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Re: A problem with exec statement

[Peter Otten]

TPJ wrote:

> I have the following code:
> 
> ---
> def f():
> 
>   def g():
> a = 'a' # marked line 1
> exec 'a = "b"' in globals(), locals()
> print "g: a =", a
> 
>   a = 'A'   # marked line 2
>   exec 'a = "B"' in globals(), locals()
>   print "f: a =", a
>   g()
> 
> f()
> ---
> 
> I don't understand, why its output is:
> 
> f: a = A
> g: a = a
> 
> instead of:
> 
> f: a = B
> g: a = b

Use the exec statement without the in-clause to get the desired effect:

>>> def f():
... a = "a"
... exec "a = 'B'"
... print a
...
>>> f()
B

Inside a function locals() creates a new dictionary with name/value pairs of
the variables in the local namespace every time you call it. When that
dictionary is modified the local variables are *not* updated accordingly.

>>> def f():
... a = "a"
... d = locals()
... exec "a = 'B'" in globals(), d
... print a, d["a"]
...
>>> f()
a B

By the way, experiments on the module level are likely to confuse because
there locals() returns the same dictionary as globals().

Peter


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Re: A problem with exec statement

[Steve Holden]

TPJ wrote:
> I have the following code:
> 
> ---
> def f():
> 
>   def g():
> a = 'a' # marked line 1
> exec 'a = "b"' in globals(), locals()
> print "g: a =", a
> 
>   a = 'A'   # marked line 2
>   exec 'a = "B"' in globals(), locals()
>   print "f: a =", a
>   g()
> 
> f()
> ---
> 
> I don't understand, why its output is:
> 
> f: a = A
> g: a = a
> 
> instead of:
> 
> f: a = B
> g: a = b
> 
> All works as intended, if the marked lines are commented out. I just
> don't understand, why. (I suppose I don't understand, how the exec
> statement works, or the way Python handles objects, their names and
> namespaces...) In my opinion (according to my knowledge about Python),
> with or without the marked lines commented, the code should work the
> same. Well - I think I have to learn more about Python...
> 
That's true of almost everybody reading this list, myself included.

> According to my knowledge, the most important are the namespaces: the
> local ones, in this case. When Python calls the f function, its
> namespace is created. This namespace contains only the g function.
> Then the a variable is created (and the "a" name is added to the f
> function namespace).
> 
That's a pretty good summary. In fact just after the call to f is 
started its namespace doesn't even contain "g", that's added by 
executing the def statement that defines g.

The assignment does indeed create the name "a" in the function's (local) 
namespace.

> The next statement is the exec one. Since the statement "knows" the
> local namespace (obtained from the locals() function), it should
> replace the value of the a variable in the local namespace with the
> value of the new string "B". I don't understand, why this is not done.
> 
So when you exec 'a = "B"' in globals(), locals() you might think you 
were changing the local namespace. In fact you are changing a *copy* of 
the local namespace: if you read the documentation carefully you will 
see under locals() it says """Warning: The contents of this dictionary 
should not be modified; changes may not affect the values of local 
variables used by the interpreter."""

> The situation in the g function is similar, the only difference is
> that the local namespace contains the "a" name, that refers to a
> different Python object.
> 
The same answer presumably pertains here. If you modify your code to read:

def f():

   def g():
 a = 'a' # marked line 1
 print "globals:", globals(), '\nlocals:', locals()
 exec 'a = "b"' in globals(), locals()
 print "globals:", globals(), '\nlocals:', locals()
 print "g: a =", a

   a = 'A'   # marked line 2
   print "Globals:", globals(), '\nLocals:', locals()
   exec 'a = "B"' in globals(), locals()
   print "Globals:", globals(), '\nLocals:', locals()
   print "f: a =", a
   g()

f()

you will see quite clearly that you aren't making the changes you 
anticipate to the local namespace. I hope I have explained why.

One last note. Newcomers to Python often seem fascinated by the ability 
to use exec to achieve namespace indirection. Even allowing for the 
difficulties you've already experienced, it's nearly always better in 
practical cases to use assignment to the keys of a dictionary. Then no 
exec is required, and you have direct control over your own namespace.

regards
  Steve

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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Steven Bethard]

Nicolas Fleury wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
>> Ok, I finally have a PEP number.  Here's the most updated version of 
>> the "make" statement PEP.  I'll be posting it shortly to python-dev.
>>
>> Thanks again for the previous discussion and suggestions!
> 
> I find it very interesting.
> 
> My only complaint is that it is limited to things that can be described 
> as a namespace, where the order of declaration is lost.  This problem is 
> also true with metaclasses, but it is more acceptable since they are for 
> classes.

Yep, this seems to be the biggest complaint.  I'm waiting for write 
access to the repository, but here's a clip from the upcoming update:

Open Issues
===

...

Should users of the make statement be able to determine in which dict
object the code is executed?  The make statement could look for a
``__make_dict__`` attribute and call it to allow things like::

 make Element html:
 make Element body:
 make Element h1:
 '''First heading text'''
 make Element h1:
 '''Second heading text'''

where a normal dict object would not suffice since order and repeated
names must be allowed.  Assuming that the ``__make_dict__`` attribute
was called to get the dict in which the block should be executed, the
following code should make the above make statements work::

 class Element(object):

 class __make_dict__(dict):
 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 self._super = super(Element.__make_dict__, self)
 self._super.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 self.values = []
 def __getitem__(self, name):
 try:
 return self._super.__getitem__(name)
 except KeyError:
 return globals()[name]
 def __setitem__(self, name, value):
 self._super.__setitem__(name, value)
 if not name.startswith('__'):
 self.values.append(value)

 def __new__(cls, name, args, edict):
 result = etree.ElementTree.Element(name)
 result.text = edict.pop('__doc__', None)
 print edict.values
 for element in edict.values:
 result.append(element)
 return result


STeVe
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whitespace again

[david brochu jr]

hello again,
 
still having problemsi have the following in a txt file:
 

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\compete\dca]"UserId"="92005851""PanelId"="mayflower""PanelName"="Consumer Input Toolbar""CaptureType"=dword:0002
"CapTypOvr"=dword:0001"ExePath"="C:\\Program Files\\Consumer Input Toolbar\\ConsumerInputToolbar.exe""DcaVer"=dword:0640"DcaUpdateVer"=dword:0640
"CfgVer"=dword:0640"RulesVer"=dword:0008"UaCheck"=dword:005a"Survey"=dword:0001"ErrWaitMin"=dword:0001"ErrWaitMax"=dword:0002
"KeepAlive"=dword:0001"PerfEnabled"=dword:"PerfPath"="http://www.consumerinput.com.edgesuite.net/speedera/10k2.txt
"
I want to remove the "  found at the beginning of each line. When I use:
for line in new_line.readlines(): line = re.sub('"',"",line)  print line
I get: 
i n d o w s   R e g i s t r y   E d i t o r   V e r s i o n   5 . 0 0  
 
H K E Y _ L O C A L _ M A C H I N E \ s o f t w a r e \ c o m p e t e \ d c a ]  
U s e r I d " = " 9 2 0 0 5 8 5 1 "  
P a n e l I d " = " m a y f l o w e r "  
P a n e l N a m e " = " C o n s u m e r   I n p u t   T o o l b a r "  
C a p t u r e T y p e " = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2  
C a p T y p O v r " = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  
E x e P a t h " = " C : \ \ P r o g r a m   F i l e s \ \ C o n s u m e r   I n p u t   T o o l b a r \ \ C o n s u m e r I n p u t T o o l b a r . e x e "  
D c a V e r " = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0  
D c a U p d a t e V e r " = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0  
etc etc...Too much space...how do i get the same output with all the space..this is killing me please help
 
 
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Pattern_Recognition_School+Conf_2006:Deadline

[heather]

PATTERN RECOGNITION EVENTS THIS SUMMER, 2006
___
4TH INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ON PATTERN RECOGNITION (ISSPR, 2006), 23-28 
JULY, UK
WWW.PatternRecognitionSchool.com
The 4th International Summer School on Pattern Recognition will be organised at 
the University of Plymouth, UK (23-28 July, 2006). The  school programme is 
listed below. Please pass on this email to your interested colleagues and 
students. This is a  great summer school which I would recommend for everyone 
to attend. 
DEADLINE: Register BEFORE 01 MAY, 2006 through the website to get a discount on 
the fee. More than 100 participants in 2005!

Speakers at the Summer School (ISSPR'2006)
Dr. Sam Roberts Mathworks, UK (Introduction to Matlab)
Prof. Wojtek Krzanowski University of Exeter, UK (Multivariate Statistics: Data 
Description)
Dr. Mike Tipping, Microsoft Research, UK (Bayesian Pattern Recognition: 
Principles and Practice)
Prof. Chris Bishop, Microsoft Research, UK (Latent Variables, Mixture Models 
and EM)
Dr. Richard Everson, University of Exeter, UK (Dimensionality Reduction)
Dr. Peter Tino  University of Birmingham, UK (Probabilistic framework for 
model-based topographic map formation)
Prof. Chris Williams, University of Edinburgh, UK (Neural Networks and Kernel 
Machines) 
Dr. Colin Campbell, University of Bristol, UK (Support Vector Machines and 
Kernel Methods: An Introduction and  Review)
Prof. John Shawe- Taylor, University of Southampton, UK (Kernel Based Methods)
Dr. Steve Gunn, University of Southampton, UK (Matlab for Support Vector 
Machines)
Prof. Mahesan Niranjan, University of Sheffield, UK (Classifier Performance 
Particle Filters for Tracking and  Sequential Problems) 
Dr. Andrew Webb Qinetiq, UK (Decision TreesData Clustering)
Prof. Xin Yao, University of Birmingham, UK (A Gentle Introduction to 
Evolutionary Computation; ATutorial on  Evolutionary Multi-objective 
Optimisation) 
Dr. Richard Deardon, University of Birmingham, UK (Sequential Decision Making; 
Markov Chains Monte Carlo Methods)
Dr. Jeremy Wyatt, University of Birmingham, UK (An Introduction to 
Reinforcement Learning)
Dr. Ludmila Kuncheva, University of Wales, UK   (Classifier Combination)
Prof. Joseph Kittler, University of Surrey, UK  (Feature Selection and 
Extraction)
Prof. Sameer Singh, Loughborough University, UK (Multiresolution Pattern 
Recognition)
Prof. Susan Craw, Robert Gordon University, UK  (Case Based Reasoning)
SUPPORTED BY: Microsoft, Springer, British Computer Society, and Mathworks. 
___
IEEE CVPR CONFERENCE
www.CVPR.org/2006
17-22 June, 2006
___
18th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PATTERN RECOGNITION 
www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/~icpr06
August 20-24, 2006
__
ICIAR CONFERENCE
www.iciar.uwaterloo.ca/iciar06
18-20 September, 2006
__
Please see the event websites to get FULL information.
Compiled by: Dr. Heather McLelland
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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Duncan Booth]

Steven Bethard wrote:

> Should users of the make statement be able to determine in which dict
> object the code is executed?  The make statement could look for a
> ``__make_dict__`` attribute and call it to allow things like::
> 
>  make Element html:
>  make Element body:
>  make Element h1:
>  '''First heading text'''
>  make Element h1:
>  '''Second heading text'''

I'm concerned about the magic implied here for __doc__:

   make Element p:
   '''This is '''
   make Element strong:
  '''not'''
   '''going to work'''


There is another effect which should be considered here. If you allow 
Element to create an object to be used as the namespace, then as well as 
doing special tracking when values are set in the namespace it can also 
pre-seed it with names which magically appear in scope within the make.

e.g.

make Element html:
make Element body:
make Element p:
text('But this ')
make Element strong:
 text('could')
text(' be made to work')

or even:

   make Element p:
text('This would ')
strong('also')
text(' work')

where text and strong are readable in the Element namespace (there doesn't 
actually have to be any relationship between the names you can access and 
the names you set).
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Re: reading files in small chunks?

