CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-bg
Module name: www-bg
Changes by: Kaloian Doganov <kaloian> 07/07/09 14:14:19
Added files:
philosophy : not-ipr.bg.html not-ipr.html
Log message:
Ранна ÑеÑнова на "Did You Say "Intellectual Property"?
It's a Seductive Mirage" Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво пÑоблемни меÑÑа.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/not-ipr.bg.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/not-ipr.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: not-ipr.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.bg.html
diff -N not-ipr.bg.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ not-ipr.bg.html 9 Jul 2007 14:14:19 -0000 1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
+<title>âÐнÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ ли
казаÑ
Ñе? Това е ÑÑблазниÑелен миÑаж -
ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
(ФСС)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
+<h2>âÐнÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ ли
казаÑ
Ñе? Това е ÑÑблазниÑелен миÑаж</h2>
+
+<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд Ð.
СÑолман</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ÐапоÑледÑк ÑÑана модно авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво,
паÑенÑниÑе и ÑÑÑговÑкиÑе
+маÑки â ÑÑи оÑделни и ÑазлиÑни по ÑвоÑÑа
ÑÑÑноÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑа, каÑаеÑи ÑÑи
+оÑделни и ÑазлиÑни набоÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸ (sets of
laws?) â да бÑдаÑ
+Ñ
вÑÑлÑни в Ð¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÑп, наÑиÑан
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ. Този
+изопаÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ обÑÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑмин не вÑзникна
ÑлÑÑайно. Той бе
+попÑлÑÑизиÑан Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸Ñе, коиÑо имаÑ
изгода Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑкванеÑо.
+Ðай-леÑниÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñин за излизане Ð¾Ñ Ñова
обÑÑкване е ÑеÑминÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе
+оÑÑ
вÑÑли изÑÑло.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+СпоÑед пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ ÐаÑк Ðемли (Mark Lemley) Ð¾Ñ Stanford
Law School?,
+ÑиÑоко ÑазпÑоÑÑÑаненаÑа ÑпоÑÑеба на
ÑеÑмина âинÑелекÑÑална
+ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ е кÑаÑкоÑÑайно ÑвлеÑение,
поÑледвало оÑноваванеÑо на
+СвеÑовнаÑа оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° инÑелекÑÑална
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ Ð¿Ñез 1967 г. и
+едва пÑез поÑледниÑе години дейÑÑвиÑелно
пÑидоби
+гÑажданÑÑвеноÑÑ. (ФоÑмално СÐÐС (WIPO?) е
оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÐÐ, но
+вÑÑÑноÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑва инÑеÑеÑиÑе на
ноÑиÑелиÑе на авÑоÑÑки пÑава,
+паÑенÑи и ÑÑÑговÑки маÑки.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТеÑминÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ñи пÑедÑазÑÑдÑк, койÑо не е
ÑÑÑдно да бÑде ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ â
+внÑÑениеÑо е да Ñе миÑли за авÑоÑÑкоÑо
пÑаво, паÑенÑиÑе и ÑÑÑговÑкиÑе
+маÑки по Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑавоÑо на ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ
вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑизиÑеÑки обекÑи.
+(Тази Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ðµ в конÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑавниÑе
ÑилоÑоÑии на авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво,
+паÑенÑноÑо пÑаво и trademark law?, но Ñамо
ÑпеÑиалиÑÑиÑе знаÑÑ Ñова.)
+ÐÑÑÑноÑÑ Ñези закони (или пÑавни облаÑÑи?
