Re: Problem with list.insert

[SUBHABRATA]

Dear group,
Thanx for your idea to use dictionary instead of a list. Your code is
more or less, OK, some problems are there, I'll debug them. Well, I
feel the insert problem is coming because of the Hindi thing.
And Python2.5 is supporting Hindi quite fluently.
I am writing in Python2.5.1.
Best Regards,
Subhabrata.

Terry Reedy wrote:
> SUBHABRATA, I recommend you study this excellent response carefully.
>
> castironpi wrote:
> > On Aug 28, 11:13 am, SUBHABRATA <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> >-.
> >
> > Instead split up your inputs first thing.
> >
> > trans= { 'a': 'A', 'at': 'AT', 'to': 'TO' }
> > sample= 'a boy at the park walked to the tree'
> > expected= 'A boy AT the park walked TO the tree'
>
> It starts with a concrete test case -- an 'executable problem
> statement'.  To me, this is cleared and more useful than the 20 lines of
> prose you used.  A single line English statement would be "Problem:
> Replace selected words in a text using a dictionary."  Sometimes, less
> (words) really is more (understanding).
>
> If the above is *not* what you meant, then give a similarly concrete
> example that does what you *do* mean.
>
> > sample_list= sample.split( )
> > for i, x in enumerate( sample_list ):
> > if x in trans:
> > sample_list[ i ]= trans[ x ]
>
> Meaningful names make the code easy to understand.  Meaningless numbered
> 'a's require each reader to create meaningful names and associate them
> in his/her head.  But that is part of the job of the programmer.
>
> > result= ' '.join( sample_list )
> > print result
> > assert result== expected
>
> It ends with an automated test that is easy to rerun should the code in
> between need to be modified.  Assert only prints something if there is
> an error.  With numerous tests, that is what one often wants.  But with
> only one, your might prefer 'print' instead of 'assert' to get a more
> reassuring and satisfying 'True' printed.
>
> > Then replace them as you visit each one, and join them later.
>
> If you are using Hindi characters, you might want to use Python3 when it
> arrives, since it will use Unicode strings as the (default) string type.
>   But for posting here, stick with the ascii subset.
>
> Terry Jan Reedy
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Re: computer support

[andrew]

On 2008-08-29, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> hello every body in the group

Hello Dr Nick :-)

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u just click, u get some dollars

[pavi]

http://www.onlineincomess.blogspot.com/
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Re: Fastest way to write huge files

[Tim Golden]

Terry Reedy wrote:



Mohamed Yousef wrote:

let's say , I'm moving large files through network between devices
what is the fastest way to do this ?
what i came up with :-


Use your OS's network copy command.  On unix, that was once uucp.  On 
Windows, I drag-and-drop to/from a Network Neighborhood location, 
including to a printer, so I don't know whether you can use copy and if 
so how.


For completeness' sake, on Windows you could use any of the following
techniques with a UNC as the destination (and/or source):

http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i/copy-a-file.html

TJG
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PyDoc in Windows Vista

[Tyler Shopshire]

I can't seem to access the pydoc sever from my web browser. I start the 
server from the command prompt and everything seems to be working fine, 
then I got to http://localhost:/ and it doesn't work. I also tried 
starting the graphical mode with the -g parameter but I still cannot use 
PyDoc. It works on my Ubuntu Partition so I do know how to use it. Any 
help is appreciated.
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PyDoc in Vista

[Tyler Shopshire]

I can't seem to get Pydoc up and running in windows Vista. I can search 
for modules manually by using the "pydoc module_name" command but if i 
try to set up an http server, it says the server is up and running but I 
can't access it in FF or IE. Any help is appreciated.
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Re: Syntax error in ".py" file and globals variable values not available.

[Alexis Boutillier]

Timothy Grant a écrit :

On Thu, Aug 28, 2008 at 1:40 AM, Alexis Boutillier
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

Timothy Grant a écrit :

On Wed, Aug 27, 2008 at 2:49 AM, Alexis Boutillier
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

Hi,

I have a strange behaviour of python with pdb and import statement.
Here is the example code :

file my1.py:
import my2

file my2.py:
a=5
toto

I intentionnaly put a syntax error in file my2.py.

If I run "python -i my2.py" and run pdb I got :
NameError: name 'toto' is not defined

import pdb
pdb.pm()

-> toto

print a

5

If I run "python -i my1.py" and run pdb I got :
NameError: name 'toto' is not defined

import pdb
pdb.pm()

-> toto

print a

None

Why can't I get access to variable a in pdb when the process generating
the
error came from an import statement ?

With python 2.3.5, it works fine and in the two cases I get the correct
value of 5 for variable "a".
with python 2.43,2.5.1,2.5.2, it doesn't work and I get "None" value for
variable a.

Somebody can explain me this behaviour ?


Thanks.
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www.arteris.net

6 par Ariane Immeuble Mercure
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Because of the syntax error the module wasn't loaded.

What kind of behaviour would you expect on code that has been flagged
as not executable?


I got the same behaviour with :
file my2.py:
a=5
raise SystemError,""

In pdb, I can't have the value of attribute a.
So this is not linked to the fact that it is a SyntaxError or a SystemError.

I expect to be able to have the value of all attributes that have been used
before the error occured.
This is problematic because in a more complicated code, you can't have the
value of the attribute that was used before the error occured.
Python know that this attribute exist, it only don't have its value. other
attribute affected are : __name__,__doc__,__file__.

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Methodology engineer

Arteris SA
The Network-on-Chip Company TM
www.arteris.net

6 par Ariane Immeuble Mercure
78284 Guyancourt Cedex
France
Office: (+33) 1 61 37 38 71
Fax:(+33) 1 61 37 38 41
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So if you were writing C code and the file failed to compile you would
still expect to have a working executable that just worked up until
the point of the syntax error?

I'm not sure why you just don't fix the syntax error and move on.




As you can see in my last response, this problem is not linked to the 
type of error, If I "raise" a SystemError instead of creating a 
SyntaxError I still can't access variable defined before the error.



--
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Methodology engineer

Arteris SA
The Network-on-Chip Company TM
www.arteris.net

6 par Ariane Immeuble Mercure
78284 Guyancourt Cedex
France
Office: (+33) 1 61 37 38 71
Fax:(+33) 1 61 37 38 41
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
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Re: Checking if the file is a symlink fails

[[EMAIL PROTECTED]]

On Aug 28, 10:20 pm, Fredrik Lundh <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> > Do you mean the following is deprecated ?
> >http://docs.python.org/lib/module-stat.html
>
> >>From the documentation -
>
> > S_ISLNK( mode)
> >     Return non-zero if the mode is from a symbolic link.
>
> As that page states, that's a function used to interpret a mode flag
> returned by os.stat, os.fstat, or os.lstat.  It obviously won't give you
> the result you're looking for if you use a stat function that *follows*
> symbolic links.
>
> 

Thank you Fredrick and Miles,

stat() is on the actual file and not on the symlink. That explains.

-Saswat
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os.ChDir() not thread-safe; was : Is tempfile.mkdtemp() thread-safe?

[Gabriel Rossetti]

Gabriel Rossetti wrote:

Hello,

I'm using tempfile.mkdtemp() in a multithreading program and I've been 
having problems with it. Sometimes it tells me the file I'm trying to 
access (in the directory created with tempfile.mkdtemp()) doesn't 
exist. I suspect that tempfile.mkdtemp() returns the same directory to 
different threads sometimes. Does anyone know anything about this or 
have a solution? I have to create unique and temp. directories to use 
an external program that creates a temp. file with the same name every 
time, thus if I want to call it from several threads, each call has to 
be from a different directory.


Thank you,
Gabriel


I think I found what was wrong, I was using os.chDir(), and the current 
directory is shared by all threads :


http://www.biais.org/blog/index.php/2007/01/23/19-python-threads-and-oschdir
http://bugs.python.org/issue1367

I hope this helps anyone that ever has such a problem!

Gabriel
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microsoft terminal server

[yqyq22]

HI,
i would like to know if there is a way to create a python script for
automate mstsc.exe username and pwd credential, i mean i would create
a script that first open mstsc.exe and in the same time is able to
fill [computer+username+pwd].
Regards
thanks a lot in advance
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Re: Python svn bindings for Subversion?

[Mike B]

On Thu, 28 Aug 2008 19:58:10 GMT, Matthew Woodcraft <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:

>Mike B writes:
>> I'm trying to get Subversion 'hook scripts' working on an Ubuntu box and the
>> following fails.
>>
>> from svn import fs, repos, core, delta
>[...]
>> 'svn' appears to be a SWIG wrapper and could be what I'm looking for, but I
>> cannot find it anywhere.
>>
>> Can anyone point me in the right direction.
>
>
>It's maintained as part of the main Subversion distribution.
>
>http://svn.collab.net/viewvc/svn/trunk/subversion/bindings/swig/
>
>In Ubuntu, it should be in the python-subversion package.
>
That fixed it.

Thanks

Mike
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Re: subclassing complex

[Patrick Maupin]

On Aug 29, 12:17 am, BiDi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I have been trying to subclass complex, but I am not able to get the
> right-hand arithmetic operators working.
>
> As shown below, if an object of my subclass 'xcomplex' is added on the
> right of a 'comlex' object, the type returned is 'complex', not
> 'xcomplex'.
>
> I've tried subclassing float and it works fine (don't even need to
> define __coerce__ in that case)
>
> Is this a bug, or am I missing something?

I think the issue is that Python first tries to use the __add__ method
of the left-most object, and only attempts to use __radd__ with the
right-most object if that fails.  Because you have subclassed the
complex class, the __add__ method of the complex number will work
fine, returning a complex result.

If you want to keep that from working, you probably want to just
inherit from 'object' rather than 'complex', and reimplement all the
methods you care about (possibly with a very simple wrapper around an
internal complex number).

Regards,
Pat
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help needed with dictionary

[lee]

  hi all,
i am a newbie in python.  i was trying to work with dictionaries.  i
wanted to input values  through command line and store the values in a
dictionary. i mean for the same key , multiple values. can any1
suggest me how can i do it.thank you

i tried this, but the old value is replaced by new one, but i want to
store al values entered by user.
kev = {}
if kev.has_key('Name'):
kev['Name'].append(person_name)
print 'name is ', kev['Name']
else:
kev['Name'] = [person_name]
print "kevin's name is %s" % kev['Name']

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Re: [1,2,3] exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Ken Starks]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

x=[1,2,3]
and
x=[1,2,3,]

are exactly the same, right?

I'm generating some python data, and it's less error prone
to not treat the last element specially, but I want to be
sure I'm generating an equivalent data structure.

Many TIA!
Mark


>>> x=[1,2,3,]
>>> repr(x)
[1,2,3]

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Re: help needed with dictionary

[Bruno Desthuilliers]

lee a écrit :

  hi all,
i am a newbie in python.  i was trying to work with dictionaries.  i
wanted to input values  through command line and store the values in a
dictionary. i mean for the same key , multiple values. can any1
suggest me how can i do it.thank you

i tried this, but the old value is replaced by new one, but i want to
store al values entered by user.
kev = {}
if kev.has_key('Name'):
kev['Name'].append(person_name)
print 'name is ', kev['Name']
else:
kev['Name'] = [person_name]
print "kevin's name is %s" % kev['Name']



Please post the minimal *running* code exhibiting your problem. The 
above snippet raises a NameError about person_name on line 3.


Anyway, looking at my crystal ball, I'd say that you're (re)binding the 
variable 'kev' to a new empty dict each time.