[Rajesh Sathyamoorthy]

Hi,Could I have some links? It would be very helpful.Thank You.On 4/14/06, Felipe Almeida Lessa wrote:
Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 13:45 +0800, Rajesh Sathyamoorthy escreveu:> I wanted to know why it is more efficient to read a file in smaller> chunks ( using file() or open() )?It's more efficient in some cases, and worse on others. It also depends
on how you implement the read loop. I won't elaborate too much here,there are loads of sites and books that talk about this topic.> If this is not done, will this lead to errors in the data read or just
> results in slower performance?It doesn't corrupt anything, unless you have a buggy hardware.--Felipe.
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Re: reading files in small chunks?

[Amit Khemka]

On 4/14/06, Rajesh Sathyamoorthy <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I wanted to know why it is more efficient to read a file in smaller chunks (
> using file() or open() )? If this is not done, will this lead to errors in
> the data read or just results in slower performance?
>
>  Thank You.

It has basically to do with disk seeks and cache+memory utilization.
and you can look around for the same for details on any of your fav
search engine.

cheers,
amit.
>
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
>


--

Amit Khemka -- onyomo.com
Home Page: www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~csd00377
Endless the world's turn, endless the sun's Spinning, Endless the quest;
I turn again, back to my own beginning, And here, find rest.
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Re: list.clear() missing?!?

[Sergei Organov]

Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:

> On Fri, 14 Apr 2006 09:17:05 +0400, Sergei Organov <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> declaimed the following in comp.lang.python:
>
>> 
>> I, as a newcomer, don't have much trouble understanding the binding vs
>> the assignment by themselves. What does somewhat confuse is dual role of
>> the "=" operator, -- sometimes it means "bind" and other times it means
>> "assign", right? For me it seems that the language would be less
>
>   It always means bind... But if the LHS is a mutable object, AND you
> have specified a component of that object, it is the component that is
> being rebound...
>
>   lst[:] = [] 
>
> is rebinding the elements inside the list "lst", and not rebinding the
> name "lst". Essentially, once you add any "selector" to the name
> (object[...]= or object.xxx=) you are going "inside" the object, and
> manipulating (rebinding) what is inside. If the name is used "pure"
> (object=), you are rebinding the /name/ to a different object.

Me gets corrected, thanks. Now I need to unroll my mind somewhat back to
figure out when and why I started to believe it sometimes assigns ;)

-- Sergei.

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create pixmap from data

[Thomas Girod]

Hi there.

I have a list containing integer values from 0 to 255. With this list I
have informations width and height, as width * height = len(my_list)

What I want to do is to convert this array into a pixmap of dimension
width * height in order to draw it inside a pygtk GUI.

Any suggestions about a way to display those informations ?

cheers

Thomas

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Re: Python editing with emacs/wordstar key bindings.

[Sergei Organov]

"BartlebyScrivener" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
> Yes, but for some reason, I get more and better help here with Python
> than on xemacs.   Or maybe I've just had bad luck. Something like the
> following just leaves me scratching my head. I'm on Windows XP and
> never compiled anything that I know of.  I'd rather pay $30 and have
> the editor work.

Well, I'd pay too, but my experience is that no editor *always* works
for me, and ability to fix it (or fine-tune for my own needs) is indeed
essential for me. To the extreme that I'd rather learn some lisp to be
able to (and besides lisp being fun to learn) ;) That said, I do think
(X)emacs is not very suitable for casual user, but it starts to pay back
for investments put into it pretty soon.

BTW, what you've cited below sounds just like messed/broken Emacs
installation (maybe installing one version on top of another, or mixing
Emacs and XEmacs installations, or borrowing some files from separate
archives -- difficult to say exactly), as you normally don't need to
compile anything. Not to mention the fact that Windows is rather new
platform for emacsen, so quite a few OS-specific issues could well be
unresolved or simply be buggy indeed.

Well, I think we should better stop this as an OT anyway.

-- Sergei.

>
> "BartlebyScrivener" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> I tried searching on this but I don't see exactly my error message.
>> When I open a php file for editing, I get: "file mode specification
>> error: (void-function run-mode-hooks)"
>
>> What line do I need to add to my .init file to make this stop?
>
> You are using .elc files compiled with a different version of Emacs.
> Recompile them.
>
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__getattribute__ and __slots__

[pascal . parent]

Hi,
I try to define a (new-style) class who:
- have a __slots__ defined to be strict attributes,
- return None if the attribute is 'ok' but not set, or raise a 'normal'
error if the attribute isn't in __slots__.

This code runs, but is it the good way?

Thanks.

class test(object):
 __slots__ = ['id']
 def __getattr__(self, attr):
 if not attr in self.__slots__: raise AttributeError
 try:
 return self.attr
 except:
 return None

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requestion regarding regular expression

[Kelie]

Hello,

I'm trying to analyze some autolisp code with python.  In the file to
be analyzed there are many functions.  Each function begins with a
"defun" statement.  And before that, there may or may not have comment
line(s), which begins with ";".  My goal is to export each function
into separate files, with comments, if there is any.  Below is the code
that I'm struggling with:

[code]

path = "C:\\AutoCAD\\LSP\\Sub.lsp"
string = file(path, 'r').read()

import re
pat = "\\;+.+\\n\\(DEFUN"
p = re.compile(pat,re.I)

iterator = p.finditer(string)
spans = [match.span() for match in iterator]

for i in range(min(15, len(spans))):
print string[spans[i][0]:spans[i][1]]

[/code]

The code above runs fine.  But it only takes care of the situation in
which there is exactly one comment line above the "defun" statement.
How do I repeat the sub-pattern "\\;+.+\\n" here?
For example if I want to repeat this pattern 0 to 10 times, I know
"\\;+.+\\n{0:10}\\(DEFUN" does not work. But don't know where to put
"{0:10}".  As a work around, I tried to use
pat = "|".join(["\\;+.+\\n"*i+ "\\(DEFUN" for i in range(11)]), and it
turned out to be very slow.  Any help?  

Thank you.

Kelie

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Upgrading and modules

[Brian Elmegaard]

Hi,

Every time I upgrade python I also have to download all packages and
reinstall them.

http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/upgrading_python.html
tells me that this is only a problem on windows for some reasons that
have to do with binary distributions, compiling and more. 

This leads me to the questions:
1: Isn't there a better way? 
2: Why is compilation needed for installation of a package? 
3: Why isn't python backwards compatible so reinstallation is
unneeded?
4: Would it help if python was compiled with gcc/mingw so installation
would be the same as on other systems?
5: What about a package repository and a manager like miktex has?

regards,
-- 
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http://www.et.web.mek.dtu.dk/Staff/be/be.html
http://www.rugbyklubben-speed.dk
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Re: Remove Whitespace

[Fredrik Lundh]

John Machin wrote:

> > $ python2.4 -mtimeit -s "str = 'D c a V e r \" = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 6
> > 4 0'" 'str.replace(" ", "")'
>
> Oi! The OP mentioned "whitespace" ...

yeah. but as is obvious from his examples, he really means "UTF-16", not
whitespace.





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Re: whitespace again

[Fredrik Lundh]

"david brochu jr" wrote:

> still having problemsi have the following in a txt file:
>
> Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

if this is a regedit export, the data is encoded as UTF-16.  treating
that as plain ASCII doesn't really work.

> for line in new_line.readlines():
>  line = re.sub('"',"",line)
>  print line
>
> I get:
>
> i n d o w s   R e g i s t r y   E d i t o r   V e r s i o n   5 . 0 0

> etc etc...Too much space...

it's NUL bytes (chr(0)), not space.

to open an UTF-16 file with automatic decoding, use codecs.open:

import codecs
infile = codecs.open("file", "r", "utf-16")

reading from "infile" will now give you properly decoded unicode strings,
which you can process as usual.

> this is killing me please help

sounds like you need to read up on what text encodings are, and how
you can let Python handle them for you.  start here:

http://www.google.com/search?q=python+unicode





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Re: namespace issue

[Daniel Nogradi]

> def _gn(x):
> return x.upper()
>
> great_name = _gn
>
> class myclass:
> def mymethod(self, great_name=False):
> if great_name:
> return _gn('something')
> else:
> return 'something'


>  >>> def great_name(x):
> ... return x.upper()
> ...
>  >>> class myclass(object):
> ... def mymethod(self, great_name=False):
> ... if great_name:
> ... return globals()['great_name']('something')
> ... else:
> ... return 'something'
> ...
>  >>> myclass().mymethod()
> 'something'
>  >>> myclass().mymethod(True)
> 'SOMETHING'



Thanks a lot for both suggestions, they were the things I was looking for.
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sending email with charset utf-8 but subject is not coded properly

[Grzegorz Ślusarek]

Hi all. I sending email using standard python modules smtplib, email, 
coding email in utf but subject of message is not coded properly. In 
subject i use my national characters (polish) and after send i get XX in 
place these characters.
Here is the code

Message = email.message_from_string(pMessage)
Message.set_charset('utf-8')
Message['From'] = '[EMAIL PROTECTED]'
Message['To'] = '[EMAIL PROTECTED]'
SMTPServer=smtplib.SMTP(ConfigurationManager.SMTPServer)
SMTPServer.sendmail('[EMAIL PROTECTED]','[EMAIL PROTECTED]', 
Message.as_string())

Message looks like this:
Subject: Nowe hasło
\n
\n
Nowe email z haslem..

I looked how smtp serwer see my message and I notice that it looks like 
content of the message is convert by BASE64 but not the subject. What 
I'm doing wrong? can anyone tell me?
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Re: create pixmap from data

[Eric Deveaud]

Thomas Girod wrote:
>  Hi there.
> 
>  I have a list containing integer values from 0 to 255. With this list I
>  have informations width and height, as width * height = len(my_list)
> 
>  What I want to do is to convert this array into a pixmap of dimension
>  width * height in order to draw it inside a pygtk GUI.
> 
>  Any suggestions about a way to display those informations ?


check the PIL (Python Imaging Library), Image module

Eric


-- 
 S> Je cherche aussi des adresses de lieux contenant des fossiles dans
 S> la région parisienne 
 http://www.senat.fr/
 -+- DP in  : La dianurette et les fossiles -+-
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List of all syntactic sugar?

[Bas]

Hi group,

just out of curiosity, is there a list of all the syntactic sugar that
is used in python? If there isn't such a list, could it be put on a
wiki somewhere? The bit of sugar that I do know have helped me a lot in
understanding the inner workings of python.

To give a few examples (might not be totally correct):

x[i] -> x.__getitem__(i)
x[a:b] -> x.__getitem__(slice(a,b,None))
x+y -> x._add__(y)
x.method(a) -> call (x.__dict__[method], self, a) ??
for i in x: f(i) -> it = iter(x); while True: i = it.next(); f(i) 
except stop: pass

TIA,
Bas

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Re: A problem with exec statement

[TPJ]

> Use the exec statement without the in-clause to get the desired effect:
>
> >>> def f():
> ... a = "a"
> ... exec "a = 'B'"
> ... print a
> ...
> >>> f()
> B
> 

Well... I *do* realize that. But this is *not* my problem. I have a
function with another nested one. If I used "exec ..." instead of "exec
... in some_dict, some_dict" I would get the "SyntaxError: unqualified
exec is not allowed in function 'f' it contains a nested function with
free variables".

To be honest, the message cited above is the answer to the question
"Why have I put those globals(), locals() in the exec statments?".

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Re: Remove Whitespace

[Roel Schroeven]

Fredrik Lundh schreef:
> John Machin wrote:
> 
>>> $ python2.4 -mtimeit -s "str = 'D c a V e r \" = d w o r d : 0 0 0 0 0 6
>>> 4 0'" 'str.replace(" ", "")'
>> Oi! The OP mentioned "whitespace" ...
> 
> yeah. but as is obvious from his examples, he really means "UTF-16", not
> whitespace.

Yes, that's what I was thinking. His data looks like a part of a Windows 
registry export, which at least on my system is in what Windows calls 
Unicode.