â these laws?) не пÑилиÑаÑ
+много на пÑавоÑо вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑизиÑеÑки обекÑи
(phisycal property law?), но
+използванеÑо на Ñози ÑеÑмин подвежда
законодаÑелиÑе да ги пÑоменÑÑ
+Ñака, Ñе да пÑилиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑе. ТÑй каÑо Ñази
пÑомÑна е желана оÑ
+компанииÑе, ÑпÑажнÑваÑи влаÑÑ (to exercise powers?),
пÑоизÑиÑаÑа оÑ
+авÑоÑÑки пÑава, паÑенÑни и ÑÑÑговÑки
маÑки, на ÑÑÑ
им е изгоден
+пÑедÑазÑÑдÑкÑÑ Ð¾Ñ âинÑелекÑÑалнаÑа
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑедÑазÑÑдÑкÑÑ Ðµ доÑÑаÑÑÑна пÑиÑина за
оÑÑ
вÑÑлÑнеÑо на ÑеÑмина и
+Ñ
оÑаÑа ÑеÑÑо ме молÑÑ Ð´Ð° пÑедложа дÑÑго
име за обознаÑаване на обÑаÑа
+каÑегоÑиÑ. ÐÑÑги пÑк пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ни
ÑобÑÑвени (ÑеÑÑо Ñ
ÑмоÑиÑÑиÑни)
+алÑенÑаÑиви. ÐÑедложениÑÑа вклÑÑваÑ
ÐаÑÑапени монополни пÑивилегии
+(ÐÐÐ) и ÐÑавно-наложени монополи, ÑÑздадени
Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑжаваÑа
+(ÐÐÐСÐ).<sup><a href="#TransNote1" id="TransBack1">1</a></sup> ÐÑкои
+говоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° âÑежими на изклÑÑиÑелни
пÑаваâ, но позоваванеÑо на
+огÑаниÑениÑÑа каÑо кÑм âпÑаваâ ÑÑÑо е
+двÑмиÑÑл<sup><a href="#TransNote2" id="TransBack2">2</a></sup>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑкои Ð¾Ñ Ñези алÑеÑнаÑивни имена
дейÑÑвиÑелно биÑ
а били по-подÑ
одÑÑи,
+но е дÑлбоко погÑеÑно да Ñе замени
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¹Ñо
+и да е дÑÑг ÑеÑмин. Ðдно ÑазлиÑно име не би
пÑеодолÑло най-ÑеÑиозниÑ
+пÑоблем на ÑÐ°Ð·Ð³Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑмин â
ÑвÑÑÑ
обобÑаванеÑо. Ðе ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва
+Ñакова едноÑодно неÑо каÑо
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ â Ñова е
миÑаж.
+ÐдинÑÑвенаÑа пÑиÑина, поÑади коÑÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа
ÑмÑÑаÑ, Ñе Ñо може да Ñе
+миÑли каÑо единна каÑегоÑиÑ, е
ÑиÑокоÑазпÑоÑÑÑаненаÑа ÑпоÑÑеба на
+ÑеÑмина, коÑÑо оÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ñова впеÑаÑление.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Рнай-добÑÐ¸Ñ ÑлÑÑай, ÑеÑминÑÑ
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ е Ð¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÑп, в
+койÑо Ñе Ñ
вÑÑлÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¾ и ÑмеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ñенно
ÑазлиÑни закони. Щом ÑÑÑÑ,
+Ñе един и ÑÑÑи ÑеÑмин Ñе пÑилага вÑÑÑ
Ñ
вÑиÑки Ñези закони, неÑÑиÑÑиÑе
+Ñа Ñклонни да допÑÑнаÑ, Ñе закониÑе Ñа
оÑновани на Ð¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑип или
+ÑÑнкÑиониÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ един и ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñин.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐиÑо не би могло да бÑде по-Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ
дейÑÑвиÑелноÑÑÑа. Тези закони Ñа
+вÑзникнали оÑделно един Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑг, Ñазвивали
Ñа Ñе по ÑазлиÑен наÑин,
+обÑ
ваÑÐ°Ñ ÑазлиÑни дейноÑÑи, ÑÑдÑÑжаÑ
ÑазлиÑни пÑавила и повдигаÑ
+ÑазлиÑни вÑпÑоÑи ÑпÑÑмо обÑеÑÑвениÑе
полиÑики.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво е пÑоекÑиÑано да
наÑÑÑÑава авÑоÑÑÑвоÑо и изкÑÑÑвоÑо;
+Ñо обÑ
ваÑа подÑобноÑÑиÑе пÑи изÑазÑванеÑо
на една ÑвоÑба. ÐаÑенÑноÑо
+пÑаво е имало за Ñел да наÑÑÑÑи
пÑбликÑванеÑо на полезни идеи, каÑо за
+ÑмеÑка на Ñова пÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñеменен
монопол над идеÑÑа на онзи, койÑо
+пÑÑв Ñ Ð¿ÑбликÑва â Ñделка, коÑÑо може да Ñи
ÑÑÑÑва да бÑде напÑавена в
+нÑкои облаÑÑи, но не и в дÑÑги.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа Ñазлика Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
, ÐаконÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÑговÑкиÑе
маÑки (trademark law?) не е
+имал за Ñел да наÑÑÑÑи дадена дейноÑÑ (way of
acting?), а Ñамо да даде
+вÑзможноÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑпÑваÑиÑе да знаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾
кÑпÑваÑ. Ðод влиÑние на
+âинÑелекÑÑалнаÑа ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ, обаÑе,
законодаÑелиÑе го обÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²
+ÑиÑÑема за оÑигÑÑÑване на пооÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñеклама.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТÑй каÑо Ñези закони Ñа Ñе Ñазвивали
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелно един Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑг, Ñе Ñа
+ÑазлиÑни не Ñамо в поÑÑи вÑеки деÑайл, а и в
оÑновниÑе им задаÑи и
+меÑоди. ТÑй Ñе ако наÑÑиÑе даден ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð·Ð°
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво, би било
+благоÑазÑмно да пÑедположиÑе, Ñе пÑи
паÑенÑноÑо пÑаво неÑаÑа ÑÑоÑÑ
+инаÑе. Ð Ñдко биÑ
Ñе ÑбÑÑкали!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ХоÑаÑа ÑеÑÑо ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ âинÑелекÑÑална
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ когаÑо Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñедвид
+нÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-голÑма или по-малка каÑегоÑиÑ.