Here's a working snippet:

import sys

kev = {}
try:
while True:
answer = raw_input("type a name :")
answer = answer.strip()
if answer:
try:
kev['name'].append(answer)
except KeyError:
kev['name'] = [answer]
print "name is now : %s" % " ".join(kev['name'])
print ""

except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.exit("bye")
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Re: subclassing complex

[Peter Otten]

BiDi wrote:

> I have been trying to subclass complex, but I am not able to get the
> right-hand arithmetic operators working.
> 
> As shown below, if an object of my subclass 'xcomplex' is added on the
> right of a 'comlex' object, the type returned is 'complex', not
> 'xcomplex'.
> 
> I've tried subclassing float and it works fine (don't even need to
> define __coerce__ in that case)
> 
> Is this a bug, or am I missing something?

A minimal example is

>>> class Complex(complex):
... def __radd__(self, other): print "radd"
...
>>> 1j + Complex()
1j

versus

>>> class Int(int):
... def __radd__(self, other): print "radd"
...
>>> 1 + Int()
radd

I think the complex subclass should behave like the int subclass.
To get an authoritative answer you should file a bug report.

Peter
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problem with execv command

[dudeja . rajat]

Hi,

I'm facing problem with the execv command:

my command is :
os.execv(' C:\Program Files\Subversion\bin\svn ', ( 'list', ' \"
http://subversion.stv.abc.com/svn/Eng \" ' ) )

The error I'm getting is :
OSError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument


I tried using a variable for http path but still I'm getting the same error

Please help.
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Rajat
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Re: help needed with dictionary

[Miles]

On Fri, Aug 29, 2008 at 5:02 AM, lee wrote:
> i wanted to input values  through command line and store the values in a
> dictionary. i mean for the same key , multiple values.

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2008-August/505509.html
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2008-August/505584.html

-Miles
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class definition syntax

[harryos]

hi
i have seen some class definitions like

class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
   

what does the object keyword inside the braces in MyClass() mean?
Has it got any significance?

thanks in advance
harry
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Re: class definition syntax

[Diez B. Roggisch]

harryos wrote:

> hi
> i have seen some class definitions like
> 
> class MyClass(object):
> def __init__(self):
>
> 
> what does the object keyword inside the braces in MyClass() mean?
> Has it got any significance?

It indicates a so-called new-style-class. The new style classes have been
available since python2.2:

http://docs.python.org/ref/node33.html

Diez
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Re: microsoft terminal server

[Tim Golden]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

HI,
i would like to know if there is a way to create a python script for
automate mstsc.exe username and pwd credential, i mean i would create
a script that first open mstsc.exe and in the same time is able to
fill [computer+username+pwd].


Haven't tried it, but in principle you should be
able to use the win32cred package from pywin32
to store your username / password and use an .rdp
file to automate the rest of the settings, including
the server.

TJG
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Re: problem with execv command

[Diez B. Roggisch]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

> Hi,
> 
> I'm facing problem with the execv command:
> 
> my command is :
> os.execv(' C:\Program Files\Subversion\bin\svn ', ( 'list', ' \"
> http://subversion.stv.abc.com/svn/Eng \" ' ) )
> 
> The error I'm getting is :
> OSError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument
> 
> 
> I tried using a variable for http path but still I'm getting the same
> error
> 
> Please help.

You need to either escape the backslashes in your path using \\, or use
python raw string literals like this:

r"C:\foo"

or use forward-slashes, which windows accepts as well.

Diez

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Re: class definition syntax

[Wojtek Walczak]

On Fri, 29 Aug 2008 02:50:57 -0700 (PDT), harryos wrote:

> class MyClass(object):
> def __init__(self):
>
>
> what does the object keyword inside the braces in MyClass() mean?
> Has it got any significance?

It's inheritance. MyClass class inherits from object class.
Check out point 9.5 in the tutorial.

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Wojtek Walczak,
http://tosh.pl/gminick/
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Re: PyImport_ImportModule deadlocks

[Gabriel Genellina]

En Thu, 28 Aug 2008 11:22:50 -0300, [EMAIL PROTECTED]  
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> escribi�:



I have an embedded Python shell and everything works fine, however, in
my stdout catcher (in C to grab tracebacks) for some reason when I do
a :

PyImport_ImportModule( "sys" )

It deadlocks the process, is there a need for me to acquire locks
inside of my stdout catching function before calling that import?


The deadlock might be due to the import lock. But instead of analyzing  
that issue: why do you want to import sys? The sys module is always  
available. To access its attributes, use PySys_GetObject &Co.


--
Gabriel Genellina

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Iterating two arrays at once

[mathieu]

Hi there,

  just trying to figure out how to iterate over two array without
computing the len of the array:

  A = [1,2,3]
  B = [4,5,6]
  for a,b in A,B: # does not work !
print a,b

It should print:

  1,4
  2,5
  3,6

Thanks !
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Re: Iterating two arrays at once

[Matthias Bläsing]

Am Fri, 29 Aug 2008 03:35:51 -0700 schrieb mathieu:> 
>   A = [1,2,3]
>   B = [4,5,6]
>   for a,b in A,B: # does not work !
> print a,b
> 
> It should print:
> 
>   1,4
>   2,5
>   3,6

Hey,

zip is your friend:

for a,b in zip(A,B):
print a,b

does what you want. If you deal with big lists, you can use izip from 
itertools, which returns a generator.

from itertools import izip
for a,b in izip(A,B):
print a,b

HTH

Matthias
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Re: help needed with dictionary

[lee]

hi,
thank you, ur code was helpful   :)




On Aug 29, 2:18 pm, Bruno Desthuilliers  wrote:
> lee a écrit :
>
>
>
> >   hi all,
> > i am a newbie in python.  i was trying to work with dictionaries.  i
> > wanted to input values  through command line and store the values in a
> > dictionary. i mean for the same key , multiple values. can any1
> > suggest me how can i do it.thank you
>
> > i tried this, but the old value is replaced by new one, but i want to
> > store al values entered by user.
> > kev = {}
> > if kev.has_key('Name'):
> >kev['Name'].append(person_name)
> >print 'name is ', kev['Name']
> > else:
> >kev['Name'] = [person_name]
> > print "kevin's name is %s" % kev['Name']
>
> Please post the minimal *running* code exhibiting your problem. The
> above snippet raises a NameError about person_name on line 3.
>
> Anyway, looking at my crystal ball, I'd say that you're (re)binding the
> variable 'kev' to a new empty dict each time.
>
> Here's a working snippet:
>
> import sys
>
> kev = {}
> try:
>  while True:
>  answer = raw_input("type a name :")
>  answer = answer.strip()
>  if answer:
>  try:
>  kev['name'].append(answer)
>  except KeyError:
>  kev['name'] = [answer]
>  print "name is now : %s" % " ".join(kev['name'])
>  print ""
>
> except KeyboardInterrupt:
>  sys.exit("bye")

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Re: Iterating two arrays at once

[Bruno Desthuilliers]

mathieu a écrit :

Hi there,

  just trying to figure out how to iterate over two array without
computing the len of the array:

  A = [1,2,3]
  B = [4,5,6]
  for a,b in A,B: # does not work !
print a,b

It should print:

  1,4
  2,5
  3,6


for a, b in zip(A, B):
print a, b

or, using itertools (which might be a good idea if your lists are a bit 
huge):


from itertools import izip
for a, b in izip(A, B):
print a, b


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Re: Iterating two arrays at once

[mathieu]

On Aug 29, 12:46 pm, Matthias Bläsing <[EMAIL PROTECTED]
aachen.de> wrote:
> Am Fri, 29 Aug 2008 03:35:51 -0700 schrieb mathieu:>
>
> >   A = [1,2,3]
> >   B = [4,5,6]
> >   for a,b in A,B: # does not work !
> > print a,b
>
> > It should print:
>
> >   1,4
> >   2,5
> >   3,6
>
> Hey,
>
> zip is your friend:
>
> for a,b in zip(A,B):
> print a,b
>
> does what you want. If you deal with big lists, you can use izip from
> itertools, which returns a generator.
>
> from itertools import izip
> for a,b in izip(A,B):
> print a,b

Thanks all !
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problem with plotting

[Anish Chapagain]

hi,
I'm getting problem with the code below which after displaying graph
plotted in external window, doesnot closes itself, even after closing
the window of plotting the main python window shows processing.
code goes like this...

plot(col1, col2, linewidth=1.0)
xlabel('col1')
ylabel('col2')
title('Values from List created with file read')
grid(True)
savefig('col1 col2.pdf')
show()


is there any other function to be called after show() to close it
properly.

thank's for any help.

anish
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Re: class definition syntax

[Ken Starks]

harryos wrote:

hi
i have seen some class definitions like

class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
   

what does the object keyword inside the braces in MyClass() mean?
Has it got any significance?

thanks in advance
harry


It is a syntax used for 'new type' classes, not so new any more.

If you google that phrase, you get many references.

Here is a tutorial dating back to 2005.
http://www.geocities.com/foetsch/python/new_style_classes.htm


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Re: class definition syntax

[Bruno Desthuilliers]

harryos a écrit :

hi
i have seen some class definitions like

class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
   

what does the object keyword


It's not a keyword.


inside the braces in MyClass() mean?


Answer is here:

http://docs.python.org/tut/node11.html#SECTION001150
http://docs.python.org/ref/class.html



Has it got any significance?



Nope, why ? It just look better that way...


Harry, this neswgroup is - as you may have noticed by now - very newbie 
friendly. But this is not a reason for not reading *at least* the 
FineManual's tutorial.

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Re: problem with plotting

[[EMAIL PROTECTED]]

On Aug 29, 6:01 am, Anish Chapagain <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> hi,
> I'm getting problem with the code below which after displaying graph
> plotted in external window, doesnot closes itself, even after closing
> the window of plotting the main python window shows processing.
> code goes like this...
>
> plot(col1, col2, linewidth=1.0)
> xlabel('col1')
> ylabel('col2')
> title('Values from List created with file read')
> grid(True)
> savefig('col1 col2.pdf')
> show()
>
> is there any other function to be called after show() to close it
> properly.
>
> thank's for any help.
>
> anish

what library/system are you using???
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Re: Iterating two arrays at once

[Bruno Desthuilliers]

mathieu a écrit :
(snip solution)


Thanks all !


FWIW, this has been discussed here *very* recently (a couple hours ago). 
Look for a thread named "iterating over two arrays in parallel?", and 
pay special attention to Terry Reedy's answer.

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translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[GHUM]

hello,

in my application I am using

hSem = win32event.CreateSemaphore (None, 1,
1,"stringincludinginterfaceandport")
rt=win32event.WaitForSingleObject (hSem, 0)
if rt != win32event.WAIT_TIMEOUT:
   really_do_start_my_app()
else:
   print "application allready running"

to make sure that only ONE instance of the application is running at a
time. (as it implements a local webserver, that is necessary. Two
webservers listening on one port is bad)

Now I am going to make this application run on Linux. How can I get
similiar behaviour on Linux?

I know of the .pid files that get written by some server processes ...
BUT they do not get cleaned up on unclean shutdown of the application.

is there some better method?

Or some module which wraps the details of .pid-files quite nicely?
(like "trying to remove to check if other instance is still
running, failing properly on missing write privs etc.)

best wishes,

Harald
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Re: translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[Diez B. Roggisch]

GHUM wrote:

> hello,
> 
> in my application I am using
> 
> hSem = win32event.CreateSemaphore (None, 1,
> 1,"stringincludinginterfaceandport")
> rt=win32event.WaitForSingleObject (hSem, 0)
> if rt != win32event.WAIT_TIMEOUT:
>really_do_start_my_app()
> else:
>print "application allready running"
> 
> to make sure that only ONE instance of the application is running at a
> time. (as it implements a local webserver, that is necessary. Two
> webservers listening on one port is bad)
> 
> Now I am going to make this application run on Linux. How can I get
> similiar behaviour on Linux?
> 
> I know of the .pid files that get written by some server processes ...
> BUT they do not get cleaned up on unclean shutdown of the application.
> 
> is there some better method?
> 
> Or some module which wraps the details of .pid-files quite nicely?
> (like "trying to remove to check if other instance is still
> running, failing properly on missing write privs etc.)

