care, when using
such functions
HTH, kind regards
Bernd
Am 19.10.2024 um 16:54 schrieb greim--- via fpc-pascal:
Regarding Memory Management
Its possible to write a Pascal program w/o any pointer, but it may be
not elegant and interfaces to some C-like GUI structures, as used in
all common O
See below ...
Am 19.02.2024 um 02:00 schrieb James Richters via fpc-pascal:
>And if you have set the precision, then the calculation will be
identical to the calculation when you use a variable of the same type
(if not, it's indeed a bug).
This is what I have been trying to point out.Math
,
controlled by the type of y1.
But this could be controlled by ANOTHER new option, if someone asks for it.
Kind regards
Bernd
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Am 17.02.2024 um 16:38 schrieb Bernd Oppolzer:
IMO, a compiler switch that gives all FP constants the best available
precision would solve the problem -
BTW: WITHOUT forcing expressions where they appear to use this
precision, if the other parts of the expression
have lower precision.
In
uld do.
That's why I write all those mails (although I am not an active FPC
user), because I want all Pascal versions around
to implement a clear and UNDERSTANDABLE language without strange effects.
Kind regards
Bernd
(incidentally, this is one of the reasons the FPC team does not
he y2 case as in the const
declarations.
Kind regards
Bernd
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Am 16.02.2024 um 15:57 schrieb James Richters via fpc-pascal:
So you are saying when constant propagation is on, an expression should have a
different result than with constant propagation off?
The result of math when using constants MUST be the same as the result of
identical math using var
ts of the reduced
type (which I believe it does,
no matter how the syntax is), I find it acceptable if the computation is
done using single precision,
because that's what the developer calls for.
So probably the answer to your question is: yes.
Kind rega
My opinions about the solutions below ...
Am 13.02.2024 um 12:07 schrieb Thomas Kurz via fpc-pascal:
But, sorry, because we are talking about compile time math, performance
(nanoseconds) in this case doesn't count, IMO.
That's what i thought at first, too. But then I started thinking about
Am 13.02.2024 um 10:54 schrieb Michael Van Canneyt via fpc-pascal:
On Tue, 13 Feb 2024, James Richters via fpc-pascal wrote:
Sorry for the kind of duplicate post, I submitted it yesterday
morning and I
thought it failed, so I re-did it and tried again.. then after that the
original one showe
se, if you wish.
It's all about context ...
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 12.02.2024 um 10:44 schrieb Thomas Kurz via fpc-pascal:
I wouldn't say so. Or at least, not generally. Why can't the compiler do what
the programer intends to do:
var
s: single;
d: double;
e: exten
g the maximum
precision, no matter if it is done at compile time
or at run time ... and this would IMHO be the solution which is the
easiest to document and maybe to implement
and which would satisfy the users.
Kind regards
Bernd Oppolzer
___
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s HH, because the computation
involving the constants
(hopefully done by the compiler) would be done with the best available
precision.
HTH, kind regards
Bernd
Am 06.02.2024 um 16:23 schrieb James Richters via fpc-pascal:
program TESTDBL1 ;
Const
HH = 8427.02291
at this
place, prints the 8, and then only zeroes.
The extended format internally has more hex digits and therefore can
reliably show more decimal digits.
But the last two are wrong, too (the exact value is 6... period).
HTH,
kind regards
Bernd
Am 27.01.2024 um 22:53 schrieb Bart via fpc-
ctions
were inspired by PL/1 functions, indeed.
Kind regards
Bernd
Regards,
Adriaan van Os
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range"
character sets like EBCDIC.
When I ported it to ASCII based machines in 2016, I had some trouble
with case statements based on
character variables and expressions.
See the story here:
http://bernd-oppolzer.de/job9i025.htm
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I wrote a comment on the original Microsoft dev blog (for a non-Pascal
community), maybe it's of interest here, too ...
In normal Pascal procedure calls, such a vector of stack frame addresses
is not needed. A standard Pascal runtime knows all the time about the
current stack frame address of
have to be set and restored
when entering or leaving a function.
I had the idea to extend the limit from 9 to 20, but there was no hard
requirement so far, so I left it at 9.
C, for example, and other "modern" languages, have a static limit of 1.
