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--- In obrolan-bandar@yahoogroups.com, "A3K" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > Blurr memang iya, tapi apa sih technology coal to liquid ?? > > > > Mupung hari minggu agak santai, please read the following artikel, karena > semuanya is hunting to this new tech: > > > > > Coal-to-liquid fuel offers answer to energy woes > > > By David Dapice > > 19-07-04 Amid continuing violence in the Middle East, the issue of energy > security is again on the front burner. With oil prices rising to a peak of $ > 40 a barrel, countries have been looking at alternative energy with a > greater urgency. > This heightened sense of urgency, fortunately, has come at a time when there > is evidence that a new approach using existing resources and technology can > provide alternative energy to many countries. > > A glimmer of good news recently appeared: China signed an agreement with > Sasol, a South African energy and chemicals firm, to build two > coal-to-liquid fuel plants in China. These plants, costing $ 3 bn each, are > reported to jointly produce 60 mm tons of liquid fuel (440 mm barrels) a > year. Since China imported 100 mm tons of oil last year, these plants would > give China much control over its domestic energy situation, though its > demand is growing fast. The raw material and capital costs of a barrel of > fuel would fall under $ 10 and other costs would not bring total costs over > $ 15. > Coal resources of 1 tn tons are widely distributed around the world. Many > countries, including China, India, Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Poland, South > Africa, the United States and Australia have extensive coal deposits that > would last 100 years or more at current rates of exploitation. But coal is a > highly polluting fuel when burned directly and also emits a lot of > global-warming carbon dioxide. > > The Sasol technology, a third-generation Fischer-Tropsch process, was > developed in Germany and used in World War II, and later in South Africa. > (Steam and oxygen are passed over coke at high temperatures and pressures; > hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced and then reassembled into liquid > fuels.) > It has long been too expensive to compete with standard crude oil. On the > plus side, sulphur and other pollutants such as ash and mercury are removed > -- the sulphur can be sold as a by-product -- and carbon dioxide is > segregated and can be injected underground. If hydrogen is needed for fuel > cells, these plants can also provide it. In the near term, the petrol and > diesel produced are high grade and clean, meeting even future '"lean diesel" > requirements of the United States. > > The real question is if these plants can be built and reliably produce fuels > for less than $ 20 a barrel. Sasol already produces 150,000 bpd from coal. > (Conversion from natural gas is cheaper and Sasol is in the process of > switching its feedstock to gas in South Africa.) > Each of the Chinese plants would be four times as large as the existing > Sasol plant, and scaling up can involve difficulties. If Sasol can make > these larger plants work at the publicised costs, this technology could be > used by many other nations -- rich and poor -- who are willing to forego > periods of very cheap oil for more security. (Indeed, even oil- producing > Indonesia is looking into a coal-to-liquids plant as it now imports oil.) > This technology also works in converting coal to natural gas at a cost of $ > 3 to $ 3.50 per mm Btu. Since current natural-gas prices in the US are > roughly double that, it would appear that coal-to-gas is also an > economically viable technology. > > The coal-to-liquid technology would compete with the evolving tar- sands > technology being expanded in Canada. This technology involves the > production, either by mining or extracting with steam, of heavy oil trapped > in sand. The heavy oil is then massaged into more valuable fuels. This > source already accounts for a quarter of Canada's 3.2 mm bpd output. It > requires natural gas to heat the tar and is energy intensive, but still has > production costs of under $ 20 a barrel. > Tar-sand reserves are estimated at over 250 bln barrels. These and similar > technologies would allow much more plentiful isolated natural-gas reserves, > coal and tar sand to be converted into liquid fuels. The long- predicted > decline in petroleum production could be delayed for decades or more, and > the geopolitics of energy would be rewritten at something close to or below > current crude-oil costs. > > Is there a downside to rapidly adopting these technologies? Yes, from a > global welfare perspective. Now, onshore oil-production costs are usually > under $ 5 a barrel. If prices are higher, somebody (the country owning the > oil or the company producing it) gets the difference between the price and > the cost. If we switch to $ 15-$ 20 costs from these other technologies, > then there is no surplus of price over cost, or a much smaller one. > To use an economic phrase, the "rent" on oil production is destroyed in a > quest for self-sufficiency. While true, the instability in oil prices -- as > well as the threat of terrorist disruptions to supply -- are such that many > nations might be happy to use their own resources to produce this vital > input. They are no worse off if oil can be produced at $ 20 a barrel, unless > the price temporarily plunges below that level as it did in the late 1990s. > A stable price and supply prevents very expensive disruptions. > > None of this answers critics who are properly concerned with global warming. > Subsidies to hybrid or other highly efficient vehicles are probably needed > to reduce emissions. In the longer term, fuel cells burning hydrogen and > producing only water as a waste product are promising, but still far from > being economically feasible. > Overall, the coal-to-liquid technology is only one element of an integrated > programme that is needed to deal with fuel security, local pollution and > global-warming issues. But, even alone, it could bring an element of > stability to world oil prices and thus also to the global economy. In > addition, if it redirects efforts from geopolitical competition and even > conflict to investment and efficiency, it is a welcome development. > > The writer is an associate professor of economics at Tufts University. > > > > > > > > _____ > > From: saham@yahoogroups.com [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of EKA > SUWANDANA > Sent: Saturday, March 25, 2006 1:30 PM > To: obrolan-bandar@yahoogroups.com; saham@yahoogroups.com > Subject: [saham] Sasol Bantah Jalin Kerjasama Dengan Bumi. > > > > Sasol Bantah Jalin Kerjasama Dengan Bumi Jumat, 24 Maret 2006 > Jakarta (Indofinanz) - Sasol Ltd membantah telah melakukan pembicaraan > dengan PT Bumi Resources Tbk untuk mengembangkan bisnis batubara cair (coal > to liquid/CTL). Perusahaan CTL terbesar dunia asal Afrika Selatan itu > seperti yang dirilis Bloomberg menegaskan pihaknya selalu didekati dunia > internasional dan pihak swasta menyusul tingginya harga minyak > internasional. Ditegaskan kembali bahwa Sasol Ltd dan Bumi Resources tidak > sedangka mengkaji proyek bersama. > > > ps: Utk yg masih pegang hati2! Makin Blur aja nih BUMI!!! > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > > > DILARANG KERAS MEMOSTING OPINI PRIBADI TENTANG POLITIK DI MILIS INI. > Silahkan lakukan itu di milis [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > [EMAIL PROTECTED] untuk unsubscribe dari milis saham > [EMAIL PROTECTED] untuk subscribe ke milis saham > > > > > SPONSORED LINKS > > > Bisa > <http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Bisa&w1=Bisa&c=1&s=10&;. sig=S8_sGVBThGJV > vSluvmSSnw> > > > > _____ > > YAHOO! GROUPS LINKS > > > > * Visit your group "saham <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/saham> " on > the web. > > * To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: > [EMAIL PROTECTED] > <mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > > * Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to the Yahoo! > <http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/> Terms of Service. > > > > _____ > Yahoo! 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