You might consider using a cooperative file locking for that. I do this as
follows:


#---

class LockFileCreationException(Exception):
pass


#---

class LockObtainException(Exception):
pass


#---

class LockFile(object):

def __init__(self, name, fail_on_lock=False, cleanup=True):
self.name = name
self.cleanup = cleanup
try:
self.fd = os.open(name, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_APPEND)
except OSError, e:
if e[0] == 2:
raise LockFileCreationException()
self.file = os.fdopen(self.fd, "w")
lock_flags = fcntl.LOCK_EX
if fail_on_lock:
lock_flags |= fcntl.LOCK_NB
try:
fcntl.flock(self.file, lock_flags)
except IOError, e:
if e[0] == 11:
raise LockObtainException()
raise


def __enter__(self):
return self.file


def __exit__(self, unused_exc_type, unused_exc_val, unused_exc_tb):
self.file.close()
# we are told to cleanup after ourselves,
# however it might be that another process
# has done so - so we don't fail in that
# case.
if self.cleanup:
try:
os.remove(self.name)
except OSError, e:
if not e[0] == 2:
raise


You can use the LockFile as context, and either block until the lock is
released (which is most probably not what you want), or fail with
LockObtainException.

Diez
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Re: problem with plotting

[Anish Chapagain]

On Aug 29, 12:24 pm, "[EMAIL PROTECTED]" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
> On Aug 29, 6:01 am, Anish Chapagain <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
> > hi,
> > I'm getting problem with the code below which after displaying graph
> > plotted in external window, doesnot closes itself, even after closing
> > the window of plotting the main python window shows processing.
> > code goes like this...
>
> > plot(col1, col2, linewidth=1.0)
> > xlabel('col1')
> > ylabel('col2')
> > title('Values from List created with file read')
> > grid(True)
> > savefig('col1 col2.pdf')
> > show()
>
> > is there any other function to be called after show() to close it
> > properly.
>
> > thank's for any help.
>
> > anish
>
> what library/system are you using???- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -



Hi..
am using pylab

and have added the
 print "plotting finished"
after show() which get's printed in python main window but then
doesnot return to prompt and have to kill the window again.

regard's#
anish
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Beginner's question about string's join() method

[Macygasp]

Hi,

Can anybody tell me why and how this is working:

>>> ','.join(str(a) for a in range(0,10))
'0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9'

I find this a little weird because join takes a sequence as argument;
so, it means that somehow, from the "str(a) ... " expression, a
sequence can be generated.

If I write this:
>>> (str(a) for a in range(0,10))

it seems i'm getting a generator.

Can anybody explain this to me, please?

Thanks in advance.
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Re: Python in a Nutshell -- Book vs Web

[Cameron Laird]

In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
Fredrik Lundh  <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>Cameron Laird wrote:
>
>> No.  No, to an almost libelous extent.  
>
>No matter what you write about, there's always a certain subcategory of 
>potential readers who insist that collection, editing, filtering, 
>structuring, clarification, and the author's real-life experience of the 
>topic he's writing about has no value at all.  My guess is that they 
>don't value their own time very highly.
>
>
>

Insightful.  Well, I find it insightful; perhaps it's
a personal blindness on my part.  I expect programmers
to understand, for example, that two lines of code can
be a good day's production, in some circumstances,
while it's "civilians" and managers who scorn their
value on quantitative grounds.  It's hard for me to 
conceive of an expert programmer who doesn't esteem
what a high-quality book provides.
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Re: Python in a Nutshell -- Book vs Web

[Michele Simionato]

On Aug 29, 1:44 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Cameron Laird) wrote:
> Insightful.  Well, I find it insightful; perhaps it's
> a personal blindness on my part.  I expect programmers
> to understand, for example, that two lines of code can
> be a good day's production, in some circumstances

My best days are the ones were I have a negative count of lines, i.e.
I am able to remove cruft ;)
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Re: translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[Francesco Bochicchio]

On 29 Ago, 13:28, GHUM <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> hello,
>
> in my application I am using
>
> hSem = win32event.CreateSemaphore (None, 1,
> 1,"stringincludinginterfaceandport")
> rt=win32event.WaitForSingleObject (hSem, 0)
> if rt != win32event.WAIT_TIMEOUT:
>    really_do_start_my_app()
> else:
>    print "application allready running"
>
> to make sure that only ONE instance of the application is running at a
> time. (as it implements a local webserver, that is necessary. Two
> webservers listening on one port is bad)
>
> Now I am going to make this application run on Linux. How can I get
> similiar behaviour on Linux?
>
> I know of the .pid files that get written by some server processes ...
> BUT they do not get cleaned up on unclean shutdown of the application.
>
> is there some better method?
>
> Or some module which wraps the details of .pid-files quite nicely?
> (like "trying to remove to check if other instance is still
> running, failing properly on missing write privs etc.)
>
> best wishes,
>
> Harald

The best way I know to do it is to use fnctl.flock or fcntl.lockf
functions. I never used it, so can just point you to the
official documentation. The idea is that your applications should take
exclusive access to one of the application files, so that if it is
started a second time, the second run will find the file locked and
understand that there is an instance started.
AFAIK, if the process locking a files dies, the OS releases the lock,
so there is no possibility of stale locks (check this!).

Anyway, you could simply use your server socket as lock. It is not
possible to have two processes accepting connections on the same port,
the second process would receive an error 'Address already in use'.
You could use it as signal that there is
already an instance of the application running. This method should be
available in both Windows and Linux (and various
Unix flavours too), so your code would be more portable.

Ciao

FB
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Re: importing from .pyd

[moijes12]

On Jul 14, 4:11 pm, Kay Schluehr <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On 14 Jul., 06:03, moijes12 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > hi
>
> > there is a .pyd file present in the same folder as the script abc.py
> > by the name foo.pyd .I don't have foo.py .In the script abc.py I try
>
> > import foo
>
> > Error i get is
> > ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found.
>
> It looks like the module that was accessed is either corrupt
> ( unavailable entry point ) or it contains dependencies to other
> modules which are not available.
>
> At least the latter can be checked without access to the source using
> the DependencyWalker:
>
> http://www.dependencywalker.com/
>
> Notice that the message clearly indicates that Python found the module
> but failed to load it i.e. performing a LoadLibrary() which yielded a
> NULL pointer.

thanks
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Re: translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[Tim Golden]

GHUM wrote:

hSem = win32event.CreateSemaphore (None, 1,
1,"stringincludinginterfaceandport")
rt=win32event.WaitForSingleObject (hSem, 0)
if rt != win32event.WAIT_TIMEOUT:
   really_do_start_my_app()
else:
   print "application allready running"

to make sure that only ONE instance of the application is running at a
time. 



Running a serious risk of teaching my grandmother, but...

... why use a Semaphore rather than a Mutex? Or why not
simply use the bound socket as its own mutex? I know
Windows won't allow you to rebind the same socket to the
same addr/port in two different processes (unless perhaps
you play some trickery with the socket options).

TJG
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Re: eval() == evil? --- How to use it safely?

[Fett]

On Aug 28, 7:57 pm, Paul Rubin  wrote:

So long story short: if I am expecting a dictionary of strings, I
should make a parser that only accepts a dictionary of strings then.
There is no safe way to use an existing construct.

That is what I was afraid of. I know I will have to deal with the
possibility of bad data, but considering my use (an acronym legend for
a database), and the fact that the site I plan to use should be
secure, these issues should be minimal. The users should be able to
spot any obvious false data, and restoring it should be simple.

Many thanks to all of you for your alarmist remarks. I certainly don't
want to, in any way, put my clients computers at risk by providing
unsafe code.

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Re: translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[GHUM]

Tim,

> ... why use a Semaphore rather than a Mutex?

as much as I understood the documentation at MSDN

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686927(VS.85).aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686946(VS.85).aspx

a mutex seems to be nothing else than a special case of a semaphore?
That is, a semaphore can be created to allow  MAX_SEM_COUNT concurrent
runners, and MUTEX defaults to one and only one ...

The other api-spells are identical, like wait_for_...; so propably
I stumbled on the working Semaphore Code before, or in some ancient
win32 wrapper createMutex was not documented or something in that
aspect:)

> Or why notsimply use the bound socket as its own mutex? I know
> Windows won't allow you to rebind the same socket to the
> same addr/port in two different processes (unless perhaps
> you play some trickery with the socket options).

My experience was that this is correct for certain values of "allow"
and "trickery". Sometimes the binding seems to get allowed but does
not work. Main reason is that the socket-bind happens somewhere in
medusa or ; so to use it as a
semaphore I would have to dig there. I am not totally sure what
trickery on socket is played down there; and I prefer to stay as far
away as possible from that area.

Harald


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Re: Beginner's question about string's join() method

[Diez B. Roggisch]

Macygasp wrote:

> Hi,
> 
> Can anybody tell me why and how this is working:
> 
 ','.join(str(a) for a in range(0,10))
> '0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9'
> 
> I find this a little weird because join takes a sequence as argument;
> so, it means that somehow, from the "str(a) ... " expression, a
> sequence can be generated.
> 
> If I write this:
 (str(a) for a in range(0,10))
> 
> it seems i'm getting a generator.
> 
> Can anybody explain this to me, please?

string.join takes an iterable. A generator is an iterable. Expressions of
the form " for  in " are called "generator
expressions", and yield a generator.

Thus your code works.

Diez
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Re: translating "create Semaphore" to Linux

[Tim Golden]

GHUM wrote:

Tim,


... why use a Semaphore rather than a Mutex?


as much as I understood the documentation at MSDN

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686927(VS.85).aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686946(VS.85).aspx

a mutex seems to be nothing else than a special case of a semaphore?
That is, a semaphore can be created to allow  MAX_SEM_COUNT concurrent
runners, and MUTEX defaults to one and only one ...

The other api-spells are identical, like wait_for_...; so propably
I stumbled on the working Semaphore Code before, or in some ancient
win32 wrapper createMutex was not documented or something in that
aspect:)


I think it hardly matters except that someone (like me :) )
coming to your code who's familiar with the uses of mutex
and semaphore elsewhere -- they're not Microsoft inventions
as I'm sure you realise -- will be a little stumped by the
fact that a mutex is pretty much the canonical recipe for
allowing only one instance of an app, yet you're using a
semaphore which can be used for slightly different
purposes. I'd be wondering whether you had some more
sophisticated model in mind which I was unable to fathom...




Or why notsimply use the bound socket as its own mutex? I know
Windows won't allow you to rebind the same socket to the
same addr/port in two different processes (unless perhaps
you play some trickery with the socket options).


My experience was that this is correct for certain values of "allow"
and "trickery". Sometimes the binding seems to get allowed but does
not work. 


Fair enough.

TJG
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Re: Lining Up and PaddingTwo Similar Lists

[Boris Borcic]

D,T=[dict((x.split('.')[0],x) for x in X) for X in (dat,txt)]
for k in sorted(set(D).union(T)) :
for S in D,T :
print '%-8s' % S.get(k,'None'),
print

HTH

W. eWatson wrote:
Maybe there's some function like zip or map that does this. If not, it's 
probably fairly easy to do with push and pop. I'm just checking to see 
if there's not some known simple single function that does what I want. 
Here's what I'm trying to do.