Kind regards
Bernd
Some forms of
regards
Bernd
Am 10.08.2023 um 10:52 schrieb Elmar Haneke via fpc-pascal:
1) what does "i := x - x;" do and what is it's purpose and why doesn't "x + x"
work the same?
Subtracting pointers may be useful if they point to consecutive
memory. The Result is the number o
therwise,
goto? Break is common in basically all languages now. Can't think of a language
I've used without it.
FWIW, when I started to work on New Stanford Pascal
(http://bernd-oppolzer.de/job9.htm)
in 2011, the very first thing that I did was to add BREAK, CONTINUE and
RETURN to this com
e nightmare, this is very good to run the
program once during program test,
because it will show if your program depends on such effects or if it
produces different values,
depending on initialized or uninitialized local variables.
Kind regards
Bernd
The program depends on this feature i
info contained in the
executable (not as external debug file), maybe also reduce the
optimization level if, and it should be able to show you the call tree
along with time consumption of each function.
Bernd
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On 3/5/21 6:22 PM, Florian Klämpfl via fpc-pascal wrote:
It is not expected that it works as RiscV support is still work in
progress, but it should work ;) I'll look into it.
Thank you. For me, the compiler for RV32I/RV32IMAC works already pretty
well.
Regards,
I saw your changes in revision 48881, downloaded latest trunk, compiled
with
make crosszipinstall CPU_TARGET=riscv32 OS_TARGET=embedded SUBARCH=rv32i
but the problem remains:
make[4]: Entering directory '/home/bernd/fpc/fpc331/48882/src/rtl/embedded'
/bin/mkdir -p /home/bernd/fpc/fp
message, when I try to compile the
crosscompiler/rtl:
/home/bernd/fpc/fpc331/48875/src/compiler/ppcrossrv32 -Ur -Cprv32i
-Tembedded -Priscv32 -XPriscv32-embedded- -Ur -Xs -O2 -n -Fi../inc
-Fi../riscv32 -FE.
-FU/home/bernd/fpc/fpc331/48875/src/rtl/units/riscv32-embedded
-Fl/home/bernd/riscv/riscv_2008
Hi,
I don't know if this can help you, but in the 1980s I worked with a
library called GKS (graphic kernel system)
which I used to build such graphics like the following example:
http://bernd-oppolzer.de/fdynsb.pdf
This programs that did this were written in Pascal at that time.
It
s the indentation, is in many cases scheduled
automatically after
a successful compiler run.
This is how a program looks after automated indentation:
https://github.com/StanfordPascal/Pascal/blob/master/PASCAL1.pas
Kind regards
Bernd
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On 10/11/19 10:51 AM, Bart wrote:
See
https://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/current/prog/progsu69.html#x76-750001.2.69
sorry, I forgot to mention, that I checked with {$SAFEFPUEXCEPTIONS ON},
but it did not change the behavior.
Regards, Bernd
oduce this problem with the trunk version of the
compiler, but all versions down to 2.2.2 show the described behavior.
FPC 2.2.0 is working correct. The 64-bit version of FPC 3.0.4 works
correct too.
Is this something for the bug tracker?
Regards, Bernd.
___
s for many
aggressive optimization strategies around loops.
Maybe today such limitations seem too restrictive.
Kind regards
Bernd
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ndex expression
contains for example a function call with side effects :-)
PL/1 is another language which has been enhanced to support this
notation some years ago.
Kind regards
Bernd
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he
current record type namespace, and this has to be fixed, before I can do
this.
BTW: is there a forum to discuss general Pascal questions not directly
related to the FPC product?
FPC-Pascal will sure be the largest auditorium available for such
questions ...
Thank you, kind rega
o HPGL),
it is still possible to do sort of professional graphics programming using
much the same functions and features that I used in the 1990s. The language
doesn't really matter; it can be C or Pascal.
Example output file: http://bernd-oppolzer.de/fdynsb.pdf
If you want to know more abou
ll anything about what a certain parser
etc. should do to XML content (IMO, not much), there are not many
restrictions
(<, of course, should be <) ... attributes are different, of course.
Kind regards
Bernd
___
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Am 15.04.2019 um 08:29 schrieb Tomas Hajny:
On Mon, April 15, 2019 07:52, Bernd Oppolzer wrote:
.
.
