Before Christmas, as promised!
I have a 95% complete Perl 5 implementation of a parser for this, but it is
too large to fit in the margin. I may release the beta of that next week, once
I'm home from my travels.
Damian
-----cut----------cut----------cut----------cut----------cut-----
=for comment
This file is deliberately specified in Perl 6 Pod format
Clearly a Perl 6 -> Perl 5 documentation translator is a high priority ;-)
=head1 TITLE
[DRAFT] Synopsis 26 - Documentation
=head1 AUTHORS
Damian Conway <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Ingy dE<ouml>t Net <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
=head1 VERSION
=for table
Maintainer: Damian Conway <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: 9 Apr 2005
Last Modified: 7 Oct 2006
=head1 Perldoc
Perldoc is an easy-to-use markup language with a simple, consistent
underlying document object model. Perldoc can be used for writing the
documentation for Perl 5 and Perl 6, and for Perl programs and modules,
as well as for other types of document composition.
Perldoc allows for multiple syntactic I<dialects>, all of which map onto
the same set of standard document objects. The standard dialect is named
L<"Pod"|#The Pod Dialect>.
=head1 The Pod Dialect
I<Pod> is an evolution of Perl 5's Plain Ol' Documentation (POD) markup.
Compared to Perl 5 POD, Perldoc's Pod dialect is much more uniform,
somewhat more compact, and considerably more expressive.
=head2 General syntactic structure
Pod blocks are specified using I<directives>, which always start with an
C<=> in the first column. Every Pod block directive may be written in
any of three equivalent forms: I<delimited style>, I<paragraph style>,
or I<abbreviated style>.
=head3 Delimited blocks
Delimited blocks are bounded by C<=begin> and C<=end> markers, both of
which are followed by a valid identifierN<A valid identifier is a
sequence of alphanumerics and/or underscores, beginning with an
alphabetic or underscore>, which is the typename of the block. Typenames
that are entirely lowercase (for example: C<=begin head1>) or entirely
uppercase (for example: C<=begin SYNOPSIS>) are reserved.
After the typename, the rest of the C<=begin> marker line is treated as
configuration information for the block. This information is used in
different ways by different types of blocks, and is specified using
Perl6ish C<:key{value}> or C<< key=>value >> pairs (which must, of
course, be constants since Perldoc is a specification language, not a
programming language).
See L<Synposis 2|http://dev.perl.org/perl6/doc/design/syn/S02.html#Literals>
for a summary of the Perl 6 pair notation.
The configuration section may be extended over subsequent lines by
starting those lines with an C<=> in the first column followed by a
horizontal whitespace character.
The lines following the opening delimiter and configuration are the data
or contents of the block, which continue until the block's C<=end> marker
line. The general syntax is:
=begin code :allow< R >
=begin R<BLOCK_TYPE> R<OPTIONAL CONFIG INFO>
= R<OPTIONAL EXTRA CONFIG INFO>
R<BLOCK CONTENTS>
=end R<BLOCK_TYPE>
=end code
For example:
=begin table :title<Table of Contents>
Constants 1
Variables 10
Subroutines 33
Everything else 57
=end Table
=begin Name :required
= :width(50)
The applicant's full name
=end Name
=begin Contact :optional
The applicant's contact details
=end Contact
Note that no blank lines are required around the directives, and blank
lines within the contents are always treated as part of the contents.
Note also that in the following specifications, a "blank line" is a line that
is either empty or that contains only whitespace characters. That is, a blank
line matches C</^\s*?$/>. Pod uses blank lines, rather than empty lines, as
delimiters (on the principle of least surprise).
=head3 Paragraph blocks
Paragraph blocks are introduced by a C<=for> marker and terminated by
the next Pod directive or the first blank line (which is I<not>
considered to be part of the block's contents). The C<=for> marker is
followed by the name of the directive and optional
configuration information. The general syntax is:
=begin code :allow< R >
=for R<BLOCK_TYPE> R<OPTIONAL CONFIG INFO>
= R<OPTIONAL EXTRA CONFIG INFO>
R<BLOCK DATA>
=end code
For example:
=for table :title<Table of Contents>
Constants 1
Variables 10
Subroutines 33
Everything else 57
=for Name :required
= :width(50)
The applicant's full name
=for Contact :optional
The applicant's contact details
Once again, blank lines are not required around the directive (this is a
universal feature of Pod).
=head3 Abbreviated blocks
Abbreviated blocks are introduced by an C<'='> sign in the
first column, which is followed immediately by the typename of the
block. The rest of the line is treated as block data, rather than as
configuration. The content terminates at the next Pod directive or the
first blank line (which is not part of the block data). The general
syntax is:
=begin code :allow< R >
=R<BLOCK_TYPE> R<BLOCK DATA>
R<MORE BLOCK DATA>
=end code
For example:
=table
Constants 1
Variables 10
Subroutines 33
Everything else 57
=Name The applicant's full name
=Contact The applicant's contact details
=head3 Block equivalence
The three equivalent block specifications (delimited, paragraph, and
abbreviated) are treated identically by the underlying documentation
model, so you can use whichever form is most convenient for a particular
documentation task. In the descriptions that follow, the abbreviated form
will generally be used, but should be read as standing for all three
forms equally.
For example, although L<#Headings> shows only:
=head1 TOP LEVEL HEADING
this automatically implies that you could also write that block as:
=for head1
TOP LEVEL HEADING
or:
=begin head1
TOP LEVEL HEADING
=end head1
=head3 Standard configuration options
Pod predefines a small number of standard configuration options that can be
applied uniformly to built-in block types. These include:
=begin item :term<C<:indented>>
This option specifies that the block is to be indented by a particular
amount. If the indentation amount includes a sign (i.e. C<+> or C<->) then
the indentation is relative to the indentation of the surrounding construct;
unsigned indentations are absolute offsets from the first column.