ÐапÑимеÑ, богаÑиÑе дÑÑжави
+ÑеÑÑо Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливи закони на
бедниÑе дÑÑжави, за да изÑÑиÑкаÑ
+паÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
. ÐÑкои Ð¾Ñ Ñези закони Ñа
закониÑе за âинÑелекÑÑалнаÑа
+ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ, а дÑÑги â не Ñа. ÐÑпÑеки
Ñова, кÑиÑиÑиÑе на Ñази
+пÑакÑика ÑеÑÑо Ñе Ñ
ваÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð° еÑикеÑа
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ понеже
+веÑе им е ÑÑанал познаÑ. Ðзползвайки го, Ñе
изопаÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑодаÑа на
+пÑоблема. Ðи било по-добÑе ако използваÑ
ÑоÑен ÑеÑмин, напÑимеÑ
+âзаконодаÑелна колонизаÑиÑâ, койÑо
навлиза в ÑÑÑноÑÑÑа на вÑпÑоÑа.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаиÑиÑе (Laymen?) не Ñа единÑÑвениÑе, коиÑо Ñе
обÑÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñози
+ÑеÑмин. ÐоÑи пÑоÑеÑоÑиÑе по пÑаво, коиÑо
пÑÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑиÑе Ñези
+закони, Ñа ÑазÑеÑни и подмамени оÑ
ÑÑблазниÑелноÑÑÑа на ÑеÑмина
+âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ, пÑавейки
обÑи изказваниÑ, коиÑо Ñа в
+пÑоÑивоÑеÑие Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑниÑе им ÑакÑи.
ÐапÑимеÑ, пÑез 2006 г. един
+пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñа:
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Ðа Ñазлика Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑе наÑледниÑи, коиÑо
Ñега ÑабоÑÑÑ Ð² (work the
+floor?) СÐÐС (WIPO?), ÑÑздаÑелиÑе на
ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа на СÐЩ (framers of
+the US constitution?) Ñа имали пÑинÑипна,
наÑÑÑÑаваÑа конкÑÑенÑиÑÑа
+наглаÑа кÑм инÑелекÑÑалнаÑа ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ.
Те Ñа знаели, Ñе пÑаваÑа
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñа необÑ
одими, но... Ñа завÑÑзали
ÑÑÑеÑе на ÐонгÑеÑа,
+огÑаниÑвайки влаÑÑÑа Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ най-ÑазлиÑни
наÑини.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Това изказване Ñе позовава на article 1 section 8,
clause 8 (???) оÑ
+ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа на СÐЩ, коÑÑо ÑпÑлномоÑава
авÑоÑÑкоÑо и паÑенÑноÑо
+пÑаво. Тази клаÑза (clause?), обаÑе, нÑма ниÑо
обÑо ÑÑÑ Ðакона за
+ÑÑÑговÑкиÑе маÑки (trademark law?). ТеÑминÑÑ
âинÑелекÑÑална
+ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ е подвел пÑоÑеÑоÑа да
напÑави лÑжливо обобÑение.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТеÑминÑÑ âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ
води ÑÑÑо и до опÑоÑÑенÑеÑко
+миÑлене. То подвежда Ñ
оÑаÑа да Ñе
конÑенÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑдниÑе
+ÑоÑмални пÑилики, ÑподелÑни Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñези
коÑенно ÑазлиÑни закони â Ñова,
+Ñе закониÑе ÑÑÐ·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÐºÑÑÑвени
пÑивилегии за дадени ÑÑÑани â каÑо
+пÑенебÑÐµÐ³Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑобноÑÑиÑе, обÑазÑваÑи
ÑÑÑ
наÑа ÑÑÑноÑÑ â а именно,
+ÑпеÑиÑиÑниÑе огÑаниÑениÑ, коиÑо вÑеки оÑ
Ñези закони поÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñед
+обÑеÑÑвеноÑÑÑа и поÑледÑÑвиÑÑа Ð¾Ñ Ñова.
