Caro Stefano, il tuo ragionamento è corretto. Aggiungo che la rimozione del DRM è già
perseguibile come violazione del diritto d’autore, non solo nei paesi UE, ma anche in USA.
Se l’opera non è protetta da DRM il discorso è un po’ più complicato: in UE, il contratto
di licenza non può escludere certi usi consentiti, in particolare il text and data mining
per scopi non commerciali. Può però escludere lo stesso utilizzo se per scopi commerciali
e se l’uso è espressamente riservato. In USA non ci sono regole precise, ma la libertà
contrattuale tende di solito a prevalere sulla disponibilità di eccezioni (fair use). Non
è un caso che nella class action contro GitHub / Copilot i claim si basino interamente su
violazione dei contratti di licenza (open source) e sulla rimozione dei DRM, anziché sulla
violazione del copyright nel software utilizzato per addestrare l’algoritmo.
Un caro saluto
Maurizio
On Fri, 29 Sep 2023 at 15:21, Stefano Quintarelli <stef...@quintarelli.it
<mailto:stef...@quintarelli.it>> wrote:
Ho una domanda per i giuristi (anzi, piu' di una)
per allenare un modello, ho bisogno di un file con la versione digitale di
un testo.
(cosnsidero ovviamente testi non PD, CC0, ecc.)
la versione digitale di un testo la posso ottenere da un ebook (gia'
digitale), togliendo
il probabile DRM.
ma un ebook non e' unbene ma e' un servizio soggetto a licenza d'uso,
quindi se non e'
prevista nella licenza d'uso la facolta' di estrarre il testo digitale per
allenarci un
modello, mi sembra che ci sia gia' una violazione della licenza, per cui,
credo, non
possa
essere usato come base di un allenamento, tanto piu' se il fine di tale
allenamento e'
commerciale (se vendo un servizio basato su quel modello).
se e' cosi', per allenare il mio modello devo allora prednere il testo
digitale facendo
scan/ocr di un testo cartaceo.
ma cio' e' possibile, se non erro, solo per uso personale e non commerciale.
se questo e' corretto, non mi pare ci sia un modo per prendere un testo
digitale senza
infrangere una licenza d'uso/copyright
dove e' la fallacia del ragionamento ?
grazie, s.
On 29/09/23 15:00, Stefano Borroni Barale wrote:
> Buongiorno lista,
>
>> L'idea che istruire un modello su dei testi coperti da copyright sia una
violazione del suddetto copyright è altamente opinabile
>
> Fin qui, ho l'impressione che tutti i legali in lista concorderanno.
>
>> ragionamento è in realtà abbastanza semplice: se istruirsi su un
>> testo ne violasse il copyright, saremmo tutti dei criminali.
>
> Ma siccome noi siamo umani e quello che produciamo non è - salvo i
discorsi dei
politici(*) - ontologicamente identico alla produzione di esseri tecnici
non viventi,
logica vuole che quanto si applica a noi non possa applicarsi a un LLM,
tanto quanto
la legge sul copyright non si applica pedissequamente all'utilizzo di testi
umani per
creare modelli linguistici.
>
> Questo è il motivo per il quale tutti i tentativi di "proteggere via
copyright" il
prodotto di software generativi sono falliti miseramente, e con motivazioni
scritte in
sentenze; che per il diritto credo abbiano un peso assai maggiore del sito
di CC.
>
> La mia impressione è che la questione terrà impegnati legali,
informatici, filosofi
e società ancora moooooolto a lungo.
> SBB
>
> (*) Come sanno bene i bambini degli anni '80 che hanno giocato con
questo spassoso
giocattolo: https://www.enricodalbosco.it/giochi/tubolario/
<https://www.enricodalbosco.it/giochi/tubolario/>
>
>
> Di quei testi
>> non c'è fisicamente traccia all'interno dei modelli, non viene copiato
>> niente. I modelli sono un'opera trasformativa di quei testi, non
>> derivativa.
>>
>> Lo argomenta molto bene Creative Commons:
>> https://creativecommons.org/2023/02/17/fair-use-training-generative-ai/
<https://creativecommons.org/2023/02/17/fair-use-training-generative-ai/>
>>
>> Detto questo, cito le parole di un altro autore, Jeff Jarvis:
>>
https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZwp5HMmeeVqgMSjL2dkcwMcBojkb2cinBpgYTHyc7Fhq1B9NPl
<https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZwp5HMmeeVqgMSjL2dkcwMcBojkb2cinBpgYTHyc7Fhq1B9NPl>
>>
>> «I, for one, am not complaining about my books being in in large
>> language model training sets. I write to enter ideas into public
>> discourse. I prefer informed over ignorant AI. I believe it is fair
>> use for anyone to read & use books for transformative work. In fact,
>> I'd probably feel snubbed if my books were not there. I'm happy when
>> they are in libraries. I'm fine that they're here.»
>>
>> Fabio
>>
>> Il giorno ven 29 set 2023 alle ore 07:52 Alberto Cammozzo via nexa
>> nexa@server-nexa.polito.it <mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it> ha
scritto:
>>
>>>
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/28/australian-books-training-ai-books3-stolen-pirated
<https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/28/australian-books-training-ai-books3-stolen-pirated>
>>>
>>> Thousands of books from some of Australia’s most celebrated authors
have
potentially been caught up in what Booker prize-winning novelist Richard
Flanagan has
called “the biggest act of copyright theft in history”.
>>>
>>> The works have allegedly been pirated by the US-based Books3 dataset
and used to
train generative AI for corporations such as Meta and Bloomberg.