If a simple number is used (e.g. C<:indent(4)>) it indicates "columns" (for
fixed-width renderers) or "ems" for variable-width renderers. You can also
specify a unit after the number. For example:
=for para :indented<1 tab>
=for para :indented<1 em>
=for para :indented<1 col>
=for para :indented<1 lvl>
=for para :indented<4 sp>
=end item
=begin item :term<C<:numbered>>
This option specifies that the block is to be numbered. The most common
use of this option is to create L<numbered headings|#Numbered headings> and
L<ordered lists|#Ordered lists> but it can be applied to any block.
It is up to individual renderers to decide how to display any numbering
associated with other types of blocks.
=end item
=for item :term<C<:bulleted>>
This option specifies that a list item has a bullet. See L<#Unordered lists>.
=for item :term<C<:term>>
This option specifies that a list item is the definition of a term.
See L<#Definition lists>.
=begin item :term<C<:formatted>>
This option specifies that the contents of the block should be treated as if
they had one or more L<formatting codes|#Formatting codes> placed around them.
For example, instead of:
=comment The next para is important, so emphasize it...
=begin para
B<I<
Warning: Do not immerse in water. Do not expose to bright light.
Do not feed after midnight.
>>
=end para
you can just write:
=comment The next para is important, so emphasize it...
=begin para :formatted<B I>
Warning: Do not immerse in water. Do not expose to bright light.
Do not feed after midnight.
=end para
Like all formatting codes, these are inherently cumulative. For example,
if the block itself is already inside a formatting code, that formatting
code will still apply, in addition to the extra bold and italic
formatting specified by C<:formatted<B I>>. It is also possible to
I<remove> formatting using a C<:formatted> option, by specifying the
formatting code(s) with a minus sign before them:
=comment The next para is less important, so de-emphasize it...
=begin para :formatted<-B>
Fire. The Untamed Element. Oldest of Man's Mysteries. Giver of
warmth. Destroyer of forests. Right now I<this> building is on fire.
Yes! The building is on fire! Leave the building! Enact the age-old
drama of self-preservation!
=end para
=end item
=for item :term<C<:like<R<typename>>>>
This option specifies that a block or config has the same formatting
properties as the type named by its value. This is useful for creating
related L<configurations|#Block pre-configuration>.
=for item :term<C<:allow>>
This option expects a list of formatting codes that are to be recognized
within any C<V<>> codes nested inside the current block. The option is
most often used on C<=code> blocks to allow mark-up within those
(otherwise verbatim) blocks, though it can be used in I<any> block that
contains verbatim text. See L<#Formatting within code blocks>.
=head2 Blocks
Pod offers notations for specifying a range of standard block types...
=head3 Headings
Pod provides an unlimited number of levels of heading, specifed by the
T<=headR<N>> directive. For example:
=head1 A TOP LEVEL HEADING
=head2 A Second Level Heading
=head3 A third level heading
=head86 A "Missed it by I<that> much!" heading
While Pod parsers are required to recognize and distinguish all levels
of heading, Pod formatters are only required to provide distinct
I<renderings> of the first four levels of heading (though they may, of
course, provide more than that). Headings at levels without distinct
renderings would typically be rendered like the lowest distinctly
rendered level.
=head4 Numbered headings
You can specify that a heading is numbered using the C<:numbered> option. The
value of this option should be a sequence of characters containing a C<#>. If
the value is omitted (i.e. C<:numbered>), then it defaults to C<'#.'>.
The C<#> is replaced by the ordinal number of the heading block (within
its particular heading level):
=for head1 :numbered
The Problem
=for head1 :numbered
The Solution
=for head2 :numbered<#:>
Analysis
=for head3 :numbered<(#)>
Overview
=for head3 :numbered<(#)>
Details
=for head2 :numbered<#:>
Design
=for head1 :numbered
The Implementation
which would produce:
=begin indent :formatted<B>
1. The Problem
2. The Solution
=begin indent
2.1: Analysis
=begin indent
(2.1.1) Overview
(2.1.2) Details
=end indent
2.2: Design
=end indent
3: The Implementation
=end indent
It is usually better to preset a numbering scheme for each heading
level, in a series of L<configuration blocks|#Block pre-configuration>:
=config head1 :numbered
=config head2 :numbered<#:>
=config head3 :numbered<(#)>
=head1 The Problem
=head1 The Solution
=head2 Analysis
=head3 Overview
=head3 Details
=head2 Design
=head1 The Implementation
Alternatively, as a short-hand, if the first whitespace-delimited word
in a heading consists of a single literal C<#> character, the C<#> is
removed and the heading is treated as if it had a C<:numbered> option:
=head1 # The Problem
=head1 # The Solution
=head2 # Analysis
=head3 # Overview
=head3 # Details
=head2 # Design
=head1 # The Implementation
Note that, even though renderers are not required to distinctly render
more than the first four levels of heading, they I<are> required to
correctly honour arbitrarily nested numberings. That is:
=head6 # The Rescue of the Kobayashi Maru
should produce something like:
=para :indented
B<2.3.8.6.1.9. The Rescue of the Kobayashi Maru>
=head3 Ordinary paragraph blocks
Ordinary paragraph blocks consist of text that is to be formatted into
a document at the currently level of nesting, with whitespace
squeezed, lines filled, and any special inline mark-up (see
L<#Formatting codes>) applied.
