On Mon, Sep 07, 2020 at 04:04:21PM +0100, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: > I want to kick of a series of posts about storage. The first post covers > high-level concepts, features, and utilities in QEMU. Later posts will > discuss configuration details, architecture, and performance. > > Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefa...@redhat.com> > --- > _posts/2020-09-07-qemu-storage-overview.md | 122 +++++++ > screenshots/2020-09-07-block-device-io.svg | 366 +++++++++++++++++++++ > screenshots/2020-09-07-lifecycle.svg | 328 ++++++++++++++++++ > 3 files changed, 816 insertions(+) > create mode 100644 _posts/2020-09-07-qemu-storage-overview.md > create mode 100644 screenshots/2020-09-07-block-device-io.svg > create mode 100644 screenshots/2020-09-07-lifecycle.svg
Ping? Thomas, you would you be able to merge this? > diff --git a/_posts/2020-09-07-qemu-storage-overview.md > b/_posts/2020-09-07-qemu-storage-overview.md > new file mode 100644 > index 0000000..79f60c4 > --- /dev/null > +++ b/_posts/2020-09-07-qemu-storage-overview.md > @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ > +--- > +layout: post > +title: "An Overview of QEMU Storage Features" > +date: 2020-09-07 07:00:00 +0000 > +categories: [storage] > +--- > +This article introduces QEMU storage concepts including disk images, emulated > +storage controllers, block jobs, the qemu-img utility, and > qemu-storage-daemon. > +If you are new to QEMU or want an overview of storage functionality in QEMU > +then this article explains how things fit together. > + > +## Storage technologies > +Persistently storing data and retrieving it later is the job of storage > devices > +such as hard disks, solid state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, network > +attached storage, and many others. Technologies vary in their storage > capacity > +(disk size), access speed, price, and other factors but most of them follow > the > +same block device model. > + > + > + > +Block devices are accessed in storage units called blocks. It is not possible > +to access individual bytes, instead an entire block must be transferred. > Block > +sizes vary between devices with 512 bytes and 4KB block sizes being the most > +common. > + > +As an emulator and virtualizer of computer systems, QEMU naturally has to > offer > +block device functionality. QEMU is capable of emulating hard disks, solid > +state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, SD cards, and more. > + > +## Storage for virtual machines > +There is more to storage than just persisting data on behalf of a virtual > +machine. The lifecycle of a disk image includes several operations that are > +briefly covered below. > + > + > + > +Virtual machines consist of device configuration (how much RAM, which > +graphics card, etc) and the contents of their disks. Transferring virtual > +machines either to migrate them between hosts or to distribute them to users > is > +an important workflow that QEMU and its utilities support. > + > +Much like ISO files are used to distribute operating system installer images, > +QEMU supports disk image file formats that are more convenient for > transferring > +disk images than the raw contents of a disk. In fact, disk image file formats > +offer many other features such as the ability to import/export disks from > other > +hypervisors, snapshots, and instantiating new disk images from a backing > file. > + > +Finally, managing disk images also involves the ability to take backups and > +restore them should it be necessary to roll back after the current disk > +contents have been lost or corrupted. > + > +## Emulated storage controllers > + > +The virtual machine accesses block devices through storage controllers. These > +are the devices that the guest talks to in order to read or write blocks. > Some > +storage controllers facilitate access to multiple block devices, such as a > SCSI > +Host Bus Adapter that provides access to many SCSI disks. > + > +Storage controllers vary in their features, performance, and guest operating > +system support. They expose a storage interface such as virtio-blk, NVMe, or > +SCSI. Virtual machines program storage controller registers to transfer data > +between memory buffers in RAM and block devices. Modern storage controllers > +support multiple request queues so that I/O can processed in parallel at high > +rates. > + > +The most common storage controllers in QEMU are virtio-blk, virtio-scsi, AHCI > +(SATA), IDE for legacy systems, and SD Card controllers on embedded or > smaller > +boards. > + > +## Disk image file formats > + > +Disk image file formats handle the layout of blocks within a host file or > +device. The simplest format is the raw format where each block is located at > +its Logical Block Address (LBA) in the host file. This simple scheme does not > +offer much in the way of features. > + > +QEMU's native disk image format is QCOW2 and it offers a number of features: > +* Compactness - the host file grows as blocks are written so a sparse disk > image can be much smaller than the virtual disk size. > +* Backing files - disk images can be based on a parent image so that a > master image can be shared by virtual machines. > +* Snapshots - the state of the disk image can be saved and later reverted. > +* Compression - block compression reduces the image size. > +* Encryption - the disk image can be encrypted to protect data at rest. > +* Dirty bitmaps - backup applications can track changed blocks so that > efficient incremental backups are possible. > + > +A number of other disk image file formats are available for > importing/exporting > +disk images for use with other software including VMware and Hyper-V. > + > +## Block jobs > + > +Block jobs are background operations that manipulate disk images: > +* Commit - merging backing files to shorten a backing file chain. > +* Backup - copying out a point-in-time snapshot of a disk. > +* Mirror - copying an image to a new destination while the virtual machine > can still write to it. > +* Stream - populating a disk image from its backing file. > +* Create - creating new disk image files. > + > +These background operations are powerful tools for building storage migration > +and backup workflows. > + > +Some operations like mirror and stream can take a long time because they copy > +large amounts of data. Block jobs support throttling to limit the performance > +impact on virtual machines. > + > +## qemu-img and qemu-storage-daemon > + > +The [qemu-img > utility](https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/interop/qemu-img.html) manipulates > disk images. It can create, resize, snapshot, > +repair, and inspect disk images. It has both human-friendly and JSON output > +formats, making it suitable for manual use as well as scripting. > + > +qemu-storage-daemon exposes QEMU's storage functionality in a server process > +without running a virtual machine. It can export disk images over the Network > +Block Device (NBD) protocol as well as run block jobs and other storage > +commands. This makes qemu-storage-daemon useful for applications that want to > +automate disk image manipulation. > + > +## Conclusion > + > +QEMU presents block devices to virtual machines via emulated storage > +controllers. On the host side the disk image file format, block jobs, and > +qemu-img/qemu-storage-daemon utilities provide functionality for working with > +disk images. Future blog posts will dive deeper into some of these areas and > +describe best practices for configuring storage. > diff --git a/screenshots/2020-09-07-block-device-io.svg > b/screenshots/2020-09-07-block-device-io.svg > new file mode 100644 > index 0000000..b1effcc > --- /dev/null > +++ b/screenshots/2020-09-07-block-device-io.svg > @@ -0,0 +1,366 @@ > +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> > +<svg > + xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"; > + xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"; > + xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"; > + xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"; > + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"; > + xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"; > + xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"; > + sodipodi:docname="block-device-io.svg" > + inkscape:version="1.0 (4035a4fb49, 2020-05-01)" > + id="svg8" > + version="1.1" > + viewBox="0 0 211.66667 105.83334" > + height="400" > + width="800"> 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