gene-db commented on code in PR #3202:
URL: https://github.com/apache/parquet-java/pull/3202#discussion_r2072179064


##########
parquet-variant/src/main/java/org/apache/parquet/variant/VariantArrayBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.parquet.variant;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for creating Variant arrays, used by VariantBuilder.
+ */
+public class VariantArrayBuilder extends VariantBuilder {
+  /** The parent VariantBuilder. */
+  private final VariantBuilder parent;
+  /** The offsets of the elements in this array. */
+  private final ArrayList<Integer> offsets;
+  /** The number of values appended to this array. */
+  protected long numValues = 0;
+
+  VariantArrayBuilder(VariantBuilder parent) {
+    this.parent = parent;
+    this.offsets = new ArrayList<>();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the list of element offsets in this array
+   */
+  ArrayList<Integer> validateAndGetOffsets() {
+    if (offsets.size() != numValues) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(String.format(
+          "Number of offsets (%d) do not match the number of values (%d).", 
offsets.size(), numValues));
+    }
+    return offsets;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected void onAppend() {
+    checkAppendWhileNested();
+    offsets.add(writePos);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected void onStartNested() {
+    checkMultipleNested();
+    offsets.add(writePos);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected void incrementNumValues() {

Review Comment:
   Moved to `onAppend`.



##########
parquet-variant/src/main/java/org/apache/parquet/variant/VariantObjectBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.parquet.variant;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for creating Variant object, used by VariantBuilder.
+ */
+public class VariantObjectBuilder extends VariantBuilder {
+  /** The parent VariantBuilder. */
+  private final VariantBuilder parent;
+  /** The FieldEntry list for the fields of this object. */
+  private final ArrayList<VariantBuilder.FieldEntry> fields;
+  /** The number of values appended to this object. */
+  protected long numValues = 0;
+
+  VariantObjectBuilder(VariantBuilder parent) {
+    this.parent = parent;
+    this.fields = new ArrayList<>();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Appends an object key to this object. This method must be called before 
appending any value.
+   * @param key the key to append
+   */
+  void appendKey(String key) {
+    if (fields.size() > numValues) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot call appendKey() before 
appending an object value.");

Review Comment:
   Yes, updated.



##########
parquet-variant/src/main/java/org/apache/parquet/variant/VariantBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.parquet.variant;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for creating Variant value and metadata.
+ */
+public class VariantBuilder {
+  /**
+   * Creates a VariantBuilder.
+   * @param allowDuplicateKeys if true, only the last occurrence of a 
duplicate key will be kept.
+   *                           Otherwise, an exception will be thrown.
+   */
+  public VariantBuilder(boolean allowDuplicateKeys) {
+    this.allowDuplicateKeys = allowDuplicateKeys;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the Variant value
+   */
+  public Variant build() {
+    int numKeys = dictionaryKeys.size();
+    // Use long to avoid overflow in accumulating lengths.
+    long dictionaryStringSize = 0;
+    for (byte[] key : dictionaryKeys) {
+      dictionaryStringSize += key.length;
+    }
+    // Determine the number of bytes required per offset entry.
+    // The largest offset is the one-past-the-end value, which is total string 
size. It's very
+    // unlikely that the number of keys could be larger, but incorporate that 
into the calculation
+    // in case of pathological data.
+    long maxSize = Math.max(dictionaryStringSize, numKeys);
+    int offsetSize = getMinIntegerSize((int) maxSize);
+
+    int offsetStart = 1 + offsetSize;
+    int stringStart = offsetStart + (numKeys + 1) * offsetSize;
+    long metadataSize = stringStart + dictionaryStringSize;
+
+    byte[] metadata = new byte[(int) metadataSize];
+    int headerByte = VariantUtil.VERSION | ((offsetSize - 1) << 6);
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, 0, headerByte, 1);
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, 1, numKeys, offsetSize);
+    int currentOffset = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numKeys; ++i) {
+      VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, offsetStart + i * offsetSize, 
currentOffset, offsetSize);
+      byte[] key = dictionaryKeys.get(i);
+      System.arraycopy(key, 0, metadata, stringStart + currentOffset, 
key.length);
+      currentOffset += key.length;
+    }
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, offsetStart + numKeys * offsetSize, 
currentOffset, offsetSize);
+    return new Variant(Arrays.copyOfRange(writeBuffer, 0, writePos), metadata);

Review Comment:
   Ok. Added a TODO to mention this.