Ordinary paragraphs consist of one or more lines of text, each of which
starts with a non-whitespace character at column 1. The paragraph is
terminated by the first blank line or opening block directive. For example:
This is an ordinary paragraph.
Its text will be squeezed and
short lines filled. It is terminated by
the first blank line
This is another ordinary paragraph.
Its text will also be squeezed and
short lines filled. It is terminated by
the trailing directive on the next line
=head2 This is a heading block, not associated with the previous para
Within a C<=begin pod>/C<=end pod> block, ordinary paragraphs do not
require an explicit marker or delimiters, but there I<is> an explicit
C<para> marker available:
=para
This is an ordinary paragraph.
Its text will be squeezed and
short lines filled.
and likewise the longer C<=for> and C<=begin>/C<=end> forms. For example:
=begin para
This is an ordinary paragraph.
Its text will be squeezed and
short lines filled.
=end para
As the previous example implies, when any form of explicit C<para>
directive is used all whitespace at the start of each line is removed.
Hence the ordinary paragraph text no longer has to begin at column 1.
=head3 Code blocks
Code blocks are used to specify pre-formatted text, which should
be rendered without rejustification, without whitespace-squeezing, and without
recognizing any inline formatting codes. Typically these blocks are used
to show examples of code, data, or I/O, and are set using a fixed-width font.
A code block is specified as one or more lines of text, each of which
starts with a whitespace character. The block is terminated by a blank line.
For example:
This I<ordinary> paragraph introduces a following
B<code> block:
$this = 1 * code('block');
$that.is_specified(:by<indenting>);
There is also an explicit C<code> directive, which allows the contents
of code blocks to start at the first column, to start with whitespace
characters that are preserved exactly, and to contain blank lines:
The C<loud_update()> subroutine adds feedback:
=begin code
sub loud_update ($who, $status) {
say "$who -> $status.";
silent_update($who, $status);
}
=end code
The only limitation on the contents of a C<code> block is that they cannot
begin with an C<=> in the first column. If this is required, the leading C<=>
must be made C<verbatim|#Verbatim text>:
=begin code :allow<V>
V<=> in the first column is always a Perldoc directive
=end code
Renderers would normally indent the contents of any C<code> block (whether
it was implicitly or explicitly specified), but this can be overridden using
the C<:indented> option:
=comment
Indent this code block to the same column
as the surrounding text
=begin code :indented(+0)
sub demo {
say "Hello World";
}
=end code
=head4 Formatting within code blocks
Although C<=code> blocks automatically disregard all L<formatting
codes|#Formatting codes>, occasionally you may still need to use a
specific formatting code within a code block. For example, you may
wish to highlight a particular keyword in an example, by making it
bold. Or you might need to insert a non-ASCII character using the
C<E<>> entity code.
To do so, you can specify those formatting codes that should still be
recognized within any verbatim formatting inside a block, using
the C<:allow> option. The value of the C<:allow> option must be a
list of the names of one or more formatting codes. Those codes will
then remain active inside any implicit or explicit C<V<>> ("verbatim") code
within the block:
=begin code :allow< B I >
sub demo {
B<say> "Hello I<World>";
}
=end code
=head3 Lists
Lists in Pod are specified as a series of C<item> directives. No special
"container" directives or other delimiters are required to enclose the
entire list. For example:
The seven suspects are:
=item * Happy
=item * Dopey
=item * Sleepy
=item * Bashful
=item * Sneezy
=item * Grumpy
=item * Keyser Soze
Lists may be nested, using the C<=item1>, C<=item2>, C<=item3>, etc.
directives. Note that C<=item> is just an abbreviation for C<=item1>:
=item1 * Animal
=item2 * Vertebrate
=item2 * Invertebrate
=item1 * Mineral
=item2 * Solid
=item2 * Liquid
=item2 * Gas
which produces:
=begin indent
=item1 * Animal
=item2 - Vertebrate
=item2 - Invertebrate
=item1 * Mineral
=item2 - Solid
=item2 - Liquid
=item2 - Gas
=end indent
It is an error for a "level-N+1" C<item> directive (e.g. an C<=item2>,
C<=item3>, etc.) to appear anywhere except where there is a preceding
"level-N" C<item> directive. That is, an C<=item3> can only be specified if an
C<=item2> appears somewhere before it, and that C<=item2> can only appear if
there is a preceding C<=item1>.
Note that item blocks are not physically nested. That is, lower-level
items should I<not> be specified inside higher-level items:
=comment Wrong...
=begin item1
The choices are:
=item2 Liberty
=item2 Death
=item2 Beer
=end item1
=comment Correct...
=begin item1
The choices are:
=end item1
=item2 Liberty
=item2 Death
=item2 Beer
=head4 Multi-paragraph list items
Use the delimited form of the C<item> directive to specify items that
contain multiple paragraphs. For example:
Let's consider some common proverbs:
=begin item :bulleted
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
This is a common myth and an unconscionable slur on the Spanish
people, the majority of whom are extremely attractive.
=end item
=begin item :bulleted
The early bird gets the worm.
In deciding whether to become an early riser, it is worth
considering whether you would actually enjoy annelids
for breakfast.
=end item
As you can see, folk wisdom is often of dubious value.
which produces:
=begin indent
Let's consider some common proverbs:
=begin item :bulleted
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
This is a common myth and an unconscionable slur on the Spanish
people, the majority of whom are extremely attractive.
=end item
=begin item :bulleted
The early bird gets the worm.