-- 
If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood
on the shoulders of giants.  -- Isaac Newton

Roel Schroeven
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Re: sending email with charset utf-8 but subject is not coded properly

[Rene Pijlman]

Grzegorz ¦lusarek:
>I sending email using standard python modules smtplib, email, 
>coding email in utf but subject of message is not coded properly. In 
>subject i use my national characters (polish) and after send i get XX in 
>place these characters.
>Here is the code
>
>Message = email.message_from_string(pMessage)
>   Message.set_charset('utf-8')
>   Message['From'] = '[EMAIL PROTECTED]'
>   Message['To'] = '[EMAIL PROTECTED]'
>   SMTPServer=smtplib.SMTP(ConfigurationManager.SMTPServer)
>   SMTPServer.sendmail('[EMAIL PROTECTED]','[EMAIL PROTECTED]', 
> Message.as_string())

I see no subject in this code.

"If you want to include non-ASCII characters in your email headers, say in
the Subject: or To: fields, you should use the Header class and assign the
field in the Message object to an instance of Header instead of using a
string for the header value."
http://docs.python.org/lib/module-email.Header.html

-- 
René Pijlman
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Re: List of all syntactic sugar?

[Rene Pijlman]

Bas:
>just out of curiosity, is there a list of all the syntactic sugar that
>is used in python? 

http://docs.python.org/ref/specialnames.html

-- 
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Re: List of all syntactic sugar?

[Steven D'Aprano]

On Fri, 14 Apr 2006 02:54:11 -0700, Bas wrote:

> Hi group,
> 
> just out of curiosity, is there a list of all the syntactic sugar that
> is used in python? If there isn't such a list, could it be put on a
> wiki somewhere? The bit of sugar that I do know have helped me a lot in
> understanding the inner workings of python.

That kind of depends on what you mean by syntactic sugar. For instance, I
wouldn't call any of your examples syntactic sugar. The problem with
(e.g.) calling x[i] syntactic sugar for x.__getitem__(i) is that it gets
the relationship backwards: x[i] _is_ the syntax, it isn't the sugar.
Magic methods like __getitem__ are there as a mechanism to allow custom
classes to use the same syntax as built-in classes.

However, I would call these syntactic sugar:

"hello" " " "world" -> "hello world" # literal string concatenation

r'raw strings'

x[-n] -> x[len(x)-n]

x[:] -> x[0:len(x)]

print obj -> sys.stdout.write(str(obj) + '\n')

print obj, -> sys.stdout.write(str(obj))

s.find(target) -> 
try:
return s.index(target)
except IndexError:
return -1
# not really syntax, perhaps "method sugar" is a better name?

import a, b, c -> import a; import b; import c

raise Exception, string -> raise Exception(string)


Of course, one person's syntactic sugar is another person's essential
syntactic carbohydrates.



-- 
Steven.

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Re: A problem with exec statement

[TPJ]

> 
> So when you exec 'a = "B"' in globals(), locals() you might think you
> were changing the local namespace. In fact you are changing a copy of
> the local namespace:
> 

Well, that explains much, but not all that I want to be explained. Why?
Because now I understand, that by invoking

exec "a = 'B'" in globals(), locals()

I can modify only *copies* of the global and local namespaces dicts,
not the dicts themselves. OK, that's why my code doesn't work as I want
it to work.

But why on Earth *the same code* will work, if I remove the assignments
from the marked lines? Why then operating on copies of the local
namespaces dicts *will work* ?

> (...) Even allowing for the
> difficulties you've already experienced, it's nearly always better in
> practical cases to use assignment to the keys of a dictionary. Then no
> exec is required, and you have direct control over your own namespace.

Well... Is this a sugestion, that instead of messing up with the exec
statements used to modify local namespaces I should use dictionaries?

Perhaps you're right. In fact, the problem, that I'm trying to solve is
as follows:

def funcA():

  def funcB():
...
var1, var2, var3, ..., varN = ( None, ) * N
t = ( (regexp1, 'var1'), (regexp2, 'var2'), ..., (regexpN, 'varN')
)
for regexp, var_name in t:
  match = regexp.match( some_string )
  if match != None:
  # now the *magic* exec statement comes...
exec var_name + ' = match.groups()[0]' in globals(), locals()
return var1, var2, var3, ..., varN

  ...
  k1, k2, k3, ..., kN = funcB()

Of course, the code presented above doesn't work. It works, if one
change is done in the function funcB:

  def funcB():
...
# no creation of any local variables called var1, var2, ..., varN
here
t = ( (regexp1, 'var1'), (regexp2, 'var2'), ..., (regexpN, 'varN')
)
for regexp, var_name in t:
  match = regexp.match( some_string )
  if match != None:
  # now the *magic* exec statement comes...
exec var_name + ' = match.groups()[0]' in globals(), locals()
  else:
  # here we put the code, that will assign None to the variable
exec var_name + ' = None'
return var1, var2, var3, ..., varN

But I *still* don't understand, why this code works, if I operate on a
copy of the local namespace dict...

Of course, I can do the same thing in a different matter - by using a
dictionary. And perhaps I will. But I still want to know, how the exec
statement works.

* * *

My problem is more complicated, that the presented example. In general,
my problem is: how to create a local variable by executing the Python
code, that isn't known at the moment of writing the program? In another
words: I have to create a local variable, whose name will be known at
the runtime, in a nested function.

Is it possible, or have I to use dictionaries, instead of exec
statement used to modify local namespaces?

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Future Warning with Negative Int

[brianlum]

Hi,

If I try to print a negative integer as a hexadecimal, I get the
following error:
FutureWarning: %u/%o/%x/%X of negative int will return a signed string
in Python 2.4 and up

For example:
>>> print "%X" % -1
__main__:1: FutureWarning: %u/%o/%x/%X of negative int will return a
signed string in Python 2.4 and up


Does that mean that in the future it will say -1 or -?  Also,
how do I suppress this warning?

Thanks,
Brian

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Re: List of all syntactic sugar?

[Bas]

>That kind of depends on what you mean by syntactic sugar.

Mightbe I was misusing the name of syntactic sugar, but I what I
intended to say was "all the possible 'transformations' that can be
made to reduce all the 'advanced' syntax to some sort of minimal core
of the language".

Bas

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nested functions

[micklee74]

hi
just curious , if i have a code like this?

def a():
  def b():
print "b"
  def c():
print "c"

how can i call c() ??

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GdkColor : the phantom class ?

[Thomas Girod]

Hi.

No matter how I try, I just can't find this GdkColor class. I'm trying
to convert some data into a pixmap in order to display it. Here is my
code :

import pygtk
pygtk.require('2.0')
import gtk
xbm = """#define dump_width 4
#define dump_height 4
static unsigned char dump_bits[] = { 0xaa, 0x6c, 0x55, 0x58, 0x4f,
0x4d, 0xb, 0x9b, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0x1d, 0xd5, 0x61, 0xa4, 0xd8, 0x78,  };"""

class Ex:
def __init__(self):
window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)
window.show()

pixmap = gtk.gdk.pixmap_create_from_data(window.window,
##display
 xbm, ##data
 28,28, ##width/height
 8, ##depth
 fg,bg)

image = gtk.Image()
image.set_from_pixmap(pixmap, None)
image.show()

def main(self):
gtk.main()
return 0

e = Ex()
e.main()

--
The error comes from fg / bg. It says this have to be of type GdkColor,
but I can't find this class anywhere.

Plus, can anyone explain me the utility of those parameters, as I don't
understand the need to set a background and a foreground when you fill
every damn pixel with data ...

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Re: telnet read_sb_data

[Arne]

Thank you for your reply.

Yes I have read the documentation. But I am not sure what is the SB/SE 
suboption. Is this a suboption on the remote machine or for Python.
Maybe you could be so kind and explain it to me with a little code example.

Thany you very much!
Arne

"Dennis Lee Bieber" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> schrieb im Newsbeitrag 
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> On Thu, 13 Apr 2006 23:45:06 +0200, "Arne" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> declaimed the following in comp.lang.python:
>
>> 1. What I look for is the option to get only certain parts of the output. 
>> It
>> seems to me that the command "read_sb_data" can do this. The 
>> documentation
>> says, that I will get the data between the SB/SE pair. But I don't know 
>> how
>> to invoke the SE command in Unix. Even I don't know the SE command.
>>
> Did you read the full documentation? "SB/SE" are "suboption
> begin/end", and there is also mention of a "callback". The ONLY other
> entry in telnetlib that mentions callbacks is the one for negotiating
> telnet options.
>
> read_sb_data( )
> Return the data collected between a SB/SE pair (suboption begin/end).
> The callback should access these data when it was invoked with a SE
> command. This method never blocks.
>
> set_option_negotiation_callback( callback)
> Each time a telnet option is read on the input flow, this callback (if
> set) is called with the following parameters : callback(telnet socket,
> command (DO/DONT/WILL/WONT), option). No other action is done afterwards
> by telnetlib.
>
>
>> Using os.stat(path) doesen't work on XP, I am always getting a 0 return
>
> No surprise -- os.stat can only access files mounted on the local
> machine. Telnet is remote /terminal/ connection. You'll have to behave
> like a terminal... How would you, as a user at a terminal, know when any
> command had finished? Probably by seeing a console prompt...
>
> Try
>
> read_until( expected[, timeout])
> Read until a given string, expected, is encountered or until timeout
> seconds have passed.
> When no match is found, return whatever is available instead, possibly
> the empty string. Raise EOFError if the connection is closed and no
> cooked data is available.
>
> You'll have to know what the prompt string will be...
> -- 
> > == <
> >   [EMAIL PROTECTED]  | Wulfraed  Dennis Lee Bieber  KD6MOG <
> >  [EMAIL PROTECTED] |   Bestiaria Support Staff   <
> > == <
> >   Home Page: <
> >Overflow Page: < 


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%g not the same as %e or %f

[Kent Johnson]

According to the docs, %g formatting is "Same as "e" if exponent is
greater than -4 or less than precision, "f" otherwise." So I would
expect that for any num, '%g'%num == '%e'%num or '%g'%num == '%f'%num.
But this is not the case in fact:

Python 2.4.3 (#69, Mar 29 2006, 17:35:34) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on
win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

In [1]: num = 1234567898.2345678945

In [2]: print "%g\n%e\n%f" % (num,num,num)
1.23457e+009
1.234568e+009
1234567898.234568

In [3]: num = 1234.456789

In [4]: print "%g\n%e\n%f" % (num,num,num)
1234.46
1.234457e+003
1234.456789

So I'm wondering if the docs are wrong or the implementation is wrong or
there's something I don't understand?

Thanks,
Kent
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Re: Kross - Start of a Unified Scripting Approach

[has]

Jerry wrote:
> Kind of like AppleScript then?

Same fundamental goal, i.e. language-independent application scripting.
They seem to have a similar sort of approach to decoupling a scripting
language from its host application (Kross::API::ScriptManager vs. the
Open Scripting Architecture API) but a very different approach to the
intercommunication part.

Kross appears to create native language wrappers for the application's
public (C++) classes; nothing fancy, but pretty straightforward. Mac
apps use serialised procedure calls containing first-class queries and
other arguments to describe the action to perform and the application
object(s) to use in that action. A query engine in the application
framework (e.g. Cocoa Scripting) locates the actual object(s) and
applies the appropriate action to them. Much higher level of
abstraction and a lot more sophisticated, though it can be a bit tricky
for application developers to implement (for the same reason).

Plus I get the impression that Kross doesn't do interprocess yet
although it's on the cards, presumably using something like proxy
objects and dbus to provide the bridge. With Macs you only need OSA for
intraprocess communication; the Apple Event Manager, which handles the
messaging part, can pass messages between processes as well.

> Sorry, just starting to learn about some of this stuff (CLI, CLR, CIL,
> etc...) and am interested in understanding better.

As far as how the Mac does it, here's an old but good paper on the
basic principles involved if you want to know more:

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/wcook/papers/AppleScript/AppleScript95.pdf

I couldn't find a nice, simple overview of the Kross system. You should
be able to form a rough impression from reading through the following
links, although some better examples of calling Kexi from scripts would
help:

http://wiki.kde.org/tiki-index.php?page=kross
http://www.kexi-project.org/wiki/wikiview/index.php?Scripting
http://www.kexi-project.org/docs/cvs-api/html/namespaceKross.html

HTH

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Re: nested functions

[Kent Johnson]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> hi
> just curious , if i have a code like this?
> 
> def a():
>   def b():
> print "b"
>   def c():
> print "c"
> 
> how can i call c() ??

c is a name in the local scope of a(). You can call c from within a, 
where the name is in scope, or you can return c or in some other way 
make the value available in some other scope:

In [5]: def a():
...: def c():
...: print 'called c'
...: c()
...: return c
...:

In [6]: cc=a()
called c

In [7]: cc()
called c

Kent
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Re: nested functions

[Szabolcs Berecz]

On 14 Apr 2006 04:37:54 -0700, [EMAIL PROTECTED]
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> def a():
>   def b():
> print "b"
>   def c():
> print "c"
>
> how can i call c() ??