I have a list dat like (assume the items are strings even thought I'm 
omitting quotes.):

[a.dat, c.dat, g.dat, k.dat, p.dat]

I have another list called txt that looks like:
[a.txt, b.txt, g.txt, k.txt r.txt, w.txt]

What I need is to pair up items with the same prefix and use "None", or 
some marker, to indicate the absence of the opposite item. That is, in 
non-list form, I want:

a.dat a.txt
None  b.txt
c.dat None
g.dat g.txt
k.dat k.txt
p.dat  None
None  r.txt
None  w.txt

Ultimately, what I'm doing is to find the missing member of pairs.


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Re: eval() == evil? --- How to use it safely?

[Fett]

On Aug 29, 7:42 am, Fett <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Aug 28, 7:57 pm, Paul Rubin  wrote:
>
> So long story short: if I am expecting a dictionary of strings, I
> should make a parser that only accepts a dictionary of strings then.
> There is no safe way to use an existing construct.
>
> That is what I was afraid of. I know I will have to deal with the
> possibility of bad data, but considering my use (an acronym legend for
> a database), and the fact that the site I plan to use should be
> secure, these issues should be minimal. The users should be able to
> spot any obvious false data, and restoring it should be simple.
>
> Many thanks to all of you for your alarmist remarks. I certainly don't
> want to, in any way, put my clients computers at risk by providing
> unsafe code.

On a related note, what if I encrypted and signed the data, then only
ran eval() on the string after it was decrypted and the signature
verified?

It has occurred to me that posting this data on a site might not be
the best idea unless I can be sure that it is not read by anyone that
it shouldn't be. So I figure an encrypting is needed, and as long as I
can sign it as well, then only people with my private signing key
could pass bad data, much less harmful strings.
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Re: Fastest way to write huge files

[Mohamed Yousef]

Thanks all ,
but there is still something i forget to state -sorry - all
communication will be via Http with a server
so data is received via Http
so local network solutions won't work
the problem really starts after receiving data in storing them without
much of a CPU/Memory usage and with a good speed

@James Mills : didn't understand fully what you mean and how it will
improve writting effciency

Thanks,

Regards,
Mohamed Yousef

2008/8/29 Tim Golden <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>:
> Terry Reedy wrote:
>>
>>
>> Mohamed Yousef wrote:
>>>
>>> let's say , I'm moving large files through network between devices
>>> what is the fastest way to do this ?
>>> what i came up with :-
>>
>> Use your OS's network copy command.  On unix, that was once uucp.  On
>> Windows, I drag-and-drop to/from a Network Neighborhood location, including
>> to a printer, so I don't know whether you can use copy and if so how.
>
> For completeness' sake, on Windows you could use any of the following
> techniques with a UNC as the destination (and/or source):
>
> http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i/copy-a-file.html
>
> TJG
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>
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Re: file data to list

[Sion Arrowsmith]

Emile van Sebille  <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>data = zip(*[xx.split() for xx in open('data.txt').read().split("\n")])

Files are iterable:

data = zip(*[xx.rstrip().split() for xx in open('data.txt')])

saves you creating the extra intermediate list resulting from split("\n").

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Re: iterating over two arrays in parallel?

[Cousin Stanley]

> I want to interate over two arrays in parallel, 
> something like this:
>
> a=[1,2,3]
> b=[4,5,6]
>
> for i,j in a,b:
> print i,j
>
> where i,j would be 1,4,2,5,   3,6  etc.
>
> Is this possible?
>
> Many TIA!
> Mark

>>>
>>> list_1 = range( 1 , 4 )
>>> list_2 = range( 4 , 7 )
>>>
>>> list12 = zip( list_1 , list_2 )
>>>
>>> for this in list12 :
... print '   ' , this
...
(1, 4)
(2, 5)
(3, 6)
>>>
>>> for i , j in list12 :
... print '   ' , i , j
...
1 4
2 5
3 6


-- 
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Human Being
Phoenix, Arizona

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Ensure only single application instance.

[Heston James]

Good afternoon all.
 
I have an application/script which is launched by crontab on a regular basis. I 
need an effective and accurate way to ensure that only one instance of the 
script is running at any one time.
 
After a short look around the internet I found a couple of examples, such as 
this one (http://code.activestate.com/recipes/474070/), however they both seem 
to be focused on a windows based environment.
 
Can anyone offer their advice on how best to do this on a linux based system?
 
I have been contemplating the idea of creating a pidfile which is destroyed at 
the end of the script, will this suffice? is it fool proof? My only concern 
with this is that if the script crashes or is stopped halfway through 
processing for whatever reason, I'll be left with a dead pidfile on the system 
and no successive runs will work.
 
I'm really interested to get your ideas guys, Thanks.
 
Heston
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Re: Ensure only single application instance.

[Alex]

SOP is to write the actual PID of the running process into the pidfile, then
check to a) that the pidfile exists, and b) that the process referenced in
the pidfile exists.  if the pidfile exists, but the process does not, take
over the pidfile and carry on.

On Fri, Aug 29, 2008 at 9:51 AM, Heston James <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>wrote:

> Good afternoon all.
>
> I have an application/script which is launched by crontab on a regular
> basis. I need an effective and accurate way to ensure that only one instance
> of the script is running at any one time.
>
> After a short look around the internet I found a couple of examples, such
> as this one (http://code.activestate.com/recipes/474070/), however they
> both seem to be focused on a windows based environment.
>
> Can anyone offer their advice on how best to do this on a linux based
> system?
>
> I have been contemplating the idea of creating a pidfile which is destroyed
> at the end of the script, will this suffice? is it fool proof? My only
> concern with this is that if the script crashes or is stopped halfway
> through processing for whatever reason, I'll be left with a dead pidfile on
> the system and no successive runs will work.
>
> I'm really interested to get your ideas guys, Thanks.
>
> Heston
>
> --
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> Now!
>
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Re: PyDoc in Windows Vista

[Mike Driscoll]

On Aug 28, 5:45 pm, Tyler Shopshire <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I can't seem to access the pydoc sever from my web browser. I start the
> server from the command prompt and everything seems to be working fine,
> then I got tohttp://localhost:/and it doesn't work. I also tried
> starting the graphical mode with the -g parameter but I still cannot use
> PyDoc. It works on my Ubuntu Partition so I do know how to use it. Any
> help is appreciated.

My guess is that either your hosts file isn't pointing to the loopback
address or you have a firewall issue. See the following website for
one solution to the hosts issue: http://bytes.com/forum/thread645776.html

As for the firewall, you'll have to check Windows Firewall and / or
your own firewall, if you use ZoneAlarm or Norton 360 or some such.

Mike
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Re: [1,2,3] exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Roy Smith]

Terry Reedy <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Yes, so you can write something like either your second example or
> 
> l = [
>kjasldfjs,
>kjsalfj,
>ksjdflasj,
> ]
> 
> and insert items without worrying about leaving out the comma (less of a 
> problem with 'horizontal' list), or delete the last line and not have to 
> worry about deleting the comma on the line before.

Exactly.  This is one of those little pieces of syntactic sugar which makes 
python so nice to work with.  The alternative is (in C, for example) 
abominations like this:

const char* l[] = {"foo"
 , "bar"
 , "baz"
 };

and even those are not quite as good because you still have to special-case 
the first entry.
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Re: importing from .pyd

[John Machin]

On Jul 14, 9:11 pm, Kay Schluehr <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On 14 Jul., 06:03, moijes12 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
[snip]
> > Error i get is
> > ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found.
>
> Notice that the message clearly indicates that Python found the module
> but failed to load it i.e. performing a LoadLibrary() which yielded a
> NULL pointer.

"The specified module could not be found" clearly indicates that
"Python found the module"???

I suggest a more descriptive and (Monty) Pythonic error message: "I
found a foo.pyd which looks like a DLL but it contains no 'initfoo'
entrypoint therefore I throw an ImportError and a bucketful of pig
slops in your general direction."
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Re: eval() == evil? --- How to use it safely?

[Bruno Desthuilliers]

Fett a écrit :

On Aug 28, 7:57 pm, Paul Rubin  wrote:

So long story short: if I am expecting a dictionary of strings, I
should make a parser that only accepts a dictionary of strings then.


or use an existing parser for an existing and documented format, as many 
posters (including myself) already suggested.



There is no safe way to use an existing construct.


Nothing coming from the outside world is safe.


That is what I was afraid of. I know I will have to deal with the
possibility of bad data, but considering my use (an acronym legend for
a database), and the fact that the site I plan to use should be
secure, these issues should be minimal.


If you feel like opening the door to any script-kiddie, then please 
proceed. It's *your* computer, anyway...


Else, use a known format with a known working parser (xml, json, yaml, 
csv, etc...), and possibly https if your data are to be protected.


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Re: Identifying the start of good data in a list

[Jorgen Grahn]

On 27 Aug 2008 15:50:14 GMT, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Tue, 26 Aug 2008 17:04:19 -0700, tdmj wrote:
>
>> On Aug 26, 5:49 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>>> I have a list that starts with zeros, has sporadic data, and then has
>>> good data. I define the point at  which the data turns good to be the
>>> first index with a non-zero entry that is followed by at least 4
>>> consecutive non-zero data items (i.e. a week's worth of non-zero data).
>>> For example, if my list is [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], I
>>> would define the point at which data turns good to be 4 (1 followed by
>>> 2, 3, 4, 5).
>
> ...
>
>> With regular expressions:
>
> Good grief. If you're suggesting that as a serious proposal, and not just 
> to prove it can be done, that's surely an example of "when all you have 
> is a hammer, everything looks like a nail" thinking.

Maybe I'm stumbling into a "REs are evil" flamewar here. Anyway:

He has a point though: this *can* be seen as a regex problem. Only a
solution which builds a string first is only good for laughs or
(possibly) quick hacks. What's missing is an RE library for lists of
objects, rather than just strings and Unicode strings.

Not sure such a library would be worth implementing -- problems like
this one are rare, I think.

/Jorgen

-- 
  // Jorgen Grahn   R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn!
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Re: [1,2,3] exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Grant Edwards]

On 2008-08-29, Roy Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> Exactly.  This is one of those little pieces of syntactic
> sugar which makes python so nice to work with.  The
> alternative is (in C, for example) abominations like this:
>
> const char* l[] = {"foo"
>  , "bar"
>  , "baz"
>  };
>
> and even those are not quite as good because you still have to
> special-case the first entry.

It's probably a spec violation, but I've never seen a C
compiler that objected to a comma after the last item in an
initializer list.  (At least not at the warning levels I use,
which tend to be on the picky side.)

-- 
Grant Edwards   grante Yow! There's enough money
  at   here to buy 5000 cans of
   visi.comNoodle-Roni!
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Re: eval() == evil? --- How to use it safely?

[Steven D'Aprano]

On Fri, 29 Aug 2008 05:42:46 -0700, Fett wrote:

> On Aug 28, 7:57 pm, Paul Rubin  wrote:
> 
> So long story short: if I am expecting a dictionary of strings, I should
> make a parser that only accepts a dictionary of strings then. There is
> no safe way to use an existing construct.

You may find the code here useful:

http://effbot.org/zone/simple-iterator-parser.htm


-- 
Steven
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Python graphics question:pixel scrolling

[Raymond Luxury-Yacht]

To learn python, I've been trying to write a simple graphics program
which displays a 1D cellular automaton's evolution.  The last time I
wrote this program, it was in C for a CGA adaptor (!) in which the
display was mapped to two interlaced blocks of memory, and scrolling
up two lines of pixels was very simple and very smooth.  The code
below works, and uses pygame for the graphics.  But the scrolling is
quite flickery when using large windows.  I'm sure that the code
contains various neophyte python errors, and I'd appreciate any
comments on that, but my main question is how I ought to have coded it
in order to have the scrolling be smooth.  I did see a comment on a
pygame site saying that pygrame should not be used for side-scrollers,
to which this is similar.  Is there a better way with python?

p.s. It can be run without any args and will select an interesting
rule. To change resolution to see the flickering get worse, change
HEIGHT and WIDTH.