##########
parquet-variant/src/main/java/org/apache/parquet/variant/VariantBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.parquet.variant;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for creating Variant value and metadata.
+ */
+public class VariantBuilder {
+  /** The buffer for building the Variant value. The first `writePos` bytes 
have been written. */
+  protected byte[] writeBuffer = new byte[1024];
+
+  protected int writePos = 0;
+  /** The dictionary for mapping keys to monotonically increasing ids. */
+  private final HashMap<String, Integer> dictionary = new HashMap<>();
+  /** The keys in the dictionary, in id order. */
+  private final ArrayList<byte[]> dictionaryKeys = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  /**
+   * These are used to build nested objects and arrays, via startObject() and 
startArray().
+   * Only one of these can be non-null at a time. If one of these is non-null, 
then no append()
+   * methods can be called on this builder, until endObject() or endArray() is 
called.
+   */
+  protected VariantObjectBuilder objectBuilder = null;
+
+  protected VariantArrayBuilder arrayBuilder = null;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a VariantBuilder.
+   */
+  public VariantBuilder() {}
+
+  /**
+   * @return the Variant value
+   */
+  public Variant build() {
+    if (objectBuilder != null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          "Cannot call build() while an object is being built. Must call 
endObject() first.");
+    }
+    if (arrayBuilder != null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          "Cannot call build() while an array is being built. Must call 
endArray() first.");
+    }
+    int numKeys = dictionaryKeys.size();
+    // Use long to avoid overflow in accumulating lengths.
+    long dictionaryTotalDataSize = 0;
+    for (byte[] key : dictionaryKeys) {
+      dictionaryTotalDataSize += key.length;
+    }
+    // Determine the number of bytes required per offset entry.
+    // The largest offset is the one-past-the-end value, which is total data 
size. It's very
+    // unlikely that the number of keys could be larger, but incorporate that 
into the calculation
+    // in case of pathological data.
+    long maxSize = Math.max(dictionaryTotalDataSize, numKeys);
+    int offsetSize = getMinIntegerSize((int) maxSize);
+
+    int offsetListOffset = 1 + offsetSize;
+    int dataOffset = offsetListOffset + (numKeys + 1) * offsetSize;
+    long metadataSize = dataOffset + dictionaryTotalDataSize;
+
+    byte[] metadata = new byte[(int) metadataSize];
+    // Only unsorted dictionary keys are supported.
+    // TODO: Support sorted dictionary keys.
+    int headerByte = VariantUtil.VERSION | ((offsetSize - 1) << 6);
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, 0, headerByte, 1);
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, 1, numKeys, offsetSize);
+    int currentOffset = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numKeys; ++i) {
+      VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, offsetListOffset + i * offsetSize, 
currentOffset, offsetSize);
+      byte[] key = dictionaryKeys.get(i);
+      System.arraycopy(key, 0, metadata, dataOffset + currentOffset, 
key.length);
+      currentOffset += key.length;
+    }
+    VariantUtil.writeLong(metadata, offsetListOffset + numKeys * offsetSize, 
currentOffset, offsetSize);
+    // Copying the data to a new buffer, to retain only the required data 
length, not the capacity.
+    return new Variant(Arrays.copyOfRange(writeBuffer, 0, writePos), metadata);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Appends a string value to the Variant builder.
+   * @param str the string value to append
+   */
+  public void appendString(String str) {
+    onAppend();
+    byte[] data = str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    boolean longStr = data.length > VariantUtil.MAX_SHORT_STR_SIZE;
+    checkCapacity((longStr ? 1 + VariantUtil.U32_SIZE : 1) + data.length);
+    if (longStr) {
+      writeBuffer[writePos] = VariantUtil.HEADER_LONG_STRING;
+      writePos += 1;
+      VariantUtil.writeLong(writeBuffer, writePos, data.length, 
VariantUtil.U32_SIZE);
+      writePos += VariantUtil.U32_SIZE;
+    } else {
+      writeBuffer[writePos] = VariantUtil.shortStrHeader(data.length);
+      writePos += 1;
+    }
+    System.arraycopy(data, 0, writeBuffer, writePos, data.length);
+    writePos += data.length;
+    incrementNumValues();

Review Comment:
   Added that additional validation for both the array builder and object 
builder, and added tests for those scenarios.



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