Function c() is not meant to be called from outside function a().
That's what a nested function is for: localizing it's usage and
prevent cluttering the global namespace

Szabi
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Re: GdkColor : the phantom class ?

[Thomas Girod]

I found an answer :

color = gtk.gdk.Color()

and then use color for fg et bg

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Re: list.clear() missing?!?

[Ben C]

On 2006-04-14, Sergei Organov <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>>  It always means bind... But if the LHS is a mutable object, AND you
>> have specified a component of that object, it is the component that is
>> being rebound...
>>
>>  lst[:] = [] 

>> [...]

> Me gets corrected, thanks. Now I need to unroll my mind somewhat back to
> figure out when and why I started to believe it sometimes assigns ;)

I used to think it assigned with things like integers, because if you
write:

a = 5
b = a
b += 1
print a

a is still 5. So it looked like a and b stored values and b got a "copy"
of a's value. But this is the wrong interpretation,

b += 1

is really b = b + 1, and rebinds b.

You can see what's really going on if you use the id() function on a and
b during these operations.

The other reason for the confusion is that I think in Java a variable
either stores a value, in the case of numbers, or a reference in the
case of objects (or a copy-on-write reference, which behaves like a
value, in the case of strings). In Python it's better to think of it as
always a reference, and to think in terms of immutable vs. mutable
objects that are referred to.

If it weren't for the id() function I think the difference between
"variable stores value", "variable stores immutable reference" and
"variable stores copy-on-write reference" would be implementation detail
and never visible to the programmer. That's why it's easy to be
"confused"-- most of the time these interpretations are equivalent, so
it doesn't matter which you work with.
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Re: requestion regarding regular expression

[Kent Johnson]

Kelie wrote:
> Hello,
> 
> I'm trying to analyze some autolisp code with python.  In the file to
> be analyzed there are many functions.  Each function begins with a
> "defun" statement.  And before that, there may or may not have comment
> line(s), which begins with ";".  My goal is to export each function
> into separate files, with comments, if there is any.  Below is the code
> that I'm struggling with:
> 
> [code]
> 
> path = "C:\\AutoCAD\\LSP\\Sub.lsp"
> string = file(path, 'r').read()
> 
> import re
> pat = "\\;+.+\\n\\(DEFUN"
> p = re.compile(pat,re.I)
> 
> iterator = p.finditer(string)
> spans = [match.span() for match in iterator]
> 
> for i in range(min(15, len(spans))):
> print string[spans[i][0]:spans[i][1]]
> 
> [/code]
> 
> The code above runs fine.  But it only takes care of the situation in
> which there is exactly one comment line above the "defun" statement.

ISTM you don't need regex here, a simple line processor will work. 
Something like this (untested):

path = "C:\\AutoCAD\\LSP\\Sub.lsp"
lines = open(path).readlines()

# Find the starts of all the functions
starts = [i for i, line in enumerate(lines) if line.startswith('(DEFUN')]

# Check for leading comments
for i, start in starts:
   while start > 0 and lines[start-1].startswith(';'):
 starts[i] = start = start-1

# Now starts should be a list of line numbers for the start of each function

Kent
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Re: List of all syntactic sugar?

[Diez B. Roggisch]

> That kind of depends on what you mean by syntactic sugar. For instance, I
> wouldn't call any of your examples syntactic sugar. 

AFAIK that is exactly what syntactic sugar means. Apart from non-strictness,
all syntax can be expressed by function application. Even 

foo.bar()

is nothing but

bar(self)

So - he used the term right I'd say.

Regards,

Diez
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Searching and MySQL module stuff

[broz]

Thx for the help in finding the search page for this mailing list!!
BartlebyScrivener pointed me to the right place.

>From there
http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python
, I found what I needed

I also discovered I can load mysql-python on my mac fairly easily, if I use
Darwin Ports. 
http://darwinports.opendarwin.org/

Rock and roll!

Thx all!


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Loop with float increments (frange)?

[forum]

Hi!

what's the standard way for a "for" loop with float increments?

Anton

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IMPORTANT 2.5 API changes for C Extension Modules and Embedders

[Neal Norwitz]

If you don't write or otherwise maintain Python Extension Modules
written in C (or C++) or embed Python in your application,
you can stop reading.

Python 2.5 alpha 1 was released April 5, 2006.  The second alpha
should be released in a few weeks.  There are several changes
which can cause C extension modules or embedded applications
to crash the interpreter if not fixed.  Periodically, I will send out
these reminders with updated information until 2.5 is released.

  * support for 64-bit sequences (eg, > 2GB strings)
  * memory allocation modifications

64-bit changes
--
There are important changes that are in 2.5 to support 64-bit systems.
The 64-bit changes can cause Python to crash if your module is not upgraded
to support the changes.  Python was changed internally to use 64-bit
values on 64-bit machines for indices.  If you've got a machine with
more than 16 GB of RAM, it would be great if you can test Python with
large (> 2GB) strings and other sequences.

For more details about the Python 2.5 schedule:
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0356/
For more details about the 64-bit change:
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0353/
How to fix your module:
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0353/#conversion-guidelines

The effbot wrote a program to check your code and find potential
problems with the 64-bit APIs.
http://svn.effbot.python-hosting.com/stuff/sandbox/python/ssizecheck.py

Memory Allocation Modifications
---
In previous versions of Python, it was possible to use different
families of APIs (PyMem_* vs. PyObject_*) to allocate and free
the same block of memory.  APIs in these families include:

  PyMem_*:PyMem_Malloc, PyMem_Realloc, PyMem_Free,
  PyObject_*: PyObject_Malloc, PyObject_Realloc, PyObject_Free

There are a few other APIs with similar names and also the macro variants.

In 2.5, if allocate a block of memory with one family, you must reallocate
or free with the same family.  That means:

  If you allocate with PyMem_Malloc (or MALLOC), you must reallocate
  with PyMem_Realloc (or REALLOC) and free with PyMem_Free (or FREE).
  If you allocate with PyObject_Malloc (or MALLOC), you must reallocate
  with PyObject_Realloc (or REALLOC) and free with PyObject_Free (or FREE).

Using inconsistent APIs can cause double frees or otherwise crash
the interpreter.  It is fine to mix and match functions or macros
within the same family.

Please test and upgrade your extension modules!

Cheers,
n
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Re: Kross - Start of a Unified Scripting Approach

[Jerry]

Awesome, thanks for the explaination.  It was very informative.

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Re: best way to install python modules on linux

[Fabian Braennstroem]

Hi Harry,

* Harry George <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Fabian Braennstroem <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>> Hi,
>> 
>> I am pretty new to python and will use it mainly in
>> combination with scientific packages. I am running ubuntu
>> breezy right now and see that some packages are out of date.
>> Do you have any suggestion, how I can get/keep the latest
>> python modules (e.g. scipy, numpy,...) on my ubuntu system?
>> I.e. does there exist any script/program, which downloads
>> and installs automatically the latest stable releases of selected
>> modules? It would be nice, if the program can remove the
>> installed modules, too!?
>> 
>> Or would it be easier to stick to apt/deb and create own
>> packages ...
>> 
>> 
>> Greetings!
>>  Fabian
>> 
>
> I find it helpful to leave the as-delivered Python (e.g.,
> /usr/bin/python) as-is.  It is being used to run your basic Linux
> system.  Screwing around with it can have nasty side effects.  Instead
> I build a new one at /usr/local, give it a unique name, and
> upgrade/hack that one to my heart's content.  E.g., if the base system
> is using Python 2.2, you can be running Python 2.4 as
> /usr/local/bin/py24, and add all the numerical packages you wish at
> use/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages.  Also, make sure root doesn't
> have /usr/local/bin on its PATH (which is a good rule anyway).

Maybe, I should consider this, too. Thanks!

Greetings!
 Fabian

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Re: Why new Python 2.5 feature "class C()" return old-style class ?

[Christophe]

Aahz a écrit :
> In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
> Felipe Almeida Lessa  <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> 
>>Em Ter, 2006-04-11 Ã s 07:17 -0700, Aahz escreveu:
>>
>>>Can, yes.  But should it?  The whole point of adding the () option to
>>>classes was to ease the learning process for newbies who don't
>>>understand why classes have a different syntax from functions.  Having
>>>
>>>class C(): pass
>>>
>>>behave differently from
>>>
>>>class C: pass
>>>
>>>would be of no benefit for that purpose.
>>
>>Why should a newbie use an old-style class?
> 
> 
> Because that's the default.  Because lots of existing code still uses
> classic classes, so you need to learn them anyway.  Because you can't use
> new-style classes in code intended for 2.1 or earlier; because of the
> changes made in 2.3, I don't particularly recommend new-style classes for
> 2.2.  Because even the second edition of _Learning Python_ (targeted at
> Python 2.3) doesn't cover new-style classes much, so I'm certainly not
> alone in believing that new-style classes are better avoided for newbies.

Well, old-style classes are perfect to confuse the newbie. After all, 
there's nothing like adding a "property" in a class and wondering why 
it does not work as expected.

What would be a language without horrible pitfalls ? Newbies would have 
it easy and they have no right for an easy language !
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Re: %g not the same as %e or %f

[Fredrik Lundh]

Kent Johnson wrote:

> According to the docs, %g formatting is "Same as "e" if exponent is
> greater than -4 or less than precision, "f" otherwise." So I would
> expect that for any num, '%g'%num == '%e'%num or '%g'%num == '%f'%num.
> But this is not the case in fact:
>
> Python 2.4.3 (#69, Mar 29 2006, 17:35:34) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on
> win32
> Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>
> In [1]: num = 1234567898.2345678945
>
> In [2]: print "%g\n%e\n%f" % (num,num,num)
> 1.23457e+009
> 1.234568e+009
> 1234567898.234568
>
> In [3]: num = 1234.456789
>
> In [4]: print "%g\n%e\n%f" % (num,num,num)
> 1234.46
> 1.234457e+003
> 1234.456789
>
> So I'm wondering if the docs are wrong or the implementation is wrong or
> there's something I don't understand?

format != result.  the phrase "same format" refers to decimal format vs.
exponential format (see the descriptions of %e and %f in the same table),
not the contents of the output string.

(both formats use the same precision value, but %g interprets it as number
of significant digits, while %f and %e interprets it as number of decimals).

the C standard uses the word "style" instead:

e) The double argument shall be converted in the style "[-]d.ddde±dd",
where there is one digit before the radix character (which is non-zero
if the argument is non-zero) and the number of digits after it is equal
to the precision /.../

f) The double argument shall be converted to decimal notation in the
style "[-]ddd.ddd", where the number of digits after the radix character
is equal to the precision specification /.../

g) The double argument shall be converted in the style f or e (or in
the style F or E in the case of a G conversion specifier), with the 
precision
specifying the number of significant digits /.../





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Re: Upgrading and modules

[BartlebyScrivener]

Are you saying you're on Windows?

If so, try:

http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePython/

It's a one-click, msi install with everything you need for win32,
including IDE etc.

Only thing to watch for is that sometimes the msi file won't install
from a logical drive other than c:\. So if you get a file access error
or something, copy the install file to the root of your c:\ drive and
double-click on it.

I'm sure someone else will come along with advice for the Python.org
installation.

rick

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Re: telnet read_sb_data

[Grant Edwards]

On 2006-04-14, Arne <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> Yes I have read the documentation. But I am not sure what is
> the SB/SE suboption. Is this a suboption on the remote machine
> or for Python. Maybe you could be so kind and explain it to me
> with a little code example.