# Simple 1D Cellular Automaton
#
# The world is a line of cells in which each cell has a state of 0 - 3
# The states change according to a rule that specifies a new state as
a function
# of the sum of a cell's state and those of its nearest neighbors
# Since the sum can be between 0 = 0+0+0 and 9 = 3+3+3, the rule can
be represented
# by an array of 10 integers, each between 0 and 3.
#
# To represent this graphically, each state will correspond to a color
on a row
# of window.
#
# The first generation is initialized to have a single 1 in the middle
of the bottom row
# When a new generation is computed, the preceding generations will be
scrolled up and the
# new generation displayed on the bottom line.

import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
import numpy
import sys
#import pdb

WIDTH = 300  #width of screen
HEIGHT = 300 #height of screen
MIDDLE = WIDTH/2

COLORS =   [  0x00, 0xFF,  0x00FF00,  0xFF ]
COLORNUM = {}
for i in range(len(COLORS)):
COLORNUM[ COLORS[i]] = i

#pdb.set_trace()
pygame.surfarray.use_arraytype ('numpy')

def main():
# Default to an interesting rule if none is given
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
rule_string = "0322301013"
else:
rule_string = sys.argv[1]  # assume it's there
rule = [ COLORS[int(d)] for d in rule_string ]

pygame.display.init()

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH,HEIGHT),DOUBLEBUF)
pixels = pygame.surfarray.pixels2d(screen)

max_width = len(pixels)-1
max_height = len(pixels[0])-1

pixels[MIDDLE,-1] =  COLORS[1]
trpix = numpy.transpose( pixels )
old = trpix[-1]
while True:
new = numpy.zeros( max_width + 1)

# Note wrap-around allows us to avoid having 0 be a special
case
for i in range(0, max_width):
new[i] = rule [COLORNUM[ old[i-1] ] + COLORNUM[ old[i] ] +
COLORNUM[ old[i+1] ]]

new[max_width] =   rule[COLORNUM[ old[max_width-1] ] +
COLORNUM[ old[max_width] ] + COLORNUM[ old[0] ]]

# Exit if 'q' is pressed
for e in pygame.event.get():
if e.type == KEYDOWN:
if e.key == K_q:
exit(0)

# Scroll and update the bottom row. Note that we don't have to
assign
# pixels to be transpose(trpix).
trpix[0:-1] = trpix[1:]
trpix[-1] = new
pygame.display.update()


main()
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Python - ubuntu

[azrael]

Hy folks

A friend of mine told me something about Guido and google developing
an Ubuntu distribution based and totaly oriented for the Python
appliction development. I googled for it with no results. Is it
possible that My Buddy is trying to foole me or is it possible that
someone knows something about that.
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Re: [1,2,3] exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Steven D'Aprano]

On Thu, 28 Aug 2008 16:28:03 -0700, Paul McNett wrote:

> [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>> x=[1,2,3]
>> and
>> x=[1,2,3,]
>> 
>> are exactly the same, right?
> 
> When confronted with this type of question, I ask the interpreter:
> 
> {{{
> mac:~ pmcnett$ python
> Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Feb 22 2008, 07:57:53) [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple
> Computer, Inc. build 5363)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright",
> "credits" or "license" for more information.
>  >>> [1,2,3] == [1,2,3,]
> True
> }}}



Putting on my pedantic hat...

In this case you're right about the two lists being the same, and I'm a 
great believer in checking things in the interactive interpreter, but you 
need to take care. Just because two objects compare as equal doesn't 
*necessarily* mean they are the same:


>>> 1.0 == 1
True
>>> 1.0 == decimal.Decimal('1.0')
False
>>> 1.0 == float(decimal.Decimal('1.0'))
True
>>> collections.defaultdict(999) == {}
True



-- 
Steven
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Re: [1,2,3] exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Roy Smith]

In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
 Grant Edwards <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> On 2008-08-29, Roy Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> 
> > Exactly.  This is one of those little pieces of syntactic
> > sugar which makes python so nice to work with.  The
> > alternative is (in C, for example) abominations like this:
> >
> > const char* l[] = {"foo"
> >  , "bar"
> >  , "baz"
> >  };
> >
> > and even those are not quite as good because you still have to
> > special-case the first entry.
> 
> It's probably a spec violation, but I've never seen a C
> compiler that objected to a comma after the last item in an
> initializer list.  (At least not at the warning levels I use,
> which tend to be on the picky side.)

Yowza, you're right (at least for the one case I tried).  This must be a 
new development (where "new development" is defined as, "It wasn't legal in 
the original K&R C I learned when I was a pup").

Still, I have seem people do that in code.
--
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[no subject]

[bruce]

Hi.

I'm using mechanize to parse a page/site that uses the meta http-equiv tag
in order to perform a refresh/redirect of the page. I've tried a number of
settings, and read different posts on various threads, but seem to be
missing something.

the test.html page is the page that the url returns, however, i was
expecting the test.py app to go ahead and perform the redirect/refresh
automatically.

does the page (test.html) need to be completely valid html?

Any thoughts on what's screwed up here??


thanks



test.py

import re
import libxml2dom
import urllib
import urllib2
import sys, string
from  mechanize import Browser
import mechanize
#import tidy
import os.path
import cookielib
from libxml2dom import Node
from libxml2dom import NodeList
import subprocess
import time


#
# Parse pricegrabber.com

cj = "p"
COOKIEFILE = 'cookies.lwp'
#cookielib = 1


urlopen = urllib2.urlopen
#cj = urllib2.cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
Request = urllib2.Request
br = Browser()
br2 = Browser()

if cj != None:
  print "sss"
#install the CookieJar for the default CookieProcessor
  if os.path.isfile(COOKIEFILE):
  cj.load(COOKIEFILE)
  print "foo\n"
  if cookielib:
  opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
  urllib2.install_opener(opener)
  print "foo2\n"

user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values1 = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
  'location' : 'Northampton',
  'language' : 'Python' }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

url="http://schedule.psu.edu/";
#===


if __name__ == "__main__":
# main app

txdata = None

#

##br.set_cookiejar(cj)
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
br.set_handle_referer(True)
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.set_handle_refresh(True)
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Firefox')]

#url=str(url)+str("act_main_search.cfm")+"?"
#url=url+"Semester=FALL%202008%20%20%20&"
#url=url+"CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&"
#url=url+"CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&"
#url=url+"CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha=&Search=View+schedule"

#url="http://schedule.psu.edu/act_main_search.cfm?Semester=FALL%202008%20%20
%20%20&CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Cam
pus&CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha="



url="http://schedule.psu.edu/act_main_search.cfm?Semester=FALL%202008%20%20%
20%20&CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Camp
us&CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha=&CFID=543143&CFTOKEN=71842529"


print "url =",url
br.open(url)
#cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies

res = br.response()  # this is a copy of response
s = res.read()
print "slen=",len(s)
print s

=
test.html







http://www.registrar.psu.edu/faculty_staff/enr
oll_services/clsrooms.html#C','Intent',625,425,1)">Tech Type




-




sys.exit()




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python/mechanize - redirect/refresh question

[bruce]

Hi.

I'm using mechanize to parse a page/site that uses the meta http-equiv tag
in order to perform a refresh/redirect of the page. I've tried a number of
settings, and read different posts on various threads, but seem to be
missing something.

the test.html page is the page that the url returns, however, i was
expecting the test.py app to go ahead and perform the redirect/refresh
automatically.

does the page (test.html) need to be completely valid html?

Any thoughts on what's screwed up here??


thanks



test.py

import re
import libxml2dom
import urllib
import urllib2
import sys, string
from  mechanize import Browser
import mechanize
#import tidy
import os.path
import cookielib
from libxml2dom import Node
from libxml2dom import NodeList
import subprocess
import time


#
# Parse pricegrabber.com

cj = "p"
COOKIEFILE = 'cookies.lwp'
#cookielib = 1


urlopen = urllib2.urlopen
#cj = urllib2.cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
Request = urllib2.Request
br = Browser()
br2 = Browser()

if cj != None:
  print "sss"
#install the CookieJar for the default CookieProcessor
  if os.path.isfile(COOKIEFILE):
  cj.load(COOKIEFILE)
  print "foo\n"
  if cookielib:
  opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
  urllib2.install_opener(opener)
  print "foo2\n"

user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values1 = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
  'location' : 'Northampton',
  'language' : 'Python' }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

url="http://schedule.psu.edu/";
#===


if __name__ == "__main__":
# main app

txdata = None

#

##br.set_cookiejar(cj)
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
br.set_handle_referer(True)
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.set_handle_refresh(True)
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Firefox')]

#url=str(url)+str("act_main_search.cfm")+"?"
#url=url+"Semester=FALL%202008%20%20%20&"
#url=url+"CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&"
#url=url+"CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&"
#url=url+"CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha=&Search=View+schedule"

#url="http://schedule.psu.edu/act_main_search.cfm?Semester=FALL%202008%20%20
%20%20&CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Cam
pus&CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha="



url="http://schedule.psu.edu/act_main_search.cfm?Semester=FALL%202008%20%20%
20%20&CrseLoc=OZ%3A%3AAbington%20Campus&CECrseLoc=AllOZ%3A%3AAbington%20Camp
us&CourseAbbrev=ACCTG&CourseNum=&CrseAlpha=&CFID=543143&CFTOKEN=71842529"


print "url =",url
br.open(url)
#cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies

res = br.response()  # this is a copy of response
s = res.read()
print "slen=",len(s)
print s

=
test.html







http://www.registrar.psu.edu/faculty_staff/enr
oll_services/clsrooms.html#C','Intent',625,425,1)">Tech Type




-




sys.exit()




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Module __file__ attribute in Python 3

[Steven D'Aprano]

On the python-dev mailing list, a question has be raised about a change 
to module.__file__ in Python 3.

http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/python/dev/674923#674923

In Python 2.x, m.__file__ is the name of the file that the module was 
imported from. That file might end with .py, .pyc, .pyo, or even more 
exotic extensions if Python's import mechanism has been customized.

For reasons explained here:
http://bugs.python.org/issue1762972

Python 3.0 will introduce a patch that makes m.__file__ always specify 
the source file (.py) if it exists, and only if that file doesn't exist 
will it specify the actual file used (.pyc or .pyo).

That will mean that there will be no (easy?) way to determine after the 
import whether the module was imported from a source file or a compiled 
file. I've suggested that the original justification for the patch no 
longer applies, and that the secondary purpose of the patch is better 
solved by leaving __file__ as it is in Python 2.x, and introducing a new 
attribute __source__. 

What do people think? There seems to be a little interest on the python-
dev list from a couple of people, but not enough to actually lead to any 
action. Does anyone care what m.__file__ is? Does anyone else feel that 
this issue is worth pursuing?


-- 
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Re: Python graphics question:pixel scrolling

[Paul Boddie]

On 29 Aug, 16:57, Raymond Luxury-Yacht <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> The code below works, and uses pygame for the graphics.  But the scrolling is
> quite flickery when using large windows.  I'm sure that the code
> contains various neophyte python errors, and I'd appreciate any
> comments on that, but my main question is how I ought to have coded it
> in order to have the scrolling be smooth.  I did see a comment on a
> pygame site saying that pygrame should not be used for side-scrollers,
> to which this is similar.  Is there a better way with python?