In deciding whether to become an early riser, it is worth
considering whether you would actually enjoy annelids
for breakfast.
=end item
As you can see, folk wisdom is often of dubious value.
=end indent
=head4 Ordered lists
An item is part of an ordered list if the item has a C<:numbered>
configuration option:
=for item1 :numbered
Visito
=for item2 :numbered<[#]>
Veni
=for item2 :numbered<[#]>
Vidi
=for item2 :numbered<[#]>
Vici
This would produce:
=begin indent
1. Visito
=begin indent
[1.1] Veni
[1.2] Vidi
[1.3] Vici
=end indent
=end indent
Alternatively, if the first word of the item consists of a single C<#>
character, the item is treated as having a C<:bulleted<#.>> option:
=item1 # Visito
=item2 # Veni
=item2 # Vidi
=item2 # Vici
To specify an I<unnumbered> list item that starts with a literal C<#>, either
make it verbatim:
=item V<#> introduces a comment
or explicitly mark the item itself as being unnumbered:
=for item :!numbered
# introduces a comment
The numbering of successive C<=item1> list items increments
automatically, but is reset to 1 whenever any other kind of Perldoc block
appears between to C<=item1> blocks. For example:
The options are:
=item1 # Liberty
=item1 # Death
=item1 # Beer
The tools are:
=item1 # Revolution
=item1 # Deep-fried peanut butter sandwich
=item1 # Keg
would produce:
=begin indent
The options are:
=item1 1. Liberty
=item1 2. Death
=item1 3. Beer
The tools are:
=item1 1. Revolution
=item1 2. Deep-fried peanut butter sandwich
=item1 3. Keg
=end indent
The numbering of nested items (C<=item2>, C<=item3>, etc.) only resets
(to 1) when the higher-level item's numbering either resets or increments.
To prevent an C<=item1> from resetting after a non-item block, you can
specify the C<:continued> option:
=item1
Start social networking website
=item1
Attract tens of thousands of naE<iuml>ve users
I<???>
=for item1 :continued
Profit!!!
=head4 Definition lists
To create term/definition lists, specify the term as a configuration value
of the item, and the definition as the item's contents:
=for item :term<MAD>
Affected with a high degree of intellectual independence.
=for item :term<MEEKNESS>
Uncommon patience in planning a revenge that is worth while.
=for item :term<MORAL>
Conforming to a local and mutable standard of right.
Having the quality of general expediency.
An item that's specified as a term can still be numbered or bulleted:
=for item :numbered :term<SELFISH>
Devoid of consideration for the selfishness of others.
=for item :numbered :term<SUCCESS>
The one unpardonable sin against one's fellows.
=head4 Unordered lists
To create unordered lists, specify a C<:bulleted> configuration option:
=for item1 :bulleted<*>
Reading
=for item2 :bulleted<->
Writing
=for item3 :bulleted<(+)>
'Rithmetic
A valueless C<:bulleted> defaults to C<< :bulleted<*> >>.
As a short-cut, you can just start the contents with a lone C<*> as the
first whitespace-delimited word of the item's contents:
=item1 * Reading
=item2 * Writing
=item2 * 'Rithmetic
Pod renderers are free to choose how they render short-cut bullets,
either as asterisks on every level:
=item1 V<*> Reading
=item2 V<*> Writing
=item3 V<*> 'Rithmetic
or with distinct bullets for each level:
=item1 V<*> Reading
=item2 - Writing
=item3 + 'Rithmetic
Once again, you can use a L<C<config> directive|#Block pre-configuration>
to ensure that your lists conform to consistent bulleting conventions:
=config item1 :bulleted
=config item2 :bulleted<->
=config item3 :bulleted<+>
=item1 Reading
=item2 Writing
=item3 'Rithmetic
To specify an I<unbulleted> list item that starts with an asterisk,
either specify the starting character(s) verbatim:
=item V<*> is a Perl 5 sigil
or explicitly mark the item itself as being unbulleted:
=for item :!bulleted
* is a Perl 5 sigil
=head3 Indented blocks
Any block can be indented by specifying an C<:indented> option on it:
=begin para :indented<+1 lvl>
We are all of us in the gutter,
but some of us are looking at the stars!
=end para
However, this quickly becomes tedious if there are many such paragraphs
in a sequence, or if multiple levels of nesting are required:
=begin para :indented<+1 lvl>
We are all of us in the gutter,
but some of us are looking at the stars!
=end para
=begin para :indented<+2 lvl>
-- Oscar Wilde
=end para
So Pod provides a nestable C<=indent> block that indents all its contents:
=begin indent
We are all of us in the gutter,
but some of us are looking at the stars!
=begin indent
-- Oscar Wilde
=end indent
=end indent
By default an C<=indent> block indents its contents by one extra "level"
(i.e. by whatever the formatter considers one extra level of indentation
to be) relative to the surrounding block. However, this default can be
changed, by L<preconfiguring|#Block pre-configuration> the block type
with the C<:indented> option:
=config indent :indented<+4 ems>
=head3 Tables
=for Conjecture
# Larry has previously indicated Perldoc shouldn't have a built-in
# table type, but there seems to be a considerable amount of general
# support and desire for this highly useful feature. This section is
# included here in case Larry should decide to invoke Rule 2. ;-)
Tables can be specified in Perldoc using the C<=table> directive.
The table may be given a name using the C<:title> option.
Columns are separated by whitespace, vertical lines (C<|>), or line
intersections (C<+>). Rows can be specified in one of two ways: either
one row per line, with no separators; or multiple lines per row with
explicit horizontal separators (whitespace, intersections (C<+>), or
horizontal lines: C<->, C<=>, C<_>) between I<every> row. Either style
can also have an explicitly separated header row at the top.
