Anyone deploying PostgreSQL onto MLC can't
necessarily ignore this issue.
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"PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance"
PS as being
a real-world expectation for the larger sizes of these drives. Also, it
is cheap flash, so durability in a server environment won't be great.
Don't put your WAL on them if you have a high transaction rate. Put
some indexes there instead.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant US
at but not the final piece to
really make it perform well wouldn't be a good move.
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abase can get corrupted. Your system needs to ensure that when a
write happens, either the whole thing goes to disk, or none of it does.
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"PostgreSQ
ain from smgr,
src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c has PrefetchBuffer, and the one
place the executor calls that is BitmapHeapNext inside
src/backend/executor/nodeBitmapHeapscan.c
--
Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Suppo
cktpub.com/article/postgresql-tips-tricks
https://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/0301OS-Chapter-2-Database-Hardware.pdf
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
PostgreSQL Training, Services, and 24x7 Support www.2ndQuadrant.us
"PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performan
the hard work, haven't found a Linux
system yet it didn't do the right thing on. It sounds like you might
have the math on the relation between the two backwards, look at the
output and code of this once and that should sort things out for you.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadra
how I can reproduce 8.1 function
in 8.4?
https://github.com/petere/pgvihash provides the function you're looking for.
I agree with Craig's concerns here, but this may let you convert toward
a better long-term format more easily.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.
ine 624 of the version at:
http://code.google.com/p/commitmonitor/source/browse/trunk/common/openssl/crypto/conf/conf_def.c
So guessing something in the SSL autonegotiation is failing here in a
really unexpected way.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
PostgreSQ
background about this topic at
http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Reliable_Writes
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
PostgreSQL Training, Services and Supportwww.2ndQuadrant.us
"PostgreSQL 9.0 High Performance": http://www.2ndQuadrant.com/books
sn't
help with that. I find it hard to get too excited about yet another
forum style discussion area when there's already more PostgreSQL talk on
http://stackoverflow.com/ than I have time to keep up with.
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Greg Smith 2ndQuadrant USg...@2ndquadrant.com Baltimore, MD
PostgreS
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