There are "side-scrollers" written in Python including impressive
games like these:

http://www.pygame.org/project/406/
http://www.pygame.org/project/381/

I see that you're using the surfarray module, which is probably what
you want to do if you're accessing the screen at a pixel level (as
opposed to blitting sprites). My experiences with Numeric/numpy and
Pygame are limited to recolouring bitmaps, but it's certainly possible
to refresh a reasonable size of surface at a decent rate on reasonably
fast hardware. One important hint whose relevance I'm not sure about
here is that you should attempt to avoid frequent format and bit depth
conversions; for sprites and images this usually involves converting
them to the same format as the display surface, but I can imagine that
there may be implications for surfarrays, too.

I hope this gives you some ideas, anyway.

Paul
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Re: Python - ubuntu

[Fredrik Lundh]

azrael wrote:


A friend of mine told me something about Guido and google developing
an Ubuntu distribution based and totaly oriented for the Python
appliction development.


not sure about a version tuned for python, but wikipedia claims that 
there's a custom packaging used internally:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goobuntu

maybe he's mixing that one up with this one:

http://code.google.com/appengine/



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Re: Module __file__ attribute in Python 3

[Jean-Paul Calderone]

On 29 Aug 2008 15:21:53 GMT, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

On the python-dev mailing list, a question has be raised about a change
to module.__file__ in Python 3.

http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/python/dev/674923#674923

In Python 2.x, m.__file__ is the name of the file that the module was
imported from. That file might end with .py, .pyc, .pyo, or even more
exotic extensions if Python's import mechanism has been customized.

For reasons explained here:
http://bugs.python.org/issue1762972

Python 3.0 will introduce a patch that makes m.__file__ always specify
the source file (.py) if it exists, and only if that file doesn't exist
will it specify the actual file used (.pyc or .pyo).


This seems particularly pointless.  If __file__ were changed to make it
easier to handle by making the value have a more consistent meaning, then
it might be useful.  It sounds like the change is just making the failure
case more obscure and less likely to be noticed during testing, though.

Jean-Paul
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Re: Tkinter tkMessageBox problem - message box is displayed with an additional window

[dudeja . rajat]

On Thu, Aug 28, 2008 at 3:54 PM, Guilherme Polo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Thu, Aug 28, 2008 at 10:29 AM,  <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> Hi,
>> I'm working on Windows Platform
>>
>> I'm facing some problem with the tkMessageBox. My code is as below:
>>
>> import tkMessageBox
>> import Tix
>> from Tkinter import *
>>
>> if len(installedLibPath) != len(listOfLibraries):
>>if tkMessageBox.askyesno("Question", \
>> type='yesno', icon='warning', \
>> message="Some of the libraries are
>> not installed. Do you wish to continue with the remaining?"):
>>myRoot = Tix.Tk()
>>myAppGUIObject = myAppGUI(myRoot)#Class for my GUI
>>myRoot.mainloop()
>> else:
>>sys.exit(0)
>>
>
> It is good to post a short code sample that demonstrates the problem,
> but it has to run by itself at least.
>
>>
>> The Message Box is called before the Tix.Tk mainloop(). The problems
>> are as under :
>>
>> 1. Since the message box is displayed before the mainloop() is
>> started, the message box is displayed with another window that is
>> blank. This should not be displayed.
>>
>> 2. As a results of this messagebox (called before the mainloop) the
>> original Gui started by mainloop doesnot work as desired. Some of the
>> checkbuttons are displayed as unset (i.e un-ticked). These
>> checkbuttons used to be set at initialization before I stared using
>> this messagebox.
>
> tkMessageBox blocks till you finish it, maybe that is what is causing
> your problem but it is hard to tell what you are doing wrong in that
> myAppGui without seeing it (preferably reduced code demonstrating the
> problem).
>
> Now.. an attempt to solve your problem. Tk always has a root window
> going on, so that "another window" is inevitable, but you can hide and
> show it again when needed. You could do something like this:
>
> import tkMessageBox
> import Tkinter
>
> class App(object):
>def __init__(self, master):
>self.master = master
>print "tkMessageBox is gone now"
>
> root = Tkinter.Tk()
> root.withdraw()
> tkMessageBox.askyesno("Question", message="Do you use Python?",
>type='yesno', icon='warning', master=root)
> root.deiconify()
>
> app = App(root)
> root.mainloop()
>
>>
>>
>> Please help.
>>
>> Thanks and regards,
>> Rajat
>> --
>> Regrads,
>> Rajat
>> --
>> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>>
>
>
>
> --
> -- Guilherme H. Polo Goncalves
>

Thanks Guilherme, your suggestion helped solve the problem.

-- 
Regards,
Rajat
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How to check is something is a list or a dictionary or a string?

[dudeja . rajat]

Hi,

How to check if something is a list or a dictionary or just a string?
Eg:

for item in self.__libVerDict.itervalues():
self.cbAnalysisLibVersion(END, item)


where __libVerDict is a dictionary that holds values as strings or
lists. So now, when I iterate this dictionary I want to check whether
the item is a list or just a string?


Thanks,
Rajat
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Re: eval() == evil? --- How to use it safely?

[Lie]

On Aug 29, 8:14 pm, Fett <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Aug 29, 7:42 am, Fett <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > On Aug 28, 7:57 pm, Paul Rubin  wrote:
>
> > So long story short: if I am expecting a dictionary of strings, I
> > should make a parser that only accepts a dictionary of strings then.
> > There is no safe way to use an existing construct.
>
> > That is what I was afraid of. I know I will have to deal with the
> > possibility of bad data, but considering my use (an acronym legend for
> > a database), and the fact that the site I plan to use should be
> > secure, these issues should be minimal. The users should be able to
> > spot any obvious false data, and restoring it should be simple.
>
> > Many thanks to all of you for your alarmist remarks. I certainly don't
> > want to, in any way, put my clients computers at risk by providing
> > unsafe code.
>
> On a related note, what if I encrypted and signed the data, then only
> ran eval() on the string after it was decrypted and the signature
> verified?
>
> It has occurred to me that posting this data on a site might not be
> the best idea unless I can be sure that it is not read by anyone that
> it shouldn't be. So I figure an encrypting is needed, and as long as I
> can sign it as well, then only people with my private signing key
> could pass bad data, much less harmful strings.

Your way of thinking is similar to Microsoft's. Encrypting and Signing
is a kludge, a real fix should fix the underlying cause. Anyway using
data parsers isn't that much harder than using eval/exec.
--
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Re: Tough Guy Competition

[W. eWatson]

alex23 wrote:

On Aug 29, 3:45 pm, "W. eWatson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

Something to do on your weekends. [non-related link clipped]


Another thing to do with your weekends would be to -not spam-.


Sorry, misdirected.

--
   W. Watson
 (121.015 Deg. W, 39.262 Deg. N) GMT-8 hr std. time)
  Obz Site:  39° 15' 7" N, 121° 2' 32" W, 2700 feet

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Re: Date Comparison and Manipulation Functions?

[W. eWatson]

I just tried the following code, and got an unexpected result.

from pyfdate import *
t = Time()

ts = Time(2008, 8, 29,15,20,7)
tnew = ts.plus(months=6)
print "new date: ", tnew

Result:
new date:  2009-02-28 15:20:07

I believe that should be April 1, 2009. If I use months = 1 and day =31, I 
get Sept. 30, 2008 and not Oct. 1, 2008. Is there a way to get around this?


--
   W. Watson
 (121.015 Deg. W, 39.262 Deg. N) GMT-8 hr std. time)
  Obz Site:  39° 15' 7" N, 121° 2' 32" W, 2700 feet

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Re: Lining Up and PaddingTwo Similar Lists

[W. eWatson]

castironpi wrote:
...



I don't think that's guaranteed by anything.  I realized that
'dat.sort()' and 'txt.sort()' weren't necessary, since their contents
are moved to a dictionary, which isn't sorted.
Actually, I'm getting the file names from listdir, and they appear to be 
sorted low to high. I tried it on a folder with lots of dissimilar files.


both= set( datD.keys() )& set( txtD.keys() )

This will get you the keys (prefixes) that are in both.  Then for
every prefix if it's not in 'both', you can report it.

Lastly, since you suggest you're guaranteed that 'txt' will all share
the same extension, you can do away with the dictionary and use sets
entirely.  Only if you can depend on that assumption.
Each dat file contains an image, and its description and related parameters 
are in the corresponding txt file.


I took a look at this.  It's probably more what you had in mind, and
the dictionaries are overkill.

...
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Re: Sending e-mail

[peter . jones . rpi]

On Aug 28, 3:23 pm, gordyt <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Peter here is an example.  I just tried it and it works fine.
>
> from smtplib import SMTP
> HOST = "smtp.gmail.com"
> PORT = 587
> ACCOUNT = ""  # put your gmail email account name here
> PASSWORD = ""  # put your gmail email account password here
>
> def send_email(to_addrs, subject, msg):
> server = SMTP(HOST,PORT)
> server.set_debuglevel(1)# you don't need this
> server.ehlo()
> server.starttls()
> server.ehlo()
> server.login(ACCOUNT, PASSWORD)
> server.sendmail(ACCOUNT, to_addrs,
> """From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\n\r\n%s\r\n.\r\n""" % (
> ACCOUNT, ",".join(to_addrs), subject, msg
> )
> )
> server.quit()
>
> if __name__ == "__main__":
> send_email( ['[EMAIL PROTECTED]'], 'this is just a test',
> "hello world!" )

Thanks to everyone who's replied. gordyt, I didn't dare dream anyone
would hand me fully functional source code, so thank you very much for
that. Unfortunately, it doesn't work for me, likely because of some
complication from my company's firewall.

All things considered, going through Gmail is an unnecessary step if I
can run a server on my own PC. Is there any hope of this working? Can
it be done easily? Is there anything I should know about the
SMTPServer object, and are there any other modules I'd need?

Thanks again for all the help.
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Re: Identifying the start of good data in a list

[castironpi]

On Aug 29, 9:43 am, Jorgen Grahn <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On 27 Aug 2008 15:50:14 GMT, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > On Tue, 26 Aug 2008 17:04:19 -0700, tdmj wrote:
>
> >> On Aug 26, 5:49 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> >>> I have a list that starts with zeros, has sporadic data, and then has
> >>> good data. I define the point at  which the data turns good to be the
> >>> first index with a non-zero entry that is followed by at least 4
> >>> consecutive non-zero data items (i.e. a week's worth of non-zero data).
> >>> For example, if my list is [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], I
> >>> would define the point at which data turns good to be 4 (1 followed by
> >>> 2, 3, 4, 5).
>
> He has a point though: this *can* be seen as a regex problem. Only a
> solution which builds a string first is only good for laughs or
> (possibly) quick hacks. What's missing is an RE library for lists of
> objects, rather than just strings and Unicode strings.
>
> Not sure such a library would be worth implementing -- problems like
> this one are rare, I think.

Every now and then, you see a proposal or a package for a finite state
machine--- how would you encode comparing of values into a string, if
you're not comparing a string?
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Re: How to check is something is a list or a dictionary or a string?

[Jason Scheirer]

On Aug 29, 9:16 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Hi,
>
> How to check if something is a list or a dictionary or just a string?
> Eg:
>
> for item in self.__libVerDict.itervalues():
>             self.cbAnalysisLibVersion(END, item)
>
> where __libVerDict is a dictionary that holds values as strings or
> lists. So now, when I iterate this dictionary I want to check whether
> the item is a list or just a string?
>
> Thanks,
> Rajat

type() and probably you want to import the types library as well.