Each individual table cell is separately formatted, as if it were a
nested C<=para>.
This means you can create tables compactly, line-by-line:
=table
The Shoveller Eddie Stevens King Arthur's singing shovel
Blue Raja Geoffrey Smith Master of cutlery
Mr Furious Roy Orson Ticking time bomb of fury
The Bowler Carol Pinnsler Haunted bowling ball
or line-by-line with multi-line headers:
=table
Superhero | Secret |
| Identity | Superpower
==============|=================|================================
The Shoveller | Eddie Stevens | King Arthur's singing shovel
Blue Raja | Geoffrey Smith | Master of cutlery
Mr Furious | Roy Orson | Ticking time bomb of fury
The Bowler | Carol Pinnsler | Haunted bowling ball
or with multi-line headers I<and> multi-line data:
=begin table :title('The Other Guys')
Secret
Superhero Identity Superpower
============= =============== ===================
The Shoveller Eddie Stevens King Arthur's
singing shovel
Blue Raja Geoffrey Smith Master of cutlery
Mr Furious Roy Orson Ticking time bomb
of fury
The Bowler Carol Pinnsler Haunted bowling ball
=end table
=head3 Named blocks
Blocks whose names are not recognized as Pod built-ins are assumed to be
destined for specialized formatters or parser plug-ins. For example:
=for Xhtml
<object type="video/quicktime" data="onion.mov">
or:
=Image http://www.perlfoundation.org/images/perl_logo_32x104.png
Named blocks are converted by the Perldoc parser to block objects,
specifically, to a subclass of the standard C<Block> class. The
resulting object's C<.typename> method retrieves the name of the block
type: C<'Xhtml'>, C<'Image'>, etc. The object's C<.contents> method
retrieves a list of the block's (verbatim, unformatted) contents.
Note that all block names consisting entirely of lower-case or entirely of
upper-case letters are reserved.
=head3 Comments
Comments are Pod blocks that are never rendered by any formatter. They
are, of course, still included in any internal Perldoc representation,
and are accessible via the Perldoc APIs.
Comments are useful for meta-documentation (documenting the documentation):
=comment Add more here about the algorithm
and for temporarily removing parts of a document:
=item # Retreat to remote Himalayan monastery
=item # Learn the hidden mysteries of space and time
=item # Achieve enlightenment
=begin comment
=item # Prophet!
=end comment
Note that, since the Perl interpreter never executes embedded Perldoc
blocks, C<comment> blocks can also be used as (nestable!) block comments
in Perl 6:
# This is a Perl 5 style
# code comment
# spanning multiple lines
=begin comment
This is a Perl 6 style
delimited code comment
spanning multiple lines
=end comment
=head3 Other standard block types
All uppercase block typenames are reserved for specifying standard
documentation components. In particular, all the standard components of
Perl documentation have reserved uppercase typenames:
=NAME
=VERSION
=SYNOPSIS
=DESCRIPTION
=USAGE
=INTERFACE
=METHOD
=SUBROUTINE
=OPTION
=DIAGNOSTIC
=ERROR
=WARNING
=DEPENDENCY
=BUG
=SEEALSO
=ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
=AUTHOR
=COPYRIGHT
=DISCLAIMER
=LICENCE
=LICENSE
=SECTION
=CHAPTER
=APPENDIX
The plural forms of each of these keywords are also reserved, and are
aliases for the singular forms.
Most of these blocks would typically be used in their full delimited forms:
=begin SYNOPSIS
use Perldoc::Parser
my Perldoc::Parser $parser .= new();
my $tree = $parser.parse($fh);
=end SYNOPSIS
The use of these reserved keywords is not required; you can still just write:
=head1 SYNOPSIS
=begin code
use Perldoc::Parser
my Perldoc::Parser $parser .= new();
my $tree = $parser.parse($fh);
=end code
However, using the keywords adds semantic information to the
documentation, which may assist various formatters, summarizers,
coverage tools, and other utilities.
=head2 Formatting codes
Formatting codes provide a way to add inline mark-up to a piece of text
within the contents of (most types of) block. They are themselves a type
of block, and most of them may nest sequences of any other type of block
(most often, other formatting codes). Specifically, you can nest
comments blocks in the middle of a formatting code:
B<I shall say this loudly
=begin comment
and repeatedly
=end comment
and with emphasis.>
All Pod formatting codes consist of a single capital letter followed
immediately by a set of angle brackets. The brackets contain the text or
data to which the formatting code applies. You can use a set of single
angles (C«<...>»), a set of double angles (C<«...»>), or multiple
single-angles (C«<<<...>>>»).
Within the angles, sequences of angles that are the same as the delimiter
must be balanced. For example:
C<$foo<bar>>
C<< $foo<<bar>> >>
If you need an unbalanced angle, use different delimiters (or more
consecutive angles than your delimiter contains):
C«$foo < $bar»
C<<$foo < $bar>>
The Perl 5 heredoc syntax was: C« <<END_MARKER »
The Perl 5 heredoc syntax was: C<<< <<END_MARKER >>>
A formatting code ends at the matching closing angle bracket, or at the
end of the enclosing block or formatting code in which the opening angle
bracket was specified (whichever comes first). Pod parsers are required
to issue a warning whenever a formatting code is terminated by the end
of an outer block rather than by its own delimiter (unless the user
explicitly disables the warning).
=head3 Typesetting specifiers
The C<B<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in a B<bold style>.