On Samstag, 13. April 2019 22:30:55 CEST Alexey Tor. wrote:
.
.
Can FPC optimize it so it only reads s[i] once (to register), not 3
times?
.
.
True for New Stanford Pascal
Am 15.04.2019 um 03:35 schrieb wkitt...@windstream.net:
On 4/14/19 7:28 AM, Rainer Stratmann wrote:
On Samstag, 13. April 2019 22:30:55 CEST Alexey Tor. wrote:
E.g. i have a loop which test each s[i] char for several cases: 'a',
'b', 'c'.
for i:= 1 to length(s) do
if (s[i]='a') or (s[i]='b')
check in this case) is
in fact done in stage 2, that is: in the P-Code to 370 translator.
The credits for this very fine compiler technology (which is about
40 years old) does not belong to me, but to many other people who
worked on this in the 1975 to 1990 era. I only did som
e
same on all platforms (again: IBM mainframe and Windows PC, for example),
which was not the case before my extension.
The story is documented in more detail here (including the
Pascal source code of the rounding function):
http://bernd-oppolzer.de/job9i032.htm
Have fun!
Another optio
Some corrections, see below ...
Am 03.10.2018 um 11:54 schrieb Bernd Oppolzer:
The explanation for the results is as follows:
the first three codings do the multiplication first, then the division.
the last two first division, then multiplication. That makes the
difference.
When division
hat's pure luck.
Example:
Multiplication first:
LOC 21
LOD R,1,416
LOD R,1,408
LOD R,1,416
MPR
LOD R,1,424
DVR
SBR
STR R,1,432
Division first:
LOC 23
LOD R,1,416
LOD R,1,408
LOD R,1,416
LOD R,1,424
DVR
MPR
SBR
STR R,1,432
The result was zero in both cases.
Kind regards
B
runc(-x + 0.5);
end;
That is fine, except that I will likely forget it in some unit, and
manually inspecting all units is less reliable than when the compiler
ensures it.
This is not sufficient, IMO, when using float,
look here:
http://bernd-oppolzer.de/job9i032.htm
In Turbo-Pascal the bro
Am 03.06.2018 um 18:12 schrieb Sven Barth via fpc-pascal:
Bernd Oppolzer <mailto:bernd.oppol...@t-online.de>> schrieb am So., 3. Juni 2018, 11:56:
Am 02.06.2018 um 15:14 schrieb Sven Barth via fpc-pascal:
Mark Morgan Lloyd mailto:markmll.fpc-pas...@telemetry.co.uk>>
= '=';
SYNEOP := '<>';
SYGTOP := '>';
SYLTOP := '<';
SYGEOP := '>=';
SYLEOP := '<=';
SYOROP := '|';
SYANDOP := '&';
SYASSIGN := ':=';
SYCONCAT := '||';
if you want to change the representation of the symbols, you only change
here.
Kind regards
Bernd
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stpt.prrlis
PCINT (Build 1.0 Apr 5 2018 07:58:58)
5
c:\work\pascal\work>
this is the New Stanford Pascal compiler,
a modern variant of Wirth's P4 compiler.
that is:
type
PINT = -> INT ;
INT = PINT ;
PT = -> PT ;
this is all possible in Standard Pascal,
Am 04.03.2018 um 18:45 schrieb Sven Barth via fpc-pascal:
On 04.03.2018 18:06, Bernd Oppolzer wrote:
Are procedure and function parameters allowed in Free Pascal?
When I tried to compile the Man-or-boy example program (Knuth's test),
FPC complained with a syntax error:
c:\work\pascal
begin (* B *)
K := K - 1 ;
B := A ( K , B , X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) ;
end (* B *) ;
begin (* A *)
if K <= 0 then
begin
A := X4 + X5 ;
end (* then *)
else
begin
A := B ;
end (* else *) ;
end (* A *) ;
ee page 10: http://bernd-oppolzer.de/PascalReport.pdf
(page 18 of the PDF).
Kind regards
Bernd
Regards,
Ryan Joseph
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will need to be emulated on the non-mainframe
platforms.
For some years now, the mainframe also supports floating point
data based on a decimal representation. But I don't have experience
with this so far. Some compilers support this (PL/1).