>>>
>>> Flanagan, who found 10 of his works, including the multi-international
award-winning 2013 novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North, on the Books3
dataset,
told Guardian Australia he was deeply shocked by the discovery made several
days ago.
>>>
>>> “I felt as if my soul had been strip mined and I was powerless to stop
it,” he
said in a statement.
>>>
>>> “This is the biggest act of copyright theft in history.”
>>>
>>> AI could ‘turbo-charge fraud’ and be monopolised by tech companies,
Andrew Leigh
warns
>>>
>>> The Australian Publishers Association confirmed to Guardian Australia
on
Wednesday that as many as 18,000 fiction and nonfiction titles with
Australian ISBNs
(unique international standard book numbers) appeared to be affected by the
copyright
infringement, although it is not yet clear what proportion of these are
Australian
editions of internationally authored books.
>>>
>>> “We’re still working through [the data] to work out the impact in
terms of
Australian authors,” APA spokesperson Stuart Glover said.
>>>
>>> “This is a massive legal and ethical challenge for the publishing
industry and
for authors globally.”
>>>
>>> A search tool published on Monday by US media platform The Atlantic
and uploaded
by the US Authors Guild on Wednesday revealed the works of Peter Carey,
Helen Garner,
Kate Grenville, Anna Funder, Christos Tsiolkas and Thomas Keneally, as well
as
Flanagan and dozens of other high-profile Australian authors, were included
in the
pirated dataset containing more than 180,000 titles.
>>>
>>> On Thursday, the Australian Society of Authors issued a statement
saying it was
“horrified” to learn that the works of Australian writers were being used
to train
artificial intelligence without permission from the authors.
>>>
>>> ASA chief executive, Olivia Lanchester, described the Books3 dataset
as piracy on
an industrial scale.
>>>
>>> “Authors appropriately feel outraged,” Lanchester said. “The fact is
this
technology relies upon books, journals, essays written by authors, yet
permission was
not sought nor compensation granted.”
>>>
>>> Lanchester said the Australian literary industry, while not objecting
per se to
emerging technologies such as AI, was deeply concerned about the lack of
transparency
evident in the development and monetisation of AI by global tech companies.
>>>
>>> “Turning a blind eye to the legitimate rights of copyright owners
threatens to
diminish already precarious creative careers,” she said.
>>>
>>> “The enrichment of a few powerful companies is at the cost of
thousands of
individual creators. This is not how a fair market functions.”
>>>
>>> Josephine Johnston, chief executive of Australia’s Copyright Agency,
described
the Books3 development as “a free kick to big tech” at the expense of
Australia’s
creative and cultural life.
>>>
>>> “We’re going to need greater transparency – how these tools have been
developed,
trained, how they operate – before people can truly understand what their
legal rights
might be,” she said.
>>>
>>> “We seem to be in this terrible position now where content owners –
remembering
that the vast majority of them will be individual authors – may actually
have to take
out court cases to enforce their rights.”
>>>
>>> Australian copyright law protects creators of original content from
data scraping.
>>>
>>> Litigation in the US against ChatGPT creator OpenAI over use of
allegedly pirated
book datasets, Books1 and Books2 (which do not appear to be affiliated with
Books3)
has already commenced.
>>>
>>> In July, North American horror/fantasy writers Mona Awad (author of
Bunny) and
Paul Tremblay (author of The Cabin at the End of the World) filed a lawsuit
in a San
Francisco federal court, alleging ChatGPT unlawfully digested their books
as part of
its AI training data.
>>>
>>> On 28 August, OpenAI filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, arguing
that the
authors “misconceive the scope of copyright, failing to take into account
the
limitations and exceptions (including fair use) that properly leave room for
innovations like the large language models now at the forefront of
artificial
intelligence”.
>>>
>>> On 19 September the Writers Guild and 17 of its members, including
bestselling
novelists John Grisham, George RR Martin and Jodi Picoult, filed a
complaint in a New
York district court against OpenAI, seeking redress for “flagrant and
harmful
infringements” of guild members’ registered copyrights.
>>>
>>> In a statement on its website, the guild says while it is aware that
companies
such as Meta and Bloomberg have used the Books3 dataset to train their
LLMs, it is not
yet clear whether OpenAI is using Books3 to train its ChatGPT models GPT
3.5 or GPT 4.
>>>
>>> Democracies face ‘truth decay’ as AI blurs fact and fiction, warns
head of
Australia’s military
>>>
>>> Guardian Australia has sought comment from OpenAI, which has yet to
officially
respond to the guild’s complaint, and Meta.
>>>
>>> On 4 September, US technology magazine Wired reported that a Danish
anti-piracy
group called Rights Alliance had been told by Bloomberg that the company
did not plan
to train future versions of its BloombergGPT using Books3.
>>>
>>> Bloomberg declined to respond to the Guardian’s queries.
>>>
>>> The APA said the global nature of the issue would present significant
challenges
in enforcement and prosecution, and has joined the authors’ society in
calling for AI
technologies to be regulated.
>>>
>>> Consultation closed last month for a Department of Industry, Science
and
Resources discussion paper on supporting responsible AI.
>>>
>>> A parliamentary inquiry is under way examining the use of generative
artificial
intelligence in the Australian education system.
>>>
>>> Flanagan said it was up to the Australian government to act to protect
Australia’s writers.
>>>
>>> “It has power and we do not,” he said.
>>>
>>> “If it cares for our culture it must now stand up and fight for it.”
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
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