The C<I<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in an I<italic style>
The C<T<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in a T<typewriter style> (typically fixed width).
The C<C<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in a C<code style>, typically fixed width. The contents
of a C<C<>> code are always treated as L<verbatim | #Verbatim text> and
L<space-preserving | #Space-preserving text>
Hence, the C<C<...>> code is usually just a short-hand for
C<T<S<V<...>>>> (though specific formatters are
always free to chose some other visual representation for code text).
The C<D<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in a "deleted" or "diff" style (typically strike-through).
The C<U<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is
to be set in an underlined style.
The C<R<>> formatting code specifies that the contained text is a
replacable item or a placeholder. It is used to indicate a component of a
syntax or specification that should be replaced by an actual value:
For example:
The C<link> command has the syntax:
C<link R<source_file> R<target_file>>
Typically replacables are set in fixed-width italics.
These (and most other) formatting codes may be arbitrarily nested.
Formatters should endeavour to convey that nesting accurately, using
appropriate typesetting conventions. For example, something like:
I<So>, she thought, I<the I<Marie Celeste> mystery B<is> solved at last!>
should produce:
=indent
I<So>, she thought, I<the> Marie Celeste I<mystery B<is> solved at last!>
with the nested italics switching back to roman in the traditional manner.
=head3 Verbatim text
The C<V<>> formatting code disregards every apparent formatting code within
it, treating them as being verbatim text. For example:
The B<V< V<> >> formatting code disarms other codes
such as T<V< I<>, B<> and C<> >>.
The hash entry T<V< %LOAD<full> >> indicates whether the
load is full
Note, however that the C<V<>> code only changes the way its
contents are parsed, I<not> the way they are rendered. That is, the
contents are still wrapped and formatted like plain text, and the
effects of any formatting codes surrounding the C<V<>> code
are still applied to its contents. For example the previous example
is rendered:
=begin indent
The B<V< V<> >> formatting code disarms other codes
like T<V< I<>, B<>, E<>, and C<> >>.
The hash entry T<V< %LOAD<full> >> indicates whether the
load is full
=end indent
=back
You can prespecify formatting codes that remain active within
a C<V<>> code, using the L<C<:allow>|#Formatting within code blocks>
option.
=head3 Comments
The C<Z<>> formatting code indicates that its contents constitute a
(zero-width) comment, and should not be rendered by any formatter.
For example:
The "exeunt" command Z<Think about renaming this command?> is used
to quit all applications.
Previously, the C<Z<>> code was widely used to break up text that would
otherwise be considered mark-up:
Previously, the T<ZZ<><>> code was widely used to break up text
that would otherwise be considered mark-up.
That still works, but is now better done with a verbatim formatting code:
Previously, the T<V<Z<>>> code was widely used to break up text
that would otherwise be considered mark-up.
Moreover, the C<C<>> code automatically treats its contents as being
verbatim, which often eliminates the need for the C<V<>> as well:
Previously, the C<Z<>> code was widely used to break up text
that would otherwise be considered mark-up.
The C<Z<>> formatting code is the inline equivalent of a C<=comment>
block.
=head3 Links
The C<L<>> code is used to specify all kinds of links, filenames,
and cross-references (both internal and external).
A link specification consists of a I<scheme specifier> terminated by a
colon, followed by an I<external address> (in the scheme's preferred
syntax), followed by an I<internal address> (again, in the scheme's syntax).
All three components are optional (though at least one must be present in
any link specification).
Usually, in schemes where an internal address makes sense, it will be
separated from the preceding external address by a C<#>, unless the
particular addressing scheme requires some other syntax. When new
addressing schemes are created specifically for Perldoc it is strongly
recommended that C<#> be used to mark the start of internal addresses.
Standard schemes include:
=begin item :term('C<http:> and C<https:>')
A standard URL. For example:
This module needs the LAME library
(available from L<http://www.mp3dev.org/mp3/>)
=end item
=begin item :term<C<file:>>
A filename on the local system. For example:
Next, edit the config file (L<file:~/.configrc>).
=end item
=begin item :term<C<man:>>
A link to the system man pages. For example:
This module implements the standard
Unix L<man:find(1)> facilities.
=end item
=begin item :term<C<doc:>>
A link to some other Perldoc documentation, typically a module or core
Perl documentation. For example:
You may wish to use L<doc:Data::Dumper> to
view the results. See also: L<doc:perldata>.
=end item
C<:doc> is the default link scheme, in that if the scheme specifier is
omitted in any link, it is assumed to be C<doc:>.
To refer to a specific section within a webpage, manpage, or Perldoc
document, add the name of that section after the main link, separated by
a C<#>. For example:
Also see: L<man:bash(1)#Compound Commands>,
L<doc:perlsyn#For Loops>, and
L<http://dev.perl.org/perl6/syn/S04.html#The_for_statement>
To refer to a section of the current document, omit the external address:
This mechanism is described under L<doc:#Special Features> below.
The scheme may also be omitted in that case:
This mechanism is described under L<#Special Features> below.
Normally a link is presented as some rendered version of the link
specification itself. However, you can specify an alternate
presentation by prefixing the link with the desired text and a
vertical bar. For example:
This module needs the L<LAME library|http://www.mp3dev.org/mp3/>.
You could also write the code
L<in Latin|doc:Lingua::Romana::Perligata>
=head3 Placement links
A second kind of link--the C<P<>> or placement link--works in the
opposite direction. Instead of directing focus out to another document,
it allows you to draw the contents of another document into your own.
In other words, the C<P<>> formatting code takes a URL
and--if possible--places the contents of that document inline in place
of the code itself.
