On 14/09/2021 04:29, raf wrote:

On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 01:20:03PM +1000, raf <post...@raf.org> wrote:

<snip>

But chances are that mail clients just do what any
other TCP client would do. That might be why you can't
find any discussion on the topic. Remember, the only IP
address(es) that the mail client will be concerned with
is that of its smarthost. In most cases, that will be
an ISP that only has to deal with its own customers,
not the whole planet, so there will usually only be one
IP address (or one per region). So the mail clients
might not have ever needed to put much thought into it.

cheers,
raf

Big assumption based on one example of gmail.com. Try outlook.com:

[root@server ~]# dig -t a outlook.com
<snip>
;; ANSWER SECTION:
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.128.194
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.161.50
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.164.146
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.148.226
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.160.2
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.156.114
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.153.146
outlook.com.            120     IN      A       40.97.116.82
<snip>

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