SB/SE are used for telnet protocol option negotation for telnet
protocol options that are more complicated that just on/off.
It has absolutely nothing to do with what you're trying to do.

For more info, read the RFC on the telnet protocol option
negotiation:

  http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc855.html

Here's another decent article:

  http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~jphb/comms/telnet.html

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  at   feel... JUGULAR...
   visi.com
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Re: nested functions

[Fredrik Lundh]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

> just curious , if i have a code like this?
>
> def a():
>   def b():
> print "b"
>   def c():
> print "c"
>
> how can i call c() ??

in the same way as you'd access the variable "c" in this example:

def a():
c = 10

(that is, by calling the function and accessing the local variable "c"
from the inside.  in both cases, "c" lives in the local namespace, and
doesn't exist at all unless you call the function).





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zlib and zip files

[Jan Prochazka]

Hi,
I need to decompress zip archive. I wrote a parser of zip file, i obtain
the compressed data, but when i call zlib.decompress(data) on them,
it throws this error:

decbuf = decompressor.decompress(compressed_data)

error: Error -3 while decompressing: unknown compression method

I try to compress by zlib the same data which are in that file, the
result was 6 bytes bigger, '\x78\xda' on begin and '\xc9\x1f\x87\x0b' on end
when i tried to put this extending data to zlib decompressor, it
decompress some files of zip archive, but it fails, when i try to
decompress 100MB file from archive

could you help, please?
thanks
Honza

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zlib && zip files

[Jan Prochazka]

Hi,
I need to decompress zip archive. I wrote a parser of zip file, i obtain 
the compressed data, but when i call zlib.decompress(data) on them,
it throws this error:

decbuf = decompressor.decompress(compressed_data)

error: Error -3 while decompressing: unknown compression method

I try to compress by zlib the same data which are in that file, the 
result was 6 bytes bigger, '\x78\xda' on begin and '\xc9\x1f\x87\x0b' on end
when i tried to put this extending data to zlib decompressor, it 
decompress some files of zip archive, but it fails, when i try to 
decompress 100MB file from archive

could you help, please?
thanks
Honza
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Re: nested functions

[Thomas Bartkus]

<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> hi
> just curious , if i have a code like this?
>
> def a():
>   def b():
> print "b"
>   def c():
> print "c"
>
> how can i call c() ??

Your function 'a' is it's own little world where functions 'b' and 'c'
exist.
Your code inside 'a' can call 'b' or 'c' - neat as you please.

BUT 'b' and 'c' simply do not exist outside the 'a' world.  This is perfect
because you are in control - building worlds according to your own design.
Had it not been your intention to hide 'b' and 'c', you would not have
isolated them in this manner inside of  'a' .

I, for one, am so glad to have nested functions again ;-)
Thomas Bartkus


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Re: Loop with float increments (frange)?

[Dan Sommers]

On 14 Apr 2006 06:11:38 -0700,
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

> what's the standard way for a "for" loop with float increments?

Use a while loop instead:

f = initial_value
while f <= final_value:
process(f)
f = f + increment

Note that there is no general guarantee that f will actually be
final_value; see also .

Regards,
Dan

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"I wish people would die in alphabetical order." -- My wife, the genealogist
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Re: nested functions

[Fredrik Lundh]

Thomas Bartkus wrote:

> I, for one, am so glad to have nested functions again ;-)

again ?

Python has always supported nested functions.  it's the scoping rules
that have changed; before the change from LGB to LEGB, you had to
explictly import objects from outer scopes.





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Re: Loop with float increments (frange)?

[Diez B. Roggisch]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

> Hi!
> 
> what's the standard way for a "for" loop with float increments?

AFAIK there is no, but you should be easily able to write an frange
yourself:


def frange(from, to, step):
while from < to:
   yield from
   from += step

for x in frange(10.5, 23.4, 0.3):
   print x


Diez
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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Steven Bethard]

Duncan Booth wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
> 
>> Should users of the make statement be able to determine in which dict
>> object the code is executed?  The make statement could look for a
>> ``__make_dict__`` attribute and call it to allow things like::
>>
>>  make Element html:
>>  make Element body:
>>  make Element h1:
>>  '''First heading text'''
>>  make Element h1:
>>  '''Second heading text'''
> 
[snip]
> There is another effect which should be considered here. If you allow 
> Element to create an object to be used as the namespace, then as well as 
> doing special tracking when values are set in the namespace it can also 
> pre-seed it with names which magically appear in scope within the make.
> 
> e.g.
> 
> make Element html:
> make Element body:
> make Element p:
> text('But this ')
> make Element strong:
>  text('could')
> text(' be made to work')

This is nice.  I'll have to play around with it a bit to see how hard it 
would be to make it work.

STeVe
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Embedding python and multiple separate scripts

[Stefan D]

Hi,

I'm trying to embed python into an chat bot I've made in c++. After 
googling around and reading docs for almost a day I have a few 
questions. First of all it seems like the best way to be able to run 
separate scripts in different, isolated environments is to create a 
sub-interpreter (by using Py_NewInterprete()) with an associated thread 
for each script/file. Or is this wrong?

The big problem I have is when I want to call a python function. When 
loading a script I use the following code:
 PyEval_AcquireLock(); // get global lock so we can create a new interpreter
 threadState = Py_NewInterpreter(); // create a new sub-interpreter and 
get a pointer to the first thread
 PyThreadState_Swap(threadState); // switch to our new thread state
 appModule = PyImport_AddModule("hostapp"); // create a module for this 
program
 PyModule_AddIntConstant(appModule, "SEVENTEEN", 17); // set a test constant
 FILE* fp = fopen(filename, "r"); // load the python script file
 PyRun_SimpleFile(fp, filename);
 fclose(fp);
 PyEval_ReleaseThread(threadState); // set current thread state to NULL 
and release global lock

When loading a script that contains:
 import hostapp
 print "test: ",hostapp.SEVENTEEN

it prints out "test: 17" nicely after the call to PyRun_SimpleFile(...). 
So far so good, but the problem starts when I try to call a python 
function from c++. Here's the code that isn't working:
 PyEval_AcquireThread(threadState);
 PyObject* func = PyDict_GetItemString(PyImport_GetModuleDict(), 
"testfunc");
 if(PyCallable_Check(func)) {
   // never get this far
 }
 PyEval_ReleaseThread(threadState);

PyDict_GetItemString always return NULL for me, although I've defined 
the function as:
 def testfunc():
   print "hi there"

in the python file. Running PyRun_SimpleString("testfunc()\n") just 
after  PyEval_AcquireThread() works like a charm though. Any ideas? I 
kinda get the feeling that I don't get the dict from 
PyImport_GetModuleDict() that I'm expecting.

Thanks in advance..
/Stefan

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Re: zlib and zip files

[Michael Ekstrand]

Jan Prochazka wrote:
> Hi,
> I need to decompress zip archive. I wrote a parser of zip file, i obtain
> the compressed data, but when i call zlib.decompress(data) on them,
> it throws this error:
> 
> decbuf = decompressor.decompress(compressed_data)
> 
> error: Error -3 while decompressing: unknown compression method
> 
> I try to compress by zlib the same data which are in that file, the
> result was 6 bytes bigger, '\x78\xda' on begin and '\xc9\x1f\x87\x0b' on end
> when i tried to put this extending data to zlib decompressor, it
> decompress some files of zip archive, but it fails, when i try to
> decompress 100MB file from archive
> 
> could you help, please?

The zlib module is for reading and writing the gzip compression format, 
used by the gzip program; it is not the same as a zip archive a la 
PKZip.  The zipfile module will let you read and write zip archives.

- Michael

-- 
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 -- Fortune
Visit me on the Web: http://www.elehack.net
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Re: requestion regarding regular expression

[BartlebyScrivener]

Kent,

Running

path = "d:/emacs files/emacsinit.txt"
lines = open(path).readlines()
# my defun lines are lowercase,
# next two lines are all on one
starts = [i for i, line in enumerate(lines) if
line.startswith('(defun')]
for i, start in starts:
while start > 0 and lines[start-1].startswith(';'):
starts[i] = start = start-1
print starts

I get

File "D:\Python\findlines.py", line 7, in __main__
for i, start in starts:
TypeError: unpack non-sequence

Also, I don't understand the "i for i", but I don't understand a lot of
things yet :)

thanks,

rick

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Re: requestion regarding regular expression

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 07:47 -0700, BartlebyScrivener escreveu:
> starts = [i for i, line in enumerate(lines) if
> line.startswith('(defun')]

This line makes a list of integers. enumerate gives you a generator that
yields tuples consisting of (integer, object), and by "i for i, line"
you unpack the tuple into "(i, line)" and pick just "i".

> for i, start in starts:

Here you try to unpack the elements of the list "starts" into "(i,
start)", but as we saw above the list contains just "i", so an exception
is raised. 

I don't know what you want, but...

starts = [i, line for i, line in enumerate(lines) if
line.startswith('(defun')]

or

starts = [x for x in enumerate(lines) if x[1].startswith('(defun')]

...may (or may not) solve your problem.

-- 
Felipe.

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Re: zlib and zip files

[Jan Prochazka]

Michael Ekstrand napsal(a):

> Jan Prochazka wrote:
>
>> Hi,
>> I need to decompress zip archive. I wrote a parser of zip file, i obtain
>> the compressed data, but when i call zlib.decompress(data) on them,
>> it throws this error:
>>
>> decbuf = decompressor.decompress(compressed_data)
>>
>> error: Error -3 while decompressing: unknown compression method
>>
>> I try to compress by zlib the same data which are in that file, the
>> result was 6 bytes bigger, '\x78\xda' on begin and '\xc9\x1f\x87\x0b' 
>> on end
>> when i tried to put this extending data to zlib decompressor, it
>> decompress some files of zip archive, but it fails, when i try to
>> decompress 100MB file from archive
>>
>> could you help, please?
>
>
> The zlib module is for reading and writing the gzip compression 
> format, used by the gzip program; it is not the same as a zip archive 
> a la PKZip.  The zipfile module will let you read and write zip archives.
>
> - Michael
>
Yes, zipfile can read zip format, but i need to read nad write big files 
to zip archive, and zipfile.ZipFile object can only write or read 
strings stored in memory. (i need the ZipFile.read() method to return 
file-like object, not string). also any variant of write method don't 
accpet file-like object
The gzip compressor and decompressor can work on the fly , but the 
format that it produces is a bit other than the format of compressed 
data zipfile (but it differs only in 6 bytes described, so i think, it 
shoud by possible to create and parse zipfile only using zlib module).