Този опÑоÑÑенÑеÑки ÑокÑÑ
+вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑоÑмалноÑо окÑÑажава
âикономиÑÑиÑниÑâ подÑ
од кÑм вÑиÑки Ñези
+вÑпÑоÑи.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐакÑо ÑеÑÑо Ñе ÑлÑÑва, икономикаÑа ÑÑк
ÑлÑжи каÑо пÑоводник на
+безкÑиÑиÑно пÑиеÑи пÑÐµÐ´Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ [FIXME:
assumptions?]. Ð Ñова ÑиÑло
+пÑезÑмпÑии за ÑенноÑÑи, каÑо напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñе
колиÑеÑÑвоÑо пÑодÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ðµ
+Ñова, коеÑо има знаÑение, докаÑо ÑвободаÑа
и наÑина на Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÑмаÑ,
+или пÑк ÑакÑологиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедположениÑ,
коиÑо Ñа най-ÑеÑÑо погÑеÑни,
+каÑо напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñе авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво вÑÑÑ
Ñ
мÑзикаÑа подпомага
+мÑзиканÑиÑе, или Ñе паÑенÑиÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ
лекаÑÑÑва подпомагаÑ
+живоÑоÑпаÑиÑелниÑе изÑледваниÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+СледваÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблем е, Ñе ÑпеÑиÑиÑниÑе
вÑпÑоÑи, повдигнаÑи оÑ
+ÑазлиÑниÑе закони, ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи невидими в
ÑиÑокаÑа Ñкала на
+âинÑелекÑÑалнаÑа ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ. Тези
вÑпÑоÑи вÑÐ·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑобеноÑÑиÑе
+на вÑеки закон â ÑÑкмо Ñова, коеÑо
ÑеÑминÑÑ âинÑелекÑÑална
+ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ наÑÑÑÑава Ñ
оÑаÑа да
пÑенебÑегваÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, един ÑакÑв
+вÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ðµ дали ÑподелÑнеÑо на мÑзика ÑÑÑбва
да бÑде позволено.
+ÐаÑенÑноÑо пÑаво нÑма ниÑо обÑо Ñ Ñова.
ÐаÑенÑноÑо пÑаво повдига
+вÑпÑоÑи каÑо напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ на бедниÑе
ÑÑÑани ÑÑÑбва да Ñе позволи да
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑоÑпаÑÑваÑи лекаÑÑÑва и
да ги пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ²Ñино за да
+ÑпаÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑовеÑки живоÑи. ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво
нÑма ниÑо обÑо Ñ Ñези неÑа.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Тези вÑпÑоÑи не Ñа изÑÑло икономиÑеÑки по
ÑвоÑÑа пÑиÑода, ниÑо пÑк Ñа
+ÑÑ
одни Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñи. ÐÑеки, койÑо ги
Ñазглежда пÑез плиÑкаÑа
+икономиÑеÑкаÑа пеÑÑпекÑива на
ÑвÑÑÑ
обобÑаванеÑо, не може да долови
+ÑазликиÑе. Ðко поÑÑавиÑе дваÑа закона в
обÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÑп, наÑеÑен
+âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ, Ñе
оÑкÑиеÑе, Ñе Ñова вÑзпÑепÑÑÑÑва
+вÑзможноÑÑÑа ви да миÑлиÑе ÑÑно за вÑеки
един Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑезÑлÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñова, вÑÑкакви мнениÑ
оÑноÑно âвÑпÑоÑа за
+инÑелекÑÑалнаÑа ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ и вÑÑкакви
обобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑно Ñази мнима
+каÑегоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа поÑÑи ÑÑÑ ÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð³Ð»Ñпави.