C<P<>> codes are handy for breaking out standard components of
your documentation set into reusable components that can then be
incorporated directly into multiple documents. For example:
=COPYRIGHT
P<file:/shared/docs/std_copyright.pod>
=DISCLAIMER
P<http://www.megagigatera.com/std/disclaimer.txt>
might produce:
=begin indent
B<COPYRIGHT>
This document is copyright (c) MegaGigaTeraCorp, 2006. All rights reserved.
B<DISCLAIMER>
ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY IS IMPLIED. NOT EVEN OF ANY KIND. WE HAVE SOLD
YOU THIS SOFTWARE WITH NO HINT OF A SUGGESTION THAT IT IS EITHER USEFUL
OR USABLE. AS FOR GUARANTEES OF CORRECTNESS...DON'T MAKE US LAUGH! AT
SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE WE MIGHT DEIGN TO SELL YOU UPGRADES THAT PURPORT
TO ADDRESS SOME OF THE APPLICATION'S MANY DEFICIENCIES, BUT NO PROMISES
THERE EITHER. WE HAVE MORE LAWYERS ON STAFF THAN YOU HAVE TOTAL
EMPLOYEES, SO DON'T EVEN *THINK* ABOUT SUING US. HAVE A NICE DAY.
=end indent
If a renderer cannot find or access the external data source for a
placement link, it must issue a warning and render the URL directly in
some form. For example:
=begin indent
B<COPYRIGHT>
See: /shared/docs/std_copyright.pod
B<DISCLAIMER>
See: http://www.megagigatera.com/std/disclaimer.txt
=end indent
=head3 Space-preserving text
Any text enclosed in an C<S<>> code is formatted normally, except that
every whitespace character in it--including any newline--is preserved.
These characters are also treated as being non-breaking (except for the
newlines, of course). For example:
The emergency signal is:
S< dot dot dot dash dash dash dot dot dot>.
would be formatted like so:
=indent
The emergency signal is:
E<nbsp>E<nbsp>dotE<nbsp>dotE<nbsp>dotE<nbsp>E<nbsp>E<nbsp>dashE<nbsp>dashE<nbsp>dashE<nbsp>E<nbsp>E<nbsp>E<nbsp>dotE<nbsp>dotE<nbsp>dot.>
rather than:
=indent
The emergency signal is: dot dot dot dash dash dash dot dot dot.
=head3 Entities
To include named Unicode or XML entities, use the C<E<>> code.
If the contents are not a number, they are interpreted as an upper-case
Unicode character name, or as a lower-case XML entity. For example:
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET>
and E<RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET>.
or, equivalently:
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<laquo> and E<raquo>.
If the contents of the C<E<>> are a number, that number is
treated as the decimal Unicode value for the desired codepoint.
For example:
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<171> and E<187>.
You can also use explicit binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal numbers:
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<0b10101011> and E<0b10111011>.
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<0o253> and E<0o273>.
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<0d171> and E<0d187>.
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<0xAB> and E<0xBB>.
Multiple consecutive entities can be specified in a single C<E<>> code,
separated by semicolons:
Perl 6 makes considerable use of E<laquo;hellip;raquo>.
The C<E<>> formatting code is like any other in that it is disabled
inside a C<V<>>. In particular, it is not special inside the implicit
C<V<>> provided by a C<C<>> formatter or C<=code> block. To insert an
entity in an inlined code fragment, format that code with C<T<...E<>...>>
instead of C<C<...E<>...>>:
In Perl 6 the use of T<E<laquo>> and T<E<raquo>> as delimiters
implies shell-like interpolation.
To insert an entity in a code block, use the
L<C<:allow> option|#Formatting within code blocks> on that block:
=begin code :allow<E>
In Perl 6 the use of E«laquo» and E«raquo» as delimiters
implies shell-like interpolation.
=end code
=head3 Indexing terms
Anything enclosed in an C<X<>> code is an index entry. The contents
of the code are both formatted into the document and used as the
(case-insensitive) index entry:
An X<array> is an ordered list of scalars indexed by number,
starting with 0. A X<hash> is an unordered collection of scalar
values indexed by their associated string key.
You can specify an index entry where the indexed text and the index entry are
different, by separating the two with a vertical bar:
An X<array|arrays> is an ordered list of scalars indexed by number,
starting with 0. A X<hash|hashes> is an unordered collection of
scalar values indexed by their associated string key.
In the two-part form, the index entry comes after the bar and is
case-sensitive.
You can specify hierarchical index entries by separating indexing levels
with commas:
An X<array|arrays, definition of> is an ordered list of scalars
indexed by number, starting with 0. A X<hash|hashes, definition of>
is an unordered collection of scalar values indexed by their
associated string key.
You can specify two or more entries for a single indexed text, by separating
the entries with semicolons:
A X<hash|hashes, definition of; associative arrays>
is an unordered collection of scalar values indexed by their
associated string key.
The indexed text can be empty, creating a "zero-width" index entry:
X<|puns, bad>This is called the "Orcish Manoeuvre"
because you "OR" the "cache".
=head3 Notes
Anything enclosed in an C<N<>> code is an inline annotation.
For example:
Use a C<for> loop instead.N<The Perl 6 C<for> loop is far more
powerful than its Perl 5 predecessor.>
Different formatters may render such annotations in a variety of
ways: as footnotes, as endnotes, as sidebars, as pop-ups, as
expandable tags, etc. They are never, however, rendered as
unmarked in-line text. So the previous example might be rendered as:
=indent
Use a C<for> loop instead.E<dagger>
and later:
=begin indent
B<Footnotes>
=for item :bulleted<E<dagger>>
The Perl 6 C<for> loop is far more powerful than its Perl 5 predecessor.