Here is my module for parsing zip files:

import struct, zlib

class ZipHeaderEntry:
name = ''
offset = 0
uncomlen = 0
comlen = 0
   
class ZipStream:
entries = []
fd = None # file like object
   
def __init__(self, fd):
self.fd = fd
self.entries = []

class ZipWriteStream(ZipStream):
pass

class ZipReadStream(ZipStream):
cbytesleft = 0
ubytesleft = 0
dec = None # decompress object
decbuf = None
writed_footer = False
   
def __init__(self, fd):
ZipStream.__init__(self, fd)
self.read_directory()

def open_entry(self, entry):
self.fd.seek(entry.offset)   
self.dec = zlib.decompressobj()
self.ubytesleft = entry.uncomlen
self.cbytesleft = entry.comlen
print 'ubytes=', self.ubytesleft, 'cbytes=', self.cbytesleft
self.read_header()
self.dec.decompress('\x78\xda', 0) # patch bytes on the begin of 
compressed buffer
self.decbuf = ''
self.writed_footer = False

def decompress_next(self):
assert len(self.decbuf) == 0
rbytes = 0x1000
if rbytes > self.cbytesleft: rbytes = self.cbytesleft
udata = self.fd.read(rbytes)
self.cbytesleft -= rbytes
self.decbuf = self.dec.decompress(udata)
if self.cbytesleft == 0 and not self.writed_footer:
self.decbuf += self.dec.decompress('\xc9\x1f\x87\x0b') # 
patch bytes on the end of compressed buffer
self.writed_footer = True

def read(self, bytes = None):
if bytes is None: bytes = self.ubytesleft
if bytes > self.ubytesleft: bytes = self.ubytesleft
res = ''
while bytes > 0:
s = self.decbuf[:bytes]
self.decbuf = self.decbuf[bytes:]
self.ubytesleft -= len(s)
res += s
bytes -= len(s)
if bytes > 0:
self.decompress_next()
return res

def open_file(self, filename):
for entry in self.entries:
if entry.name.upper() == filename.upper():
return self.open_entry(entry)
raise Exception('File not found in archive: %s' % filename)
   

def read_header(self):
hdr = self.fd.read(0x1E)
hdrvalues = struct.unpack('=HLLLHH', hdr)
sigp, sigk, sig3, sig4, ver, flag, method, tm, dt, crc, uncsize, 
comsize, fnlen, extlen = hdrvalues
assert sigp == 'P' and sigk == 'K' and sig3 == '\x03' and sig4 
== '\x04'
name = self.fd.read(fnlen)
extra = self.fd.read(extlen)
print name

def read_directory(self):
self.fd.seek(0, 2)
size = self.fd.tell()
dpos = 0x1000
if dpos > size: dpos = size
self.fd.seek(-dpos, 1)
enddata = self.fd.read()
index = enddata.find('PK\x05\x06')
assert index >= 0
enddata = enddata[index: index + 0x16]
sig, ndisk, ndiskc, entriesdisk, entries, dirsize, dirofs, 
comlen = struct.unpack('=LLLH', enddata)
   
self.fd.seek(dirofs)

for i in xrange(entries):
cdirdata = self.fd.read(0x2E)
hdrvalues = struct.unpack('=LLLLHLL', cdirdata)
(sig, vermade, hosts, verex, osver, flag, method, dt, tm, crc,
csize, uncsize, fnlen, extlen, comlen, disknum, fileattr, 
extattr, fileofs) = hdrvalues
name = self.fd.read(fnlen)

Re: zlib and zip files

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 17:14 +0200, Jan Prochazka escreveu:
> Here is my module for parsing zip files:

1) Have you checked the source of Python's zipfile module?

> import struct, zlib
> 
> class ZipHeaderEntry:
> name = ''
> offset = 0
> uncomlen = 0
> comlen = 0

2) You know that those variables are *class* vars, not instance vars,
right?

3) I didn't read your code, but have you considered
http://pyconstruct.sourceforge.net/ ?

-- 
Felipe.

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Re: Iterating command switches from a data file - have a working solution but it seems inefficient

[Larry Bates]

News wrote:
> Hi everyone,
> 
> My goal is to pull command switches/options from a file and then assign
> the values to select variables which would eventually be included in a
> class object.
> 
> The data file looks something like this but the switches could be in any
> order and not all may be used.
> 
> -m quemanager -s server -p port -k key -o object -c 20 -t [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> 
> Also, please keep in mind that the source code will have more than one
> line in it and each has to be treaded separately.
> 
> 
> In a first pass, I wrote the following code which works but there is
> probably a better way of doing it.
> 
> Any ideas to make it more efficient/stream-lined would be greatly
> appreciated.
> 
> #!/usr/bin/python
> 
> import string
> inp = open("const.txt","r")
> #
> # Read File
> #
> 
> while True:
>   
> #
> # Get line from file
> #
>   line=inp.readline()
> 
> #
> # Check for EOF or break line up to extract relevant pieces
> #
> if len(line) == 0:
>   break
>   else:
>   split_line=line.split()
>   length=len(split_line)
>   count=0
>   
> #
> # Evaluate list item and assign variable based on its contents
> # Print statements are for debugging purposes only
> #
>   for i in range(length):
>   if split_line[count] == "-m":
>   qmgr=split_line[count+1]
>   print "Queue Manager",qmgr;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-s":
>   server=split_line[count+1]
>   print "Server",server;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-p":
>   port=split_line[count+1]
>   print "Port",port;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-o":
>   object=split_line[count+1]
>   print "Object",object;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-k":
>   key=split_line[count+1]
>   print "Key",key;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-t":
>   mto=split_line[count+1]
>   print "To",mto; 
>   elif split_line[count] == "-c":
>   check=split_line[count+1]   
>   print "Check",check;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-d":
>   report=""
>   print "Report",report;
>   elif split_line[count] == "-q":
>   display=False
>   print "Display",display;
>   else:
>   continue
>   
>   count=count+1
> 
> # Close input file
> #
> inp.close()
> 

Others have addressed your specific question.  I'm going to make
a different suggestion.  Change your thinking so that you can use
ConfigParser to get your values from a .INI/.CONF file instead.
The file would look something like:

[section001]
m=queuemanager
server=myserver
port=1080
key=somekey
object=someobject
c=20
[EMAIL PROTECTED]

[section002]
.
. If you have many of these just put things in a loop
. and process each section
.



You can then read with (not tested):

import ConfigParser
inifilename='program.ini'
INI=ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
INI.read(inifilename)
section='section001'
option='m'
try: m=INI.get(section, option)
except: m=None
option='server'
try: server=INI.get(section, option)
except: server=None
option='port'
try: port=INI.getint(section, option)
except: port=None # Or set to default port
option='key'
try: key=INI.get(section, option)
except: key=None
option='object'
try: object=INI.get(section, option)
except: object=None
option='c'
try: c=INI.getint(section, option)
except: c=None
option='emailtolist'
try: emailtolist=INI.get(section, option).split(';')
except: emailtolist=None


Just a suggestion.

-Larry Bates
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Re: Loop with float increments (frange)?

[Tim Peters]

[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>> what's the standard way for a "for" loop with float increments?

[Dan Sommers]
> Use a while loop instead:
>
> f = initial_value
> while f <= final_value:
> process(f)
> f = f + increment
>
> Note that there is no general guarantee that f will actually be
> final_value; see also .

There's no guarantee that the `while` loop will execute "the expected"
number of times either, and it's generally a Bad Idea to do "f +=
increment" inside the loop:  the value of f suffers an additional
rounding error on each iteration that way, potentially making it drift
away from "the expected" value more & more as the loop goes on.

Standard careful numeric practice is this way:

n = compute the number of iterations you want to make in total
for i in xrange(n):
process(initial_value + i * increment)

Then each value computed suffers a total of only two rounding errors
(one for the multiply, one for the add), independent of how large `n`
may be, and doesn't get worse as the loop goes on.
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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Steven Bethard]

Steven Bethard wrote:
> Duncan Booth wrote:
>> Steven Bethard wrote:
>>
>>> Should users of the make statement be able to determine in which dict
>>> object the code is executed?  The make statement could look for a
>>> ``__make_dict__`` attribute and call it to allow things like::
>>>
>>>  make Element html:
>>>  make Element body:
>>>  make Element h1:
>>>  '''First heading text'''
>>>  make Element h1:
>>>  '''Second heading text'''
>>
> [snip]
>> There is another effect which should be considered here. If you allow 
>> Element to create an object to be used as the namespace, then as well 
>> as doing special tracking when values are set in the namespace it can 
>> also pre-seed it with names which magically appear in scope within the 
>> make.
>>
>> e.g.
>>
>> make Element html:
>> make Element body:
>> make Element p:
>> text('But this ')
>> make Element strong:
>>  text('could')
>> text(' be made to work')
> 
> This is nice.  I'll have to play around with it a bit to see how hard it 
> would be to make it work.

Okay, I think it'll work[1].  I'm going to update this section to 
something more like:


Open Issues
===

...

Should users of the make statement be able to determine in which dict
object the code is executed?  This would allow the make statement to
be used in situations where a normal dict object would not suffice,
e.g. if order and repeated names must be allowed. Allowing this sort
of customization could allow XML to be written like::

 make Element html:
 make Element body:
 text('before first h1')
 make Element h1:
 attrib(style='first')
 text('first h1')
 tail('after first h1')
 make Element h1:
 attrib(style='second')
 text('second h1')
 tail('after second h1')

 assert etree.ElementTree.tostring(body) == '''\
 \
 \
 before first h1\
 first h1\
 after first h1\
 second h1\
 after second h1\
 \
 \
 '''

Assuming that the make statement calls the callable's
``__make_dict__`` to get the dict in which to execute the code, the
following should make the above make statements work::

 class Element(object):

 class __make_dict__(dict):

 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 self._super = super(Element.__make_dict__, self)
 self._super.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 self.elements = []
 self.text = None
 self.tail = None
 self.attrib = {}

 def __getitem__(self, name):
 try:
 return self._super.__getitem__(name)
 except KeyError:
 if name in ['attrib', 'text', 'tail']:
 return getattr(self, 'set_%s' % name)
 else:
 return globals()[name]

 def __setitem__(self, name, value):
 self._super.__setitem__(name, value)
 self.elements.append(value)

 def set_attrib(self, **kwargs):
 self.attrib = kwargs

 def set_text(self, text):
 self.text = text

 def set_tail(self, text):
 self.tail = text

 def __new__(cls, name, args, edict):
 get_element = etree.ElementTree.Element
 result = get_element(name, attrib=edict.attrib)
 result.text = edict.text
 result.tail = edict.tail
 for element in edict.elements:
 result.append(element)
 return result



[1] Here's the code I used to test it.

 >>> def make(callable, name, args, block_string):
... try:
... make_dict = callable.__make_dict__
... except AttributeError:
... make_dict = dict
... block_dict = make_dict()
... exec block_string in block_dict
... return callable(name, args, block_dict)
...
 >>> class Element(object):
... class __make_dict__(dict):
... def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
... self._super = super(Element.__make_dict__, self)
... self._super.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
... self.elements = []
... self.text = None
... self.tail = None
... self.attrib = {}
... def __getitem__(self, name):
... try:
... return self._super.__getitem__(name)
... except KeyError:
... if name in ['attrib', 'text', 'tail']:
... return getattr(self, 'set_%s' % name)
... else:
... return globals()[name]
... def __setitem__(self, name, value):
... self._super.__setitem__(name, value)
... self.element

Re: jpype and zxJDBC

[benchline]

I haven't compared them, and you may be exacly right.

Paul

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Re: Python editing with emacs/wordstar key bindings.

[BartlebyScrivener]

Yes, thanks. I was just going to reinstall anyway. That usually fixes
it.

Rick

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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 09:31 -0600, Steven Bethard escreveu:
> [1] Here's the code I used to test it.
> 
>  >>> def make(callable, name, args, block_string):
> ... try:
> ... make_dict = callable.__make_dict__
> ... except AttributeError:
> ... make_dict = dict
> ... block_dict = make_dict()
> ... exec block_string in block_dict
> ... return callable(name, args, block_dict)
> ...
>  >>> (snip)

I think it would be nice not to put those ">>>" and "..." to make copy
and paste easier. Okay, I know we can do "".join(line[4:] for line in
text), but that's just my humble opinion.

-- 
Felipe.

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Re: zlib and zip files

[Jan Prochazka]

Felipe Almeida Lessa napsal(a):

>Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 17:14 +0200, Jan Prochazka escreveu:
>  
>
>>Here is my module for parsing zip files:
>>
>>
>
>1) Have you checked the source of Python's zipfile module?
>  
>
Nice, i thought, that zipfile is written in C, it should be possible to 
solve my problem using these sources, thanks very much

>  
>
>>import struct, zlib
>>
>>class ZipHeaderEntry:
>>name = ''
>>offset = 0
>>uncomlen = 0
>>comlen = 0
>>
>>
>
>2) You know that those variables are *class* vars, not instance vars,
>right?
>  
>
yes i know, i use the fact, that class variables are implicit values for 
instance variables (also it is my style of documenting used instance 
variables and their types)

>3) I didn't read your code, but have you considered
>http://pyconstruct.sourceforge.net/ ?
>
>  
>
i use python standard module struct, which solves it
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Re: requestion regarding regular expression

[Kent Johnson]

BartlebyScrivener wrote:
> Kent,
> 
> Running
> 
> path = "d:/emacs files/emacsinit.txt"
> lines = open(path).readlines()
> # my defun lines are lowercase,
> # next two lines are all on one
> starts = [i for i, line in enumerate(lines) if
> line.startswith('(defun')]
> for i, start in starts:
> while start > 0 and lines[start-1].startswith(';'):
> starts[i] = start = start-1
> print starts
> 
> I get
> 
> File "D:\Python\findlines.py", line 7, in __main__
> for i, start in starts:
> TypeError: unpack non-sequence

Sorry, should be
   for i, start in enumerate(starts):

start is a specific start line, i is the index of that start line in the 
starts array (so the array can be modified in place).