Kind regards
value in Euro, no matter how many digits after
the decimal point quantity and quotation had. The multiply function
will take care of the proper scaling and stop after the third digit
which is sufficient to round at the second position.
Kind regards
Bernd
;
end (* HAUPTPROGRAMM *) .
that is: long strings may be concatenated simply by closing
the string constant on one line and reopening it on the next line.
http://bernd-oppolzer.de/job9.htm
HTH, kind regards
Bernd
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on the procedure call
but this is a different topic and should be discussed seperate from the
default issue.
I guess, that all this will be limited to byvalue parameters ... not for
var parameters ...
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 27.05.2017 um 08:17 schrieb Mr Bee via fpc-pascal:
Hi,
As Pascal m
r the embedded targets like
AVR and ARM.
Regards, Bernd.
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I am myself still quite unfamiliar with this whole parsing
business) currently all my parsers only return arrays of strings that I can
optionally post-process with an optional hook function after a parser has
completed.
Bernd
___
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56)
x 14
y 29
x and y12
x and y12
x or y 31
x or y 31
x xor y19
not x -15
not y -30
aFALSE
bTRUE
a and b FALSE
a and b FALSE
a or b TRUE
a or b TRUE
a xor b
Am 08.01.2017 um 18:22 schrieb Sven Barth:
Am 08.01.2017 17:32 schrieb "Bernd Oppolzer"
mailto:bernd.oppol...@t-online.de>>:
>
> Am 08.01.2017 um 11:46 schrieb Sven Barth:
>>
>> On 08.01.2017 10:55, Ryan Joseph wrote:
>>>
>>> I’m going t
closest equivalence to bitwise and in Pascal are set intersections,
IMO.
If I had to implement that on integers using standard pascal, this would
cause me some headache ...
Kind regards
Bernd
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will most likely be interested in testing this
with his own hardware and use different vid/pid anyways.
The demo program will produce output like this:
--($)-- sudo ./demo
[sudo] Passwort für bernd:
will now enumerate all USB HID devices.
Note that it will list more info if you run with sudo,
you
with other
FPC units.
-Bernd
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while loop first, then you can
translate this loop in a straightforward manner to Pascal, and the
probability
of inserting logic errors is much lower.
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 23.10.2016 um 22:20 schrieb Bernd Oppolzer:
it might help if I translate the C for loop into an equivalent
while loop for
urn c;
}
HTH,
kind regards
Bernd
Am 22.10.2016 um 11:06 schrieb Ryan Joseph:
I’m trying to translate a function from C (taken from
http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/Research/Short_Notes/pnpoly.html) and
although I think I got it correctly it’s not behaving 100% accurately so I’m
n
would avoid them.
Regards, Bernd.
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Michael Ring wrote:
(Glad to hear that basic functionality works...)
I finished my first (small) project with the STM32F429ZI controller and
everything went smooth :-) Even with optimization level -O2.
Thanks everyone, who is involved in the ARM compiler/rtl development.
Regards, Bernd
rtl not affected?
What is recommended by the developers? Where bug reports accepted, if I
use optimization -O2?
Regards, Bernd.
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onstant by default, even
when not explicitely writing
const
FOO_DIR: AnsiString = 'foobar';
-Bernd
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trunk?
Regards, Bernd.
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Bernd
Am 20.06.2015 um 14:03 schrieb Michael Van Canneyt:
On Sat, 20 Jun 2015, Jonas Maebe wrote:
On 20/06/15 12:01, Michael Van Canneyt wrote:
On Sat, 20 Jun 2015, Jonas Maebe wrote:
On 20/06/15 11:41, Michael Van Canneyt wrote:
But it is a bug that the compiler does not give an error
2014-09-15 11:10 GMT+02:00 Xiangrong Fang :
> （hyper-threads)?
If the CPU has hyper threading then these should show up as individual
cores (CPUs). They call a "core" with 2 processors on it a "core" but
each of these "cores" is actually two complete processors (cores in
the conventional meaning
inspiration, at
that time.
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 14.09.2014 16:30, schrieb Bernd Oppolzer:
The possible dangers of using WITH are only very limited, compared
to other languages, for example PL/1, where
- you don't need to declare variables, like in FORTRAN
- you can omit structure qualifiers, i
ons that
control the vector indices, which is IMHO a great help in the early
stages of program
development.