=end indent
=head3 User-defined formatting codes
Perldoc extensions and plug-ins can define their own formatting codes,
using the C<M<>> code. An C<M<>> code must start with a
colon-terminated scheme specifier. The rest of the enclosed text is
treated as the contents of the formatting code. For example:
=heading1 Overview of the M<Metadata: $?CLASS.name > class
The C<M<>> formatting code is the inline equivalent of a
L<named block|#Named blocks>.
If the formatting code is unrecognized, the contents of the code (i.e.
everything after the first colon) would normally be treated as
ordinary text.
=head2 Encoding
By default, Perldoc assumes that documents are Unicode, encoded in one
of the three common schemes (UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32). The particular
scheme a document uses is autodiscovered by examination of the first few
bytes of the file (where possible). If the autodiscovery fails, UTF-8 is
assumed, and parsers should treat any non-UTF-8 bytes later in the
document as fatal errors.
At any point in a document, you can explicitly set or change the encoding
of its content using the C<encoding> directive:
=encoding ShiftJIS
=encoding Macintosh
=encoding KOI8-R
The specified encoding is used from the start of the I<next> line in
the document. If a second C<=encoding> directive is encountered, the
current encoding changes again after that line. Note, however, that
the second encoding directive must itself be encoded using the first
encoding scheme.
This applies to an C<=encoding> directive at the very beginning of the
file as well: it must itself be encoded in UTF-8, -16, or -32. However,
as a special case, the autodiscovery mechanism will (as far as possible)
also attempt to recognize "self-encoded" C<=encoding> directives that
begin at the first byte of the file. For example, at the start of a
ShiftJIS-encoded file you can specify C<=encoding ShiftJIS> in the
ShiftJIS encoding.
=head2 Modules
Perldoc provides a mechanism by which you can extend the syntax and semantics
of your documentation notation: the C<=use> directive.
Specifying a C<=use> causes a Perldoc processor to load the corresponding
Perldoc module at that point, or to throw an exception if it cannot.
Such modules can register new types of block directives and formatting
codes.
Note that a module loaded via a C<=use> statement can affect the
I<interpretation> of subsequent blocks, but not the initial parsing of
those blocks. The block directives themselves must still conform to the
syntax described in this document. Typically, a module will change the
way that renderers parse the I<contents> of specific blocks.
The general syntax is:
=for code :allow< R >
=use R<MODULE_NAME> R<OPTIONAL CONFIG DATA>
= R<OPTIONAL EXTRA CONFIG DATA>
For example:
=comment Install the Tree plugin to show pretty trees...
=use Perldoc::Plugin::Tree :autodetect
=begin Tree
DEFAULT
|-- VOID
`-- NONVOID
|-- VALUE
| |-- SCALAR
| | |-- BOOL
| | |-- NUM
| | `-- STR
| `-- LIST
`-- REF
=end Tree
The C<=use> statement causes the Perldoc processor immediately to look
for a module named C<Perldoc::Plugin::Tree> and to load it with the
specified import option (C<:autodetect>). For example, if the processor
were written in Perl 6, the C<=use> directive in the previous example
might cause it to execute:
require Perldoc::Plugin::Tree :autodetect
err die "=use failed ($!) at $LOCATION_IN_DOCUMENT\n";
You can use fully and partially specified module names (as with Perl 6
modules):
=use Perldoc::Plugin::XHTML-1.2.1-(*)
and pass any options you wish:
=use Perldoc::Plugin::Image :Jpeg prefix=>'http://dev.perl.org'
Note that C<=use> is a fundamental Perldoc directive, like C<=begin> or
C<=for>; it is not an instance of an L<abbreviated block|#Abbreviated
blocks>. Hence there is no paragraph or delimited form of the C<=use>
directive (just as there is no paragraph or delimited form of the
C<=begin> or C<=for> directives).
=head2 Block pre-configuration
The C<=config> directive allows you to prespecify standard configuration
information that is applied to every block of a particular type.
For example, to specify particular formatting for different levels of
heading, you could preconfigure all the heading directives with
appropriate formatting schemes:
=config head1 :formatted<B U> :numbered
=config head2 :like<head1> :formatted<I>
=config head3 :formatted<U>
=config head4 :like<head3> :formatted<I>
The general syntax for configuration blocks is:
=for code :allow< R >
=config R<BLOCK_TYPE> R<CONFIG OPTIONS>
= R<OPTIONAL EXTRA CONFIG OPTIONS>
Like C<=use>, a C<=config> is a directive, not a block. Hence, there is no
paragraph or delimited form of the C<=config> directive.
Note that, if a particular block later specifies a configuration option
with the same key, that option overrides the pre-configured option. For
example, to specify a non-bold second-level heading:
=for head2 :formatted<I U>
Details
The C<:like> option is replaced by the complete formatting information
of the named block type (which must already have been preconfigured).
Any additional formatting specifications are subsequently added to
that config.
C<=config> specifications are lexically scoped to the block in which
they're specified.
You can also preconfigure L<formatting codes|#Formatting codes>, by naming
them with a pair of angles as a suffix. For example:
=comment Always allow E<> codes in any (implicit or explicit) V<> code...
=config V<> :allow<E>
=comment All code to be italiciized...
=config C<> :formatted<I>
Note that, even though the code is named using single-angles, the
preconfiguration applies regardless of the actual delimiters used
on subsequent instances of the code.
-----END----------END----------END----------END----------END-----