Kent
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Including standalone="no" in XML declaration

[Stephen Briley]

I'm trying to learn about Python and XML.  I would like to be able
to add standalone="no" to my xml declaration when writing an xml file,
but I am unable to figure out how.  So far, I have the following
code:

import xml.dom.minidom
doc2 = xml.dom.minidom.Document()
print doc2.toxml('iso-8859-1')

Which produces the following XML declaration:


However, my goal is to have the XML declaration look like the following:
xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" 
standalone="no" ?>

The following link mentions "standalone" as a Document class variable,
but I am unsure how to make this work or even if I am on the right
track.
http://epydoc.sourceforge.net/stdlib/private/_xmlplus.dom.minidom.Document-class.html#encoding

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks.

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">>>" and "..." (WAS PEP 359: The "make" Statement)

[Steven Bethard]

Felipe Almeida Lessa wrote:
 > Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 09:31 -0600, Steven Bethard escreveu:
 >> [1] Here's the code I used to test it.
 >>
 >>  >>> def make(callable, name, args, block_string):
 >> ... try:
 >> ... make_dict = callable.__make_dict__
 >> ... except AttributeError:
 >> ... make_dict = dict
 >> ... block_dict = make_dict()
 >> ... exec block_string in block_dict
 >> ... return callable(name, args, block_dict)
 >> ...
 >>  >>> (snip)
 >
 > I think it would be nice not to put those ">>>" and "..." to make copy
 > and paste easier. Okay, I know we can do "".join(line[4:] for line in
 > text), but that's just my humble opinion.

Depends what you're copying and pasting to.  In PythonWin, you have to 
have the "... ", so I include it.

If you have an editor with block-select, you should just be able to 
select the appropriate section (ignoring the first four characters). 
TextPad is one such editor (on Windows), but I'm sure there are many 
others and hopefully if you're on Unix someone here can let you know 
what works there.

STeVe
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Re: list.clear() missing?!?

[Steven D'Aprano]

Raymond, I suspect we're not seeing eye to eye on this issue, but I do
appreciate you taking the time and effort. Thank you. My comments follow.

On Thu, 13 Apr 2006
09:34:46 -0700, Raymond Hettinger wrote:

> Both the pros and cons
> were quipped with abrupt perjoratives so the bullet points could be
> stated succinctly and with a bit of levity.  

Humour so often doesn't come across in text -- I didn't see the levity you
intended.


> "request is inane" --> "A generation of python programmers has found
> list clearing to be like other parts of the language that you get used
> to very quickly and do not prove to be a problem in practice.  The
> request is in the same category as others which challenge api choices
> made 16 years ago; in particular, the decision to have compact APIs
> where the named methods do not duplicate functionality provided by
> syntax using operators and keywords. The request is less of a bug
> report and more a rejection of Guido's sense of design and his
> subsequent experience using his own language."

Of course it isn't a bug report. It's a feature request.

As for Guido's sense of design, in *this particular instance* I think he
got it wrong. That's hardly a rejection of the man's overall design skills.

In any case, as the creator of Python, Guido has never seen the language
with the eyes of a Python beginner. All the more credit to him for
creating a language which is simultaneously friendly to beginners and
powerful for experts. But he isn't superhuman, his experience is not the
only experience. (True, as BDFL, his experience has the final vote, but
that's a whole different kettle of fish.)

A bit of searching on Google finds this issue coming up frequently. It
seems to me that there is a steady stream of Python programmers asking
"where's the list clear method?". Perhaps it isn't a monthly occurrence,
but it is still very common. That surely suggests that, as powerful
as slicing is, people aren't getting the connection between slicing and
emptying a list, and even when they do get it, many dislike it.

Since there is no evidence that these people are universally stupid, it
suggests strongly that the connection is too subtle. Some may protest that
the idiom is in the tutorial, that it is obvious once you know slicing and
del, but the fact is that many people aren't finding it obvious or
self-evident at all -- not even those who have read the tutorial.

Here is another possible solution: have the list.clear method be defined
this way:

def clear(self):
print "Haven't you read the tutorial? Use del self[:] or self[:] = []"

That at least will stop the procession of people asking how to clear a
list, and Fredrik won't have to spend his time telling them to read the
tutorial.

(Hey, if it's good enough for quit and exit... *wink*)


>> A list.clear method will make deleting items from a list more OO,
>> consistent with almost everything else you do to lists, and less
>> procedural. This is especially true if clear() takes an optional index (or
>> two), allowing sections of the list to be cleared, not just the entire
>> list.
> 
> Don't shoot yourself in the foot here.  If you want to advocate
> list.clear(), then you're hurting your chances by pushing for it to
> take an optional argument.  Essentially, this amounts to an
> unwillingness to use the del-keyword and to duplicate its functionality
> with a named method.

Deleting names from namespaces is conceptually distinct from deleting
components of compound objects like lists, and should be handled
differently: objects know their own contents, and can operate on
themselves, but they don't know what namespace they live in or what
name(s) they are known by. Deleting items from a list should be a case of
"object, operate on yourself", just like remove, append and so on, and
hence should be specified by an object method, not a keyword like del.

So you are right: I am uncomfortable having del do double duty to both
delete names and operate on the internals of compound objects. It feels
wrong to me. If insert were a keyword (as in "insert list[i:j], obj") it
would feel wrong to me too, and for the same reason.

I haven't been using Python for sixteen years, but at six years and
counting I'm not exactly a newbie. At first I accepted the del obj[:]
idiom implicitly -- the whole language was new to me, and it was no more
strange to me than any other Python syntax or idiom. But as I've got more
familiar with Python, the sense of two distinct concepts being
artificially forced into the same syntax has just gotten stronger.

As a pragmatist, I'd be happy to see a bare list.clear() method; that
would at least have the advantages of being easy to find with dir(list)
and accessible with help(). But as a purist, I really think it needs
optional arguments. Make of that what you will.



-- 
Steven.

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Passing a packed C structure to a c module

[Philippe Martin]

Hi,

Is it possible to define a packed C structure in python and pass it to the c
module, or should the wrapper do that ?

Regards,

Philippe

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instance variable weirdness

[wietse]

Hello,

I have written the following script to illustrate a problem in my code:

class BaseClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.collection = []

class MyClass(BaseClass):
def __init__(self, name, collection=[]):
BaseClass.__init__(self)
self.name = name
self.collection = collection

if __name__ == '__main__':
seq = []
inst = None
for i in xrange(5):
inst = MyClass(str(i))
inst.collection.append(i)
seq.append(inst)
inst = None
for i in xrange(5):
inst = MyClass(str(i)+'~', [])
inst.collection.append(i)
seq.append(inst)
inst = None
for i in seq:
print "Instance '%s'; collection = %s" % (i.name,
str(i.collection))

The output I get is:
>>>
Instance '0'; collection = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Instance '1'; collection = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Instance '2'; collection = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Instance '3'; collection = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Instance '4'; collection = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Instance '0~'; collection = [0]
Instance '1~'; collection = [1]
Instance '2~'; collection = [2]
Instance '3~'; collection = [3]
Instance '4~'; collection = [4]
>>>

I don't understand why the first loop doesn't give the same result as
the second loop. Can somebody enlighten me?

Wietse

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Re: Passing a packed C structure to a c module

[Martin v. Löwis]

Philippe Martin wrote:
> Is it possible to define a packed C structure in python and pass it to the c
> module, or should the wrapper do that ?

You can create a packed structure using string concatenation, and with
the help of the struct module. However, this gives you a string object
in the end, which you still need to pass into your C library.

It is better to fill the struct in the wrapper.

Regards,
Martin
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Re: requestion regarding regular expression

[BartlebyScrivener]

That's it. Thank you! Very instructive.

Final:

path = "d:/emacs files/emacsinit.txt"
lines = open(path).readlines()
# next two lines all on one
starts = [i for i, line in enumerate(lines) if
line.startswith('(defun')]
for i, start in enumerate(starts):
while start > 0 and lines[start-1].startswith(';'):
starts[i] = start = start-1
print starts

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Fixing Python instalation in win2000 by hand

[Sambo]

Some time ago I bought a newer computer with W2000 already on it so I moved my 
old drive
to it as secondary( python was installed on non primary partition ).
Not sure if the .msi installers were broken before, but they are now (on this 
installation)
and the reason I can't move to brand new installation is because I am missing 
sound drivers.
I have copied 3 files from my d:\winnt\system32 (old C:) pywintypes24.dll, 
pythoncom24.dll
(mod 11/10/2004 4:26am) and python24.dll (mod 18/11/2004 6:55pm)
As a result I can now run python.exe but not pythonw.exe 
Is there anything else I need and what, if anything, should be in my PYTHONPATH
"f:\Python24\Lib" ? ?? Although if I type import os it has no problem.

Thanks in advance,

Sam 
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Re: instance variable weirdness

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 09:18 -0700, wietse escreveu:
> def __init__(self, name, collection=[]):

Never, ever, use the default as a list.

> self.collection = collection

This will just make a reference of self.collection to the collection
argument.

> inst.collection.append(i)

As list operations are done in place, you don't override the
self.collection variable, and all instances end up by having the same
list object.

To solve your problem, change 
def __init__(self, name, collection=[]):
BaseClass.__init__(self)
self.name = name
self.collection = collection # Will reuse the list
to
def __init__(self, name, collection=None):
BaseClass.__init__(self)
self.name = name
if collection is None:
collection = [] # Will create a new list on every instance
self.collection = collection


-- 
Felipe.

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Re: instance variable weirdness

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 13:30 -0300, Felipe Almeida Lessa escreveu:
> To solve your problem, change 
> def __init__(self, name, collection=[]):
> BaseClass.__init__(self)
> self.name = name
> self.collection = collection # Will reuse the list
> to
> def __init__(self, name, collection=None):
> BaseClass.__init__(self)
> self.name = name
> if collection is None:
> collection = [] # Will create a new list on every instance
> self.collection = collection

Or if None is valid in your context, do:

__marker = object()
def __init__(self, name, collection=__marker):
BaseClass.__init__(self)
self.name = name
if collection is __marker:
collection = [] # Will create a new list on every instance
self.collection = collection

-- 
Felipe.

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Re: Passing a packed C structure to a c module

[Philippe Martin]

Thanks,

It's a pretty big structure: painfull to pass each item as a param.

Regards,

Philippe


"Martin v. Löwis" wrote:

> Philippe Martin wrote:
>> Is it possible to define a packed C structure in python and pass it to
>> the c module, or should the wrapper do that ?
> 
> You can create a packed structure using string concatenation, and with
> the help of the struct module. However, this gives you a string object
> in the end, which you still need to pass into your C library.
> 
> It is better to fill the struct in the wrapper.
> 
> Regards,
> Martin

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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Rob Williscroft]

Steven Bethard wrote in news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] 
in comp.lang.python:

> Open Issues
> ===
> 
> Does the ``make`` keyword break too much code?  Originally, the make
> statement used the keyword ``create`` (a suggestion due to Nick
> Coghlan).  However, investigations into the standard library [4]_ and
> Zope+Plone code [5]_ revealed that ``create`` would break a lot more
> code, so ``make`` was adopted as the keyword instead.  However, there
> are still a few instances where ``make`` would break code.  Is there a
> better keyword for the statement?
> 

I don't know wether this has been suggested or not, but 
what about def:

def namespace ns:
  x = 1

def type blah(object):
  pass

  def property x:
def get():
  return ns.x


Rob.
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Re: Forms with multiple submit buttons vs 'form' objects with single 'submit' methods

[neil . fitzgerald]

Paul Rubin wrote:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
> >   Here's my question:  Suppose a form has more than one submit button.
> > Now the COM 'form' object has a 'submit' method that doesn't take any
> > arguments, so how do I tell it which button I want to press?
>
> What difference does it make?  Don't they all do the same thing?

Not in this case, no.