Kind regards
Bernd
Cheers, Ched'
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n into
account, too
(not, if you use unsigned chars as the base for the bit strings, and if
the chars are
eight bits long, which should be the case on all modern architectures).
Kind regards
Bernd
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On Windows, too:
C:\>cd \backup\\\///\\\sich
C:\backup\sich>
Only the first backslash has to be (only one) backslash;
no slash allowed.
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 11.09.2013 19:36, schrieb Reimar Grabowski:
On Wed, 11 Sep 2013 17:37:36 +0200
Jürgen Hestermann wrote:
And double deli
Am 06.09.2013 18:16, schrieb Bernd Oppolzer:
To keep the syntax correct, you can break after every symbol, that is:
not inside identifiers,
not inside numbers (including floating point constants)
not inside quoted strings
but anywhere else
I am using a Pascal pretty print program, that knows
accepts only classical Pascal syntax (my extension
of Stanford P4) - no FPC. So it makes not much sense to share it.
But I compiled it with FPC recently, and it ran without problems on
Windows.
Kind regards
Bernd
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xpression to be
incremented !!)
seems unimportant.
And, if that's a matter for you: the newer PL/1 compilers
support += etc., but don't support ++ and --,
Kind regards
Bernd
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http://lis
Am 31.07.2013 11:33, schrieb Sven Barth:
Technically it would be simple to change that as the corresponding
code is already available for the above mentioned situation, but it
would definitely change the semantics if the left side is e.g. an
array with a function as index accessor (as the funct
using
FPC 2.6.0
no problem with FPC 2.6.2 under (32-bit) Windows 98 ;-)
Regards, Bernd.
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2012/11/11 Jonas Maebe :
> No, it is not possible. There are no Pascal (or C, for that matter)
> expressions that map to particular registers on entry into the function.
ok, my wording was wrong. What I really meant to say was that if I am
absolutely determined to find a solution because I have
2012/11/11 Jonas Maebe :
> Then you probably only read about i386 ABIs (and maybe m68k).
But a bunch of ifdefs should do the trick then, it should still be
possible to implement every possible implementation in pascal somehow.
Is there a document somewhere that specifies how exactly cdecl vararg
2012/11/11 Jonas Maebe :
> No, because the C varargs calling convention does not simply pass the
> parameters on the stack on most platforms.
Where else are the arguments if not on the stack? Everything I have
read so far about varargs and cdecl says they are on the stack.
__
2012/11/11 Sven Barth :
> Yes and this is exactly what the change states. You can not write "varargs"
> functions in Pascal that can be accessed from C.
Wouldn't it be possible to write a function in pascal that declares a
simple longint parameter instead of the varargs and then inside the
functi
2012/10/10 :
> However when
> objects have methods, does that change memory alignment
No. As long as there are no virtual methods it will not affect the
size or the memory layout. From what I have read the new gtk3 API for
fpc will also use objects (with methods and also inheritance) instead
of r
I have set up a daily build of latest 2.6.1:
https://code.launchpad.net/~prof7bit/+archive/fpc-2.6-latest
ppa:prof7bit/fpc-2.6-latest
(should update automatically from now on without manual intervention)
and also (because I needed it once for bootstrapping and will also
need it for lazarus-1.0.0)
2012/10/7 Bernd :
> I'm currently uploading a source package which I have quickly put
> together for fpc-2.6.0 to launchpad, hoping it will successfully build
> tonight
This is the ppa (should contain fpc and fpc-source for ubuntu 12.04
once the build has completed):
https:/
2012/10/6 Marco van de Voort :
> which should have been done 9 months ago, like the other distributions.
>
> 2.6.0 is from January 1st.
I'm neither Debian nor Ubuntu official, I'm just an ordinary user who
wants to publish software via launchpad and for this to work
everything needs to be abl
2012/10/6 Florian Klämpfl :
> Well, if somebody does testing and provides the necessary fixes, it can
> be done. I will not waste time with it because I personally consider it
> as a problem of the linux package system and not FPC's problem.
It can be solved in Ubuntu, its just a bit more tricky.
2012/10/6 Jonas Maebe :
> As has been mentioned a "few" times before, building FPC development versions
> has always been only supported when starting with the latest release. So: yes.
