Konkani LLM: Multi-Script Instruction Tuning and Evaluation for a
Low-Resource Indian Language
Reuben Chagas Fernandes
<https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Fernandes,+R+C>, Gaurang
S. Patkar <https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Patkar,+G+S>

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently under perform in low-resource
linguistic contexts such as Konkani. This performance deficit stems from
acute training data scarcity compounded by high script diversity across
Devanagari, Romi and Kannada orthographies. To address this gap, we
introduce Konkani-Instruct-100k, a comprehensive synthetic
instruction-tuning dataset generated through Gemini 3.
We establish rigorous baseline benchmarks by evaluating leading
open-weights architectures including Llama 3.1, Qwen2.5 and Gemma 3
alongside proprietary closed-source models. Our primary contribution
involves the development of Konkani LLM, a series of fine-tuned models
optimized for regional nuances. Furthermore, we are developing the
Multi-Script Konkani Benchmark to facilitate cross-script linguistic
evaluation. In machine translation, Konkani LLM delivers consistent gains
over the corresponding base models and is competitive with and in several
settings surpasses proprietary baselines  https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23529



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