If you want to see an example of how the button you press might make a
difference, go to www.google.com.

What I'm dealing with, basically, is a form consisting of lots of
 tags, which is
being used purely as a collection of links.  However, this arrangement
means that they don't appear as links in the document object's "links"
collection.

Now in the case of Google, the form contains a pair of 'items'
corresponding to the two buttons, and each item has a click method, and
so everything works out fine.  However, in the page I'm trying to
navigate, the form doesn't possess any 'items' whatsoever.

Anyway, it's seeming more and more likely to me that the page was
specifically designed to prevent anyone doing what I'm trying to do
(which is not in any way nefarious, but if I succeeded then it would
only take a small modification to make it very destructive indeed.)
Hence, I'm giving up.

Sorry for the waste of bandwidth.

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Re: PEP 359: The "make" Statement

[Nicolas Fleury]

Felipe Almeida Lessa wrote:
> Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 09:31 -0600, Steven Bethard escreveu:
>> [1] Here's the code I used to test it.
>>
>>  >>> def make(callable, name, args, block_string):
>> ... try:
>> ... make_dict = callable.__make_dict__
>> ... except AttributeError:
>> ... make_dict = dict
>> ... block_dict = make_dict()
>> ... exec block_string in block_dict
>> ... return callable(name, args, block_dict)
>> ...
>>  >>> (snip)
> 
> I think it would be nice not to put those ">>>" and "..." to make copy
> and paste easier. Okay, I know we can do "".join(line[4:] for line in
> text), but that's just my humble opinion.
> 

Note that there's a "special paste" in wxPython PyShell, with which you 
can copy/paste these lines.

Nicolas
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Re: Passing a packed C structure to a c module

[Martin v. Löwis]

Philippe Martin wrote:
> It's a pretty big structure: painfull to pass each item as a param.

So how else would you like to pass them? Define the API you want,
and then just implement it. It still shouldn't require to define
the layout in Python.

Regards,
Martin
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Re: Fixing Python instalation in win2000 by hand

[BartlebyScrivener]

>> Not sure if the .msi installers were broken before,
>> but they are now (on this installation)

Are you installing from c:\ ?

With administrator rights?

Check other requirements. It chokes if you are installing from another
logical drive, e.g., d:\

http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/docs/ActivePython/2.4/installnotes.html

rick

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Re: nested functions

[bruno at modulix]

Szabolcs Berecz wrote:
> On 14 Apr 2006 04:37:54 -0700, [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> 
>>def a():
>>  def b():
>>print "b"
>>  def c():
>>print "c"
>>
>>how can i call c() ??
> 
> 
> Function c() is not meant to be called from outside function a().
> That's what a nested function is for: localizing it's usage and
> prevent cluttering the global namespace

There's actually more than this about Python's nested functions: they
can be returned from the outer function and then carry the environnement
in which they where created:

def trace(func):
fname = func.__name__

def traced(*args, **kw):
print "calling func %s with *%s, **%s" % (fname, str(args), kw)
try:
result = func(*args, **kw)
except Exception, e:
print "%s raised %s" % (fname, e)
raise
else:
print "%s returned %s" % (fname, str(result))
return result

return traced

def test(arg1, arg2='parrot'):
print "in test, arg1 is %s" % arg1
return arg2 * 3

test = trace(test)
test(42)


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p in '[EMAIL PROTECTED]'.split('@')])"
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Re: Passing a packed C structure to a c module

[Philippe Martin]

Well,

The call actually is an IOCtl: depending on the control code, the structure
has a different format.

Although the number of control codes/structures is finite, it would make the
wrapper function fairly large.

You seem to think that building the structure from python would be a
mistake: why is that ?

PS: the wrapper also has to work under multiple OSs

Regards,

Philippe





"Martin v. Löwis" wrote:

> Philippe Martin wrote:
>> It's a pretty big structure: painfull to pass each item as a param.
> 
> So how else would you like to pass them? Define the API you want,
> and then just implement it. It still shouldn't require to define
> the layout in Python.
> 
> Regards,
> Martin

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Re: Future Warning with Negative Int

[Peter Otten]

[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

> If I try to print a negative integer as a hexadecimal, I get the
> following error:

 print "%X" % -1
> __main__:1: FutureWarning: %u/%o/%x/%X of negative int will return a
> signed string in Python 2.4 and up
> 
> 
> Does that mean that in the future it will say -1 or -?  

The future is now:

$ python2.4 -c 'print "%X" % -1'
-1

> Also, how do I suppress this warning?

With the -W option:

$ python2.3 -W ignore -c 'print "%X" % -1'


or warnings.filterwarnings('ignore').

http://docs.python.org/lib/warning-functions.html

has more on the subject.

Peter


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Re: Python editing with emacs/wordstar key bindings.

[[EMAIL PROTECTED]]

This is new to me. I did not know that emacs HAD a word star mode.
I may have to look at emacs again (last time was 1995).

I am still looking for a python editor I like. Yes I used to write asm
code in
wordstar in nondocument mode. And yes all of the old dos editors used
the wordstar keys. Everything by Borland used them.
Because of this I still use the 'joe' editor when I am on the command
line
and cooledit(with wstar like bindings) on X.
I like the features on other editors but I need my wstar keys.

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Re: instance variable weirdness

[Steven D'Aprano]

On Fri, 14 Apr 2006 13:30:49 -0300, Felipe Almeida Lessa wrote:

> Em Sex, 2006-04-14 às 09:18 -0700, wietse escreveu:
>> def __init__(self, name, collection=[]):
> 
> Never, ever, use the default as a list.

Unless you want to use the default as a list.

Sometimes you want the default to mutate each time it is used, for example
that is a good technique for caching a result:

def fact(n, _cache=[1, 1, 2]):
"Iterative factorial with a cache."
try:
return _cache[n]
except IndexError:
start = len(_cache)
product = _cache[-1]
for i in range(start, n+1):
product *= i
_cache.append(product)
return product


-- 
Steven.

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Writing backwards compatible code

[Steven D'Aprano]

I came across an interesting (as in the Chinese curse) problem today. I
had to modify a piece of code using generator expressions written with
Python 2.4 in mind to run under version 2.3, but I wanted the code to
continue to use the generator expression if possible.

My first approach was to use a try...except block to test for generator
expressions:

try:
gen = (something for x in blah)
except SyntaxError:
def g():
for x in blah:
yield something
gen = g()


This failed to work under 2.3, because the SyntaxError occurs at compile
time, and so the try block never happens.

I've been burnt by making assumptions before, so I tried a second,
similar, approach:

if sys.version_info >= (2, 4):
gen = (something for x in blah)
else:
# you know the rest

As expected, that failed too.

The solution which worked was to put the generator expression in a second
module, then import that:

try:
import othermodule
except SyntaxError:
# fall back code


What techniques do others use?


-- 
Steven.

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skip item in list "for loop"

[Jacob Rael]

I am new to python and I love it. I am hacking a file. I want to not
print a line if it contains the word 'pmos4_highv'. I also don't want
to print the next line. The following code works but it "smells bad"
and just doesn't look right. I was reading about generators. If I was
using one, I could do a .next() after the match and get rid of the
flags. Any suggestions how I can improve this?


inPmos= False

inFile = sys.stdin
fileList = inFile.readlines()

for line in fileList:
line = line.rstrip()
# Remove PMOS definitions - typically two lines. Screwed if only
one and last inst.
if inPmos:
inPmos = False
continue
if 'pmos4_highv' in line:
inPmos = True
continue


jr

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Re: Fixing Python instalation in win2000 by hand

[Sambo]

BartlebyScrivener wrote:
>>>Not sure if the .msi installers were broken before,
>>>but they are now (on this installation)
> 
> 
> Are you installing from c:\ ?
almost never
> 
> With administrator rights?
> 
pretty sure "YES"

> Check other requirements. It chokes if you are installing from another
> logical drive, e.g., d:\
> 
> http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/docs/ActivePython/2.4/installnotes.html
> 
> rick
> 

This problem is not limited to Python, Ja*va.* and MPLab.msi don't work either.
It was screwed up by some windows update , and never fixed by any additional 
updates.
Hmmm. I'll try from C: but.
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Re: ftp connection and commands (directroy size, etc)

[Stefan Schwarzer]

Hi Arne

On 2006-04-12 18:05, Arne wrote:
> I am working on Windows XP and I want to do the following:
> 
> 1. Connecting to a server using ftp
> 2. Getting the directory structure and the size of each directory in the 
> root
> 3. Getting the owner of a file
> 
> All these steps I want to do with python. What I already have is:
> [...]
> Please be so kind and post a little bit of a solution code

You should be able to do this with the ftputil library, at
http://ftputil.sschwarzer.net/ ;-) If you encounter any problems,
send a mail to the ftputil mailing list (see
http://ftputil.sschwarzer.net/trac/wiki/MailingList ) or to me.

Stefan
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Re: instance variable weirdness

[Felipe Almeida Lessa]

Em Sáb, 2006-04-15 às 04:03 +1000, Steven D'Aprano escreveu:
> Sometimes you want the default to mutate each time it is used, for example
> that is a good technique for caching a result:
> 
> def fact(n, _cache=[1, 1, 2]):
> "Iterative factorial with a cache."
> try:
> return _cache[n]
> except IndexError:
> start = len(_cache)
> product = _cache[-1]
> for i in range(start, n+1):
> product *= i
> _cache.append(product)
> return product

I prefer using something like this for the general case:

def cached(function):
"""Decorator that caches the function result.

There's only one caveat: it doesn't work for keyword arguments.
"""
cache = {}
def cached_function(*args):
"""This is going to be replaced below."""
try:
return cache[args]
except KeyError:
cache[args] = function(*args)
return cache[args]
cached_function.__doc__ = function.__doc__
cached_function.__name__ = function.__name__
return cached_function



And for this special case, something like:

def fact(n):
"Iterative factorial with a cache."
cache = fact.cache
try:
return cache[n]
except IndexError:
start = len(cache)
product = cache[-1]
for i in range(start, n+1):
product *= i
cache.append(product)
return product
fact.cache = [1, 1, 2]



This may be ugly, but it's less error prone. Also, we don't expose the
cache in the function's argument list.

-- 
Felipe.

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Re: Kross - Start of a Unified Scripting Approach

[has]

Cool. I hope I got the bits about Kross right; I only just found out
about it from seeing your post so haven't been long learning about it
(I'm a sucker for this stuff). Hopefully some nice expert can correct
anything I may've got wrong. :)

BTW, if you're curious about how Python hooks into this stuff on the
Mac, check out the appscript bridge

(shameless self-link) and PythonOSA language component
.

Appscript uses a lot of syntactic sugar to put a nice easy-to-use
syntax (which looks like OO but isn't) on top of the underlying
RPC+query mechanism; the underlying aem package gives a better idea of
how things actually work. If you don't have a Mac to play with, you
might still find the appscript and aem documentation in the source
distribution

worth reading.

The PythonOSA component provides basic OSA support
(compile/load/store/execute), allowing you to edit and run Python
scripts in Script Editor and other OSA editors and trigger them from
OSA-based application script menus and so on. There is a more advanced
but unfinished MacPythonOSA component on my site that can do message
sending and receiving as well, but it needs a bit of poking to get it
built and working at all. And I've also got an unfinished osawrapper
module that allows you to load and use OSA languages in Python.

HTH

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Re: Writing backwards compatible code

[Robert Kern]

Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> I came across an interesting (as in the Chinese curse) problem today. I
> had to modify a piece of code using generator expressions written with
> Python 2.4 in mind to run under version 2.3, but I wanted the code to
> continue to use the generator expression if possible.

Why? AFAICT, it really is just syntactic sugar. Very nice syntactic sugar, but
not necessary at all. If you are going to have the ugly, syntactically bitter
version in your code anyways, why clutter up your code even more trying to do 
both?

> What techniques do others use?

Personally, I write code that only uses the syntactic features of the Python
version that I am targetting.

-- 
Robert Kern
[EMAIL PROTECTED]

"I have come to believe that the whole world is an enigma, a harmless enigma
 that is made terrible by our own mad attempt to interpret it as though it had
 an underlying truth."
  -- Umberto Eco

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