I have never tried to build it on Launchpad servers before so I never
ran into this problem before and also goo
I'm trying to build current 2.6.1 on Ubuntu Precise with
build-dependency fpc-2.4.4 (because there exist no later version of
fpc in precise) and gettting this error:
bunxh.inc(24,52) Fatal: Syntax error, ":" expected but "identifier NSET" found
the offending line in rtl/unix/bunxh.inc is:
Fu
2012/10/1 Johann Glaser :
> Is it necessary to have the unit "CThreads" in my Uses clause?
No, only if you use threads in your pascal code.
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2012/10/1 Mattias Gaertner :
> Hi,
>
> I need to edit XMP data in images (at least tif, jpg).
If you need some quick and dirty solution then I have something here
that will one day become part of an application to tag and organize
jpeg images from digital cameras. It will start a separate exiftool
2012/9/25 Graeme Geldenhuys :
> Thanks for the tip, but Git is *not* difficult to use. To cover the average
> developer workflow, you need like 3-4 commands max. If you can't remember 4
> commands, then you have bigger issues than git.
I know that git is not as complicated as it initially seems b
2012/9/25 patspiper :
> procedure test;
> begin
> Move(MyClass1.Ref.Data^, MyClass2.Ref.Data^, 1);
> end;
and if you cast it to some other pointer type before dereferencing the
error goes away:
procedure test;
begin
Move(MyClass1.Ref.Data^, PByte(MyClass2.Ref.Data)^, 1);
end;
But this should
2012/9/25 patspiper :
> Hi,
>
> Despite
> http://wiki.freepascal.org/User_Changes_2.4.0#Treating_direct-mapped_properties_as_regular_fields,
> shouldn't the following be legal? I tested under FPC 2.6.1 and 2.7.1.
This shouldn't even matter here since IMHO it should work even if Ref
were a function
2012/9/24 Christo :
> I'm new to using git so it may be
> something trivial I'm missing.
Regarding git,
I highly recommend using the easygit wrapper to make life easier,
especially when you come from SVN because git will be very confusing
in the beginning if you are used to svn and then try to u
2012/9/4 Mark Morgan Lloyd :
> What files were changed by the chown -R operation? In other words, compare
> before and after.
One more thing comes to mind: It is necessary to set the x bit for
folders. If you create the directory tree and then recursively chown
and chmod all files and folders the
2012/9/4 Reinier Olislagers :
> Perhaps you're using some protection/privilege management system
> (AppArmor, SELinux, something else) that restricts internet access to
> the application running under root...
The owner of the file or the folder does not affect under which UID it
will run. All oth
2012/9/3 Krzysztof :
> Hmm problem is that I'm trying deploy libQt4Pas with my application (I
> have run.sh script which do "export
> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/myapp/lib" before running
> application) and I see that this library trying do something in /opt
> folder:
> open("/opt/myapp/l
2012/8/31 Kenneth Cochran :
> I'm finding myself in need of a parser for object pascal. I'm wondering if
> fpc exposes any of the output (syntax trees, graphs, etc) from the parser
> that could be consumed by an external tool?
Depending on what exactly you need and how difficult it is to get a
sy
On 30.08.2012 00:13, Graeme Geldenhuys wrote:
> Signal received. Signal: SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
>
> #0 0040E1BB :0 SYSTEM_WAITFREE_FIXED$PMEMCHUNK_FIXED$POSCHUNK()
> #1 01FB8D3C :0 ??()
> #2 0040C51A :0 fpc_finalize()
> #3 0001 :0 ??()
> #4 0040AD2A :0 SYSTEM_TOBJECT_$__CLEANUPINST
While implementing an OLE drag&drop source I stumbled over this:
shlobj.pp, Line 2444
function SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc(cfmt:UINT; afmt:array of TFORMATETC;
var ppenumFormatEtc:IEnumFORMATETC):HRESULT;StdCall;external
External_library name 'SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc';
this must be wrong. I got nothin
On 17.07.2012 01:09, waldo kitty wrote:
> now we need to remember to use "of object" when we are working with nothing
> but
> classes?
Imagine for a moment (in a parallel universe) there exists no keyword
"object" and never has. All there has ever been was the keyword "class".
now you have
ty
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