In [1]: import types

In [2]: a = {1: {}, False: [], 'yes': False, None: 'HELLO'}

In [3]: a.values()
Out[3]: [[], {}, False, 'HELLO']

In [4]: [type(item) for item in a.itervalues()]
Out[4]: [, , , ]

In [6]: for item in a.itervalues():
   ...: if type(item) is types.BooleanType:
   ...: print "Boolean", item
   ...: elif type(item) is types.ListType:
   ...: print "List", item
   ...: elif type(item) is types.StringType:
   ...: print "String", item
   ...: else:
   ...: print "Some other type", type(item), ':', item
   ...:
   ...:
List []
Some other type  : {}
Boolean False
String HELLO
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Re: Python graphics question:pixel scrolling

[Diez B. Roggisch]

Raymond Luxury-Yacht wrote:

> To learn python, I've been trying to write a simple graphics program
> which displays a 1D cellular automaton's evolution.  The last time I
> wrote this program, it was in C for a CGA adaptor (!) in which the
> display was mapped to two interlaced blocks of memory, and scrolling
> up two lines of pixels was very simple and very smooth.  The code
> below works, and uses pygame for the graphics.  But the scrolling is
> quite flickery when using large windows.  I'm sure that the code
> contains various neophyte python errors, and I'd appreciate any
> comments on that, but my main question is how I ought to have coded it
> in order to have the scrolling be smooth.  I did see a comment on a
> pygame site saying that pygrame should not be used for side-scrollers,
> to which this is similar.  Is there a better way with python?

You need to to double-buffering. Just as in the old days... 

http://www.pygame.org/docs/tut/intro/intro.html

Look for pygame.display.flip()

Diez
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Re: problem with packages and path

[Daniel]

On Aug 28, 2:28 am, "Marco Bizzarri" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Wed, Aug 27, 2008 at 6:44 PM, Daniel <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > Hello,
>
> > I'm writing some unit tests for my python software which uses
> > packages.  Here is the basic structure:
>
> > mypackage
> >  __init__.py
> >  module1
> >    __init__.py
> >    mod1.py
> >  module2
> >    __init__.py
> >    mod2.py
> >  unittests
> >    __init__.py
> >    alltests.py
> >    test1.py
> >    test2.py
>
> > within alltests.py I would expect to be able to "import
> > mypackage.unittests.test1".  In fact within PyScripter this works as
> > expected.  However, when I execute the code from the command line, I
> > get the following error:
>
> > ImportError: No module named mypackage.unittests.test1
>
> 1) What is the command you're using to run the alltest.py module?
>
> 2) what is the result of:
>    - python -c "import mypackage"
>   - python -c "import mypackage.unittests"
>
> Regards
> Marco
>
> --
> Marco Bizzarrihttp://iliveinpisa.blogspot.com/

I have tried running both commands above from the mypackage directory
and unittests directory.  I get the following response universtally.

C:\mypackage>dir
 Volume in drive C is Default

 Directory of C:\mypackage

08/29/2008  11:04 AM  .
08/29/2008  11:04 AM  ..
08/29/2008  11:05 AM  module1
08/29/2008  11:05 AM  module2
08/29/2008  11:06 AM  unittests
08/29/2008  11:04 AM 0 __init__.py
   1 File(s)  0 bytes
   5 Dir(s)  55,402,070,016 bytes free

C:\mypackage>dir unittests
 Volume in drive C is Default

 Directory of C:\mypackage\unittests

08/29/2008  11:06 AM  .
08/29/2008  11:06 AM  ..
08/29/2008  11:05 AM 0 alltests.py
08/29/2008  11:05 AM 0 test1.py
08/29/2008  11:05 AM 0 test2.py
08/29/2008  11:04 AM 0 __init__.py
   4 File(s)  0 bytes
   2 Dir(s)  55,401,988,096 bytes free

C:\mypackage>python -c "import mypackage"
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
ImportError: No module named mypackage

C:\mypackage>python -c "import mypackage.unittests"
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
ImportError: No module named mypackage.unittests
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Re: Module __file__ attribute in Python 3

[Diez B. Roggisch]

> That will mean that there will be no (easy?) way to determine after the
> import whether the module was imported from a source file or a compiled
> file. I've suggested that the original justification for the patch no
> longer applies, and that the secondary purpose of the patch is better
> solved by leaving __file__ as it is in Python 2.x, and introducing a new
> attribute __source__.
> 
> What do people think? There seems to be a little interest on the python-
> dev list from a couple of people, but not enough to actually lead to any
> action. Does anyone care what m.__file__ is? Does anyone else feel that
> this issue is worth pursuing?

I'm +1 on this. Introducing __source__ shouldn't break anything, and is a
minor change as the mapping of loaded file to defining file is already
done.

Diez
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Re: Command lime code

[Steven D'Aprano]

On Fri, 29 Aug 2008 17:20:37 +0100, London wrote:

> I am new to python.
> I did find a page which listed some code - IE "chdir" type code but can
> not find it again.
> Can you supply an address?


http://www.google.com is a good address to use.


Seriously, did you think we've hacked your computer and are spying on 
your web browsing? How would we know what web page you have visited?



-- 
Steven
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Re: Lining Up and PaddingTwo Similar Lists

[George Sakkis]

On Aug 29, 1:29 am, "W. eWatson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> It looks like I have a few new features to learn about in Python. In 
> particular,
> dictionaries.

In Python it's hard to think of many non-trivial problems that you
*don't* have to know about dictionaries.

George
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Re: Tkinter event loop question

[gordon]

On Aug 29, 4:45 am, "Russell E. Owen" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>your Controller object should not create root nor should
> it call mainloop to start the event loop.

guys
thanks for the helpful replies..I rewrote the code as you advised. It
creates a controller object and a gui object from main script.However
i had to chain some method calls in my code.i am
wondering if that can be avoided in some way.

this is the sequence
1.user enters some value in the textfield,and clicks OKbutton
2.on OKbuttonclick ,the gui takes userinput value and quits
eventloop.It then calls controller and pass the userinputvalue.
3.controller does some calculation(i shd have an external program to
do calculation,but for simplicity i just wrote a method inside
controller) with the given value,obtains the result and calls gui's
updateDisplay(), passing the result value.
4.the gui creates the result as text on a canvas.then the mainloop()
is called to resume event loop

again user enters some value in the textfield,and clicks OKbutton ...

I exit the application by clicking quitButton that calls destroy() on
top level window.
 I tried my application by entering some value on text field and then
clicking OKbutton ,the calculated result is displayed on canvas .I do
this process say 3 times ..Then i click the Quit button and the window
closes.
I have put a print statement inside the gui's updateDisplay()method
right after the resuming of event loop by parent.mainloop().This print
statement gets printed as many times as i had clicked
the OK button(here in this case 3 times).Is this due to clearing of
the stack ?
I feel that it was not a good design ..I would be grateful if someone
would tell me how i could improve it..can those chaining of method
calls be avoided?

this is how i restructured the code

moduleA.py
---
import moduleB
from Tkinter import Tk
class MyController(object):
def __init__(self):
print "controller()"
def validateSelection(self,userinputVal):
if(userinputVal > 50 or userinputVal==0):
userinputVal=50
self.doSomeCalculation(userinputVal)

def doSomeCalculation(self,userinputVal):
resultvalue=2*userinputVal +10
self.updateResults(resultvalue)
def updateResults(self,resultvalue):
self.myapp.updateDisplay(resultvalue);

if __name__ == "__main__":
controller=MyController()
root = Tk()
root.wm_title("MyUIApp")
controller.myapp =moduleB.MyUI(root,controller)
root.mainloop()

moduleB.py
---
from Tkinter import *
class MyUI(object):
def __init__(self, parent,controller):
self.myParent = parent
self.mainframe = Frame(parent,background="grey")
self.mainframe.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=YES)
self.controller=controller
added a canvas and OK,QUIT buttons

def okBtnClick(self):
print "okBtnClicked"
self.okButton.configure(state=DISABLED)
userinputvalue = self.getUserInputValue()
self.myParent.quit()  #quits event loop
self.controller.validateSelection(userinputvalue)

def quitBtnClick(self):
print "Quit Btn clicked"
self.myParent.destroy()
def updateDisplay(self,resultValue):
message='result is='+str(resultValue)
self.canvresult.delete(ALL)
self.canvresult.create_text(1, 40, anchor=W, text=message,
width=280)
self.okButton.configure(state=NORMAL)
self.myParent.mainloop() # resumes event loop
print 'in updateDisplay():called mainloop'

thanks
gordon
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When to use try and except?

[cnb]

If I get zero division error it is obv a poor solution to do try and
except since it can be solved with an if-clause.

However if a program runs out of memory I should just let it crash
right? Because if not then I'd have to write exceptions everywhere to
prevent that right?

So when would I actually use try-except?

If there can be several exceptions and I just want to catch 1 or 2?
Like
try:
blahaba
except SomeError:
do something
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Re: How to check is something is a list or a dictionary or a string?

[George Sakkis]

On Aug 29, 12:16 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Hi,
>
> How to check if something is a list or a dictionary or just a string?
> Eg:
>
> for item in self.__libVerDict.itervalues():
> self.cbAnalysisLibVersion(END, item)
>
> where __libVerDict is a dictionary that holds values as strings or
> lists. So now, when I iterate this dictionary I want to check whether
> the item is a list or just a string?

if isinstance(item,basestring):
   # it's a string
...
else: # it should be a list
   # typically you don't have to check it explicitly;
   # even if it's not a list, it will raise an exception later anyway
if you call a list-specific method


HTH,
George
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Memory Leek, critique me. Thanks!!!

[Kevin McKinley]

#  I posted a few days ago about a memory leak that I think i'm having with my 
first Tkinter program.  
#  I've had trouble pinpointing what is wrong so i thought i would submit the 
code and see if anyone would
#  like to critique it.  
#  I have one more problem that i can't figure out either.  There are a bunch 
of Entry widgets that require number values.
#  My problem is if someone inputs a letter or space the program  will have 
error that makes part of the 
#  Program nonfunctional.  
#  Description Of The Program:  I made this program to help me with common 
calculations that i do on a day-to-day
#  basis.  I'm a outside sales rep and this program figures out Gross profit 
and price increase.  Oh, and where it
#  said to enter COG that stands for Cost of Goods.  I know it doesn't really 
matter but figure i would let you guys
#  in on the use of the program.

#  Thank you,
#  Kevin McKinley




from Tkinter import *

class MyApp:
def __tini__(self, parent):
self.myParent = parent

self.myFunctionContainer = Frame(parent)
self.myFunctionContainer.grid(row=0, column=0)

self.COG1 = DoubleVar()
self.COG2 = DoubleVar()
self.COG3 = DoubleVar()
self.COG4 = DoubleVar()
self.GP = DoubleVar()
self.increase = DoubleVar()
self.markup = DoubleVar()

self.gpRange(1)


