Postfix reports this error because it is responsible for 'example.com' and the message has 'Delivered-To: u...@example.com'.
There are several options: 1) Your error. Your system is sending mail out after adding the 'Delivered-To: u...@example.com' header, and it comes back from outlook.com. If Postfix did not block such email then it could loop forever. 2) User error. After your system adds the 'Delivered-To: u...@example.com' header, some of your users forward their email off-site. That email ends up at a system that looks at the message header address and that forwards that email to outlook.com. This results in a similar problem as (1). If Postfix did not block such email then it could loop forever. 2) Outlook error. Outlook.com adds the 'Delivered-To: u...@example.com' header. In that case all mail from Outlook.com would have this problem. It does not seem likely. My money is on (1) or (2). Wietse