Hi Bastien,

The issue is that currently tangling a single block by calling
`org-babel-tangle` with a prefix argument fails. This is unrelated to
the earlier thread today, but was introduced by my original commit
a2cb9b853d.

Unfortunately, fixing it requires some refactorisation to avoid code
duplication. To keep the patch as simple as possible, I have
introduced a new helper function, I hope this is okay.

I have tested the attached patch with the uses cases shown so far, as
well as my own and the org test suite.

I apologise again for the troubles.

--
Sébastien Miquel

>From 69be5864d9c936396317d81b6c39ddb166ac45d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?S=C3=A9bastien=20Miquel?= <sebastien.miq...@posteo.eu>
Date: Wed, 5 May 2021 17:45:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] ob-tangle.el: Fix single block tangle

lisp/ob-tangle.el (org-babel-tangle-single-block): Fix the result when
`only-this-block' is `t' to match what is expected by
`org-babel-tangle'.
(org-babel-effective-tangled-filename): Extract the
computation of filename of tangled src block.
(org-babel-tangle-collect-blocks): Use `org-babel-effective-tangled-filename'.
---
 lisp/ob-tangle.el | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lisp/ob-tangle.el b/lisp/ob-tangle.el
index 8af03b11a..562776ae8 100644
--- a/lisp/ob-tangle.el
+++ b/lisp/ob-tangle.el
@@ -350,6 +350,22 @@ that the appropriate major-mode is set.  SPEC has the form:
 	       (org-fill-template
 		org-babel-tangle-comment-format-end link-data)))))

+(defun org-babel-effective-tangled-filename (buffer-fn src-lang src-tfile)
+  "Return effective tangled filename of a source-code block.
+BUFFER-FN is the name of the buffer, SRC-LANG the language of the
+block and SRC-TFILE is the value of the :tangle header argument,
+as computed by `org-babel-tangle-single-block'."
+  (let ((base-name (cond
+                    ((string= "yes" src-tfile)
+                     ;; Use the buffer name
+                     (file-name-sans-extension buffer-fn))
+                    ((> (length src-tfile) 0) src-tfile)))
+        (ext (or (cdr (assoc src-lang org-babel-tangle-lang-exts)) src-lang)))
+    (when base-name
+      ;; decide if we want to add ext to base-name
+      (if (and ext (string= "yes" src-tfile))
+          (concat base-name "." ext) base-name))))
+
 (defun org-babel-tangle-collect-blocks (&optional lang-re tangle-file)
   "Collect source blocks in the current Org file.
 Return an association list of language and source-code block
@@ -378,17 +394,8 @@ be used to limit the collected code blocks by target file."
 	    ;; file name.
 	    (let* ((block (org-babel-tangle-single-block counter))
                    (src-tfile (cdr (assq :tangle (nth 4 block))))
-		   (base-name (cond
-			       ((string= "yes" src-tfile)
-                                ;; buffer name
-				(file-name-sans-extension
-				 (nth 1 block)))
-			       ((> (length src-tfile) 0) src-tfile)))
-		   (ext (or (cdr (assoc src-lang org-babel-tangle-lang-exts)) src-lang))
-		   (file-name (when base-name
-				;; decide if we want to add ext to base-name
-				(if (and ext (string= "yes" src-tfile))
-				    (concat base-name "." ext) base-name)))
+		   (file-name (org-babel-effective-tangled-filename
+                               (nth 1 block) src-lang src-tfile))
 		   (by-fn (assoc file-name blocks)))
 	      (if by-fn (setcdr by-fn (cons (cons src-lang block) (cdr by-fn)))
 		(push (cons file-name (list (cons src-lang block))) blocks)))))))
@@ -482,7 +489,10 @@ non-nil, return the full association list to be used by
 		  (org-trim (org-remove-indentation body)))
 		comment)))
     (if only-this-block
-	(list (cons src-lang (list result)))
+        (let* ((src-tfile (cdr (assq :tangle (nth 4 result))))
+               (file-name (org-babel-effective-tangled-filename
+                           (nth 1 result) src-lang src-tfile)))
+          (list (cons file-name (list (cons src-lang result)))))
       result)))

 (defun org-babel-tangle-comment-links (&optional info)
-- 
2.31.1

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