# This Function is for the Markup Tab for a range of GP%
def gpRange(self, event):
self.clearScreen()

self.gpRangeTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, 
relief=FLAT, text="Multi-Markup")
self.gpRangeTab.bind("", self.gpRange)
self.gpRangeTab.grid(row=0, column=0)

self.gpExactTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, bg="dark 
grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Single Markup")
self.gpExactTab.bind("", self.gpExact)
self.gpExactTab.grid(row=0, column=1)

self.priceIncreaseTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, 
bg="dark grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Product Increase")
self.priceIncreaseTab.bind("", self.priceIncrease)
self.priceIncreaseTab.grid(row=0, column=2)

self.gpFinderTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, bg="dark 
grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Calculate GP")
self.gpFinderTab.bind("", self.gpFinder)
self.gpFinderTab.grid(row=0, column=3)

self.markup1(1)

self.myContainer2 = Frame(self.myFunctionContainer, borderwidth=2, 
relief=GROOVE)
self.myContainer2.grid(padx=0, pady=2, row=4, column=0, columnspan=4, 
sticky=W+E)

self.title1 = Label(self.myFunctionContainer, font="bold", 
relief=GROOVE, text="Multi-Markup Calculator")
self.title1.grid(padx=0, pady=2, row=1, column=0, columnspan=4, 
sticky=W+E)

self.entry1 = Entry(self.myFunctionContainer, textvariable=self.COG1)
self.entry1.select_range(0, END)
self.entry1.bind("", self.markup1)
self.entry1.focus_force()
self.entry1.grid(padx=2, pady=2, row=2, column=2, columnspan=2, 
sticky=W)

self.entryTitle = Label(self.myFunctionContainer, text="Enter COG:")
self.entryTitle.grid(padx=2, pady=2, row=2, column=1, sticky=E)

self.title2 = Label(self.myContainer2, text="Gross Profit %")
self.title2.grid(padx=2, pady=2, row=1, column=1, sticky=W)

self.title3 = Label(self.myContainer2, text="   Markup Price")
self.title3.grid(padx=2, pady=2, row=1, column=2, sticky=E)

self.button1 = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, text="Calculate")
self.button1.bind("", self.markup1)
self.button1.grid(padx=2, pady=2, row=3, column=1, columnspan=2, 
sticky=W+E)


def gpExact(self, event):
self.clearScreen()

self.gpRangeTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, bg="dark 
grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Multi-Markup")
self.gpRangeTab.bind("", self.gpRange)
self.gpRangeTab.grid(row=0, column=0)

self.gpExactTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, 
relief=FLAT, text="Single Markup")
self.gpExactTab.bind("", self.gpExact)
self.gpExactTab.grid(row=0, column=1)

self.priceIncreaseTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, 
bg="dark grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Product Increase")
self.priceIncreaseTab.bind("", self.priceIncrease)
self.priceIncreaseTab.grid(row=0, column=2)

self.gpFinderTab = Button(self.myFunctionContainer, width=14, bg="dark 
grey", relief=SUNKEN, text="Calculate GP")
self.gpFinderTab.bind("", self.gpFinder)
self.gpFinderTab.grid(row=0, column=3)

self.markup2(1)

self.title1 = Label(self.myFunctionContainer, font="bold", 
relief=GROOVE, text="Single Markup Calculator")
self.title1.grid(padx=0, pady=2, row=1, column=0, columnspan=4, 
sticky=W+E)

self.entry1 = Entry(self.myFunctionContainer, textvariable=self.COG2)
self.e

Multipart - Counting the amount of Values for One key

[Ron Brennan]

hello,

I am trying to find the amount of values there are pertaining to one key.

For example:

- To find the average of the values pertaining to the key.
- Use the amount of values to calculate a histogram

Also, how do reference a specific value for a key in a multipart?

Thanks,
Ron



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shortly. From now on please use:
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
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Re: When to use try and except?

[Daniel]

On Aug 29, 11:23 am, cnb <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> If I get zero division error it is obv a poor solution to do try and
> except since it can be solved with an if-clause.
>
> However if a program runs out of memory I should just let it crash
> right? Because if not then I'd have to write exceptions everywhere to
> prevent that right?
>
> So when would I actually use try-except?
>
> If there can be several exceptions and I just want to catch 1 or 2?
> Like
> try:
>     blahaba
> except SomeError:
>     do something

I'm not sure whay you're trying to do, but I think catching a
ZeroDivisionError exception is a good use of try-except.

I'm also not sure that I would say you just let a program crash if it
runs out of memory.  I would think that from the user perspective, you
would want to check memory conditions and come up with an exception
indicating that some memory threshold has been reached.  When that
exception is raised you should indicate that to the user and exit
gracefully.
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Re: When to use try and except?

[George Sakkis]

On Aug 29, 1:23 pm, cnb <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> If I get zero division error it is obv a poor solution to do try and
> except since it can be solved with an if-clause.
>
> However if a program runs out of memory I should just let it crash
> right? Because if not then I'd have to write exceptions everywhere to
> prevent that right?
>
> So when would I actually use try-except?

Whenever you can do something *meaningful* in the except block to
handle the exception (e.g. recover). Is there any meaningful action
you can take when you run out of memory ? If yes (e.g. write current
data to the disk and open a popup window that informs ths user), then
use try/except, otherwise don't. IOW code like the following

try:
...
except MemoryError:
print "You ran out of memory!"

is typically useless; better let the exception propagate to the top
level with a full traceback.

HTH,
George
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Re: Tkinter event loop question

[Russell E. Owen]

In article 
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
 gordon <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> On Aug 29, 4:45 am, "Russell E. Owen" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> >your Controller object should not create root nor should
> > it call mainloop to start the event loop.
> 
> guys
> thanks for the helpful replies..I rewrote the code as you advised. It
> creates a controller object and a gui object from main script.However
> i had to chain some method calls in my code.i am
> wondering if that can be avoided in some way.
> 
> this is the sequence
> 1.user enters some value in the textfield,and clicks OKbutton
> 2.on OKbuttonclick ,the gui takes userinput value and quits
> eventloop.It then calls controller and pass the userinputvalue.
> 3.controller does some calculation(i shd have an external program to
> do calculation,but for simplicity i just wrote a method inside
> controller) with the given value,obtains the result and calls gui's
> updateDisplay(), passing the result value.
> 4.the gui creates the result as text on a canvas.then the mainloop()
> is called to resume event loop
> 
> again user enters some value in the textfield,and clicks OKbutton ...
> 
> I exit the application by clicking quitButton that calls destroy() on
> top level window.
>  I tried my application by entering some value on text field and then
> clicking OKbutton ,the calculated result is displayed on canvas .I do
> this process say 3 times ..Then i click the Quit button and the window
> closes.
> I have put a print statement inside the gui's updateDisplay()method
> right after the resuming of event loop by parent.mainloop().This print
> statement gets printed as many times as i had clicked
> the OK button(here in this case 3 times).Is this due to clearing of
> the stack ?
> I feel that it was not a good design ..I would be grateful if someone
> would tell me how i could improve it..can those chaining of method
> calls be avoided?
> 
> this is how i restructured the code

Why do you quite the event loop? Just leave it running.

On pressing the button you validate the input, perform the computation 
and display the result, all without leaving the event loop.

If your computation is very slow then you have other issues to deal with 
(in particular background threads cannot safely talk to Tkinter, but you 
can safely compute stuff with a background thread and display it from 
the main thread). But cross that bridge later.

-- Russell
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__stack_chk_fail_local

[gianluca]

hy list,
I've built _libfoo.so and  libfoo.py library with swig and I've copied
in /usr/lib/python2.5/lib-dynload/ but when import the module

>>import libfoo

I've that message

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
ImportError: /usr/lib/python2.5/lib-dynload/_libfoo.so: undefined
symbol: __stack_chk_fail_local

Could anybody help me?

gianluca
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return reduce(lambda x, y: x.grade+y.grade, self.reviews)

[cnb]

class Customer(object):
def __init__(self, idnumber, review):
self.idnumber = idnumber
self.reviews = [review]

def addReview(self, review):
self.reviews.append(review)

def averageGrade(self):
tot = 0
for review in self.reviews:
tot += review.grade
return tot / len(self.reviews)

def av_grade(self):
return reduce(lambda x, y: x.grade+y.grade, self.reviews)


now,the function is pointless and incorrect but av_grade doesn't work.
why can't i use reduce like this?
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Re: Python - ubuntu

[Joshua Kugler]

> A friend of mine told me something about Guido and google developing
> an Ubuntu distribution based and totaly oriented for the Python
> appliction development. I googled for it with no results. Is it
> possible that My Buddy is trying to foole me or is it possible that
> someone knows something about that.

In addition to Fredrick's reply: Canonical, the company that develops
Ubuntu, uses Python *extensively* for their development, so when it comes
to the number of Python modules assembled as packages for a package manager
(apt, in the case of Ubuntu), Ubuntu will probably have the most.  I use
Ubuntu for Python development, and find it very well suited.

j

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Re: When to use try and except?

[cnb]

On Aug 29, 7:40 pm, Daniel <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Aug 29, 11:23 am, cnb <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > If I get zero division error it is obv a poor solution to do try and
> > except since it can be solved with an if-clause.
>
> > However if a program runs out of memory I should just let it crash
> > right? Because if not then I'd have to write exceptions everywhere to
> > prevent that right?
>
> > So when would I actually use try-except?
>
> > If there can be several exceptions and I just want to catch 1 or 2?
> > Like
> > try:
> >     blahaba
> > except SomeError:
> >     do something
>
> I'm not sure whay you're trying to do, but I think catching a
> ZeroDivisionError exception is a good use of try-except.
>
> I'm also not sure that I would say you just let a program crash if it
> runs out of memory.  I would think that from the user perspective, you
> would want to check memory conditions and come up with an exception
> indicating that some memory threshold has been reached.  When that
> exception is raised you should indicate that to the user and exit
> gracefully.


A ZeroDivisionError is better avoided wth an if-clause, don't you
think? It is a predictable exception...
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Re: Memory Leek, critique me. Thanks!!!

[cnb]

you could prob abstract away a lot of that code, very similar-looking.

then it would be easier to find bugs.
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Re: Sending e-mail

[Mike Driscoll]

On Aug 29, 11:44 am, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> On Aug 28, 3:23 pm, gordyt <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Peter here is an example.  I just tried it and it works fine.
>
> > from smtplib import SMTP
> > HOST = "smtp.gmail.com"
> > PORT = 587
> > ACCOUNT = ""  # put your gmail email account name here
> > PASSWORD = ""  # put your gmail email account password here
>
> > def send_email(to_addrs, subject, msg):
> >     server = SMTP(HOST,PORT)
> >     server.set_debuglevel(1)    # you don't need this
> >     server.ehlo()
> >     server.starttls()
> >     server.ehlo()
> >     server.login(ACCOUNT, PASSWORD)
> >     server.sendmail(ACCOUNT, to_addrs,
> >         """From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\n\r\n%s\r\n.\r\n""" % (
> >             ACCOUNT, ",".join(to_addrs), subject, msg
> >         )
> >     )
> >     server.quit()
>
> > if __name__ == "__main__":
> >     send_email( ['[EMAIL PROTECTED]'], 'this is just a test',
> >         "hello world!" )
>
> Thanks to everyone who's replied. gordyt, I didn't dare dream anyone
> would hand me fully functional source code, so thank you very much for
> that. Unfortunately, it doesn't work for me, likely because of some
> complication from my company's firewall.
>
> All things considered, going through Gmail is an unnecessary step if I
> can run a server on my own PC. Is there any hope of this working? Can
> it be done easily? Is there anything I should know about the
> SMTPServer object, and are there any other modules I'd need?
>
> Thanks again for all the help.

I would recommend looking at the email module too as it is a little
bit more flexible:

http://docs.python.org/lib/module-email.html

You could also see how I do it in wxPython: 
http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/?p=38

My script is Windows only at the moment.

Mike
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Re: exactly same as [1,2,3,] ?

[Mensanator]

On Aug 29, 10:11 am, Roy Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
>  Grant Edwards <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
> > On 2008-08-29, Roy Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > > Exactly.  This is one of those little pieces of syntactic
> > > sugar which makes python so nice to work with.  The
> > > alternative is (in C, for example) abominations like this:
>
> > > const char* l[] = {"foo"
> > >                  , "bar"
> > >                  , "baz"
> > >                  };
>
> > > and even those are not quite as good because you still have to
> > > special-case the first entry.
>
> > It's probably a spec violation, but I've never seen a C
> > compiler that objected to a comma after the last item in an
> > initializer list.  (At least not at the warning levels I use,
> > which tend to be on the picky side.)
>
> Yowza, you're right (at least for the one case I tried).  This must be a
> new development (where "new development" is defined as, "It wasn't legal in
> the original K&R C I learned when I was a pup").

That's the difference between a specification and
an implementation, isn't it?

>
> Still, I have seem people do that in code.- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -

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