Ðко миÑлиÑе за вÑиÑки Ñези
+закони каÑо за един пÑоблем, Ñе бÑдеÑе
Ñклонни да подбиÑаÑе мнениеÑо
+Ñи Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð»Ð¿Ð°Ð²Ð¸
ÑвÑÑÑ
обобÑениÑ, ниÑо едно Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÐµÑо не
+ÑÑÑÑва.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðко желаеÑе да миÑлиÑе ÑÑно за вÑпÑоÑиÑе,
повдигани Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑиÑе,
+авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава или ÑÑÑговÑкиÑе маÑки,
пÑÑваÑа ÑÑÑпка е да забÑавиÑе
+идеÑÑа да ги ÑмеÑваÑе и да запоÑнеÑе да Ñе
оÑнаÑÑÑе кÑм ÑÑÑ
каÑо кÑм
+ÑазлиÑни Ñеми. ÐÑоÑаÑа ÑÑÑпка е да
оÑÑ
вÑÑлиÑе ÑеÑногÑÑдиÑе
+пеÑÑпекÑиви и опÑоÑÑенÑеÑкаÑа каÑÑина,
внÑÑавана Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑмина
+âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ.
РазглеждайÑе вÑеки един Ð¾Ñ Ñези вÑпÑоÑи
+оÑделно, в неговаÑа пÑлноÑа. Ðдва Ñогава
Ñе имаÑе вÑзможноÑÑÑа да ги
+ÑазгледаÑе добÑе.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РкогаÑо ÑÑава дÑма за ÑеÑоÑмиÑанеÑо на
СÐÐС (WIPO?), оÑвен вÑиÑко дÑÑго
+<a href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html">нека
пÑизовем
+да Ñи Ñмени имеÑо</a>.
+</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+<b>Ðележки на пÑеводаÑа</b>:
+<ul>
+
+<li><a href="#TransBack1" id="TransNote1">1</a> ÐепÑеводима
игÑа на
+ дÑми. РоÑигинал IMPs (англ. дÑволÑеÑа) â
Imposed Monopoly
+ Privileges; и GOLEMs (англ. ???) â Government-Originated Legally
+ Enforced Monopolies.</li>
+
+<li><a href="#TransBack2" id="TransNote2">2</a> <em>двÑмиÑÑл</em> â
+ ÑпоÑобноÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе вÑÑва на две
пÑоÑивоположни неÑа. ÐÑновно
+ понÑÑие в ÑоÑалиÑаÑнаÑа ÑиÑÑема за
конÑÑол на миÑÑлÑа, опиÑана в
+ â1984â Ð¾Ñ ÐжоÑдж ÐÑÑел.</li>
+
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа:
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини
+за <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ
ФСС.
+<br />
+ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени
Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
+пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа:
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
+за пÑеводаÑи</a> за инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑно
кооÑдиниÑанеÑо и подаванеÑо на
+пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2004, 2006 РиÑаÑд СÑолман
+<br />
+ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за
+вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо
на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
+бележка да бÑде запазена.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>ÐÑевод</b>: ÐалоÑн Ðоганов
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><[EMAIL PROTECTED]></a>, 2007 г.
+<br />
+ÐолÑ, докладвайÑе гÑеÑки и пÑедложениÑ
оÑноÑно бÑлгаÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ñевод ÑÑез
+<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=www-bg">ÑиÑÑемаÑа за
+пÑоÑледÑване на гÑеÑки</a> на <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg/">пÑоекÑа за
пÑевод на
+www.gnu.org</a>. ÐлагодаÑим Ðи!</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/07/09 14:14:19 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
+<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: not-ipr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.html
diff -N not-ipr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ not-ipr.html 9 Jul 2007 14:14:19 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and trademarks
+— three separate and different entities involving three separate
+and different sets of laws — into one pot and call it
+“intellectual property”. The distorting and confusing term
+did not arise by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion
+promoted it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the
+term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fad that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization, and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias of “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is enough reason to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category —
+or have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term gives that impression.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Non-lawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle, and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
+the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to
+promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
+one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price
+that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws,
+and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
+for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it,
+they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use
+an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization”, that
+gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured by, and distracted by, the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to the article 1 section 8, clause 8 in the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law. The term
+“intellectual property” led that professor into a false
+generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters, while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale of “intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed. Patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives. Copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, but they are not
+similar, and anyone looking at them in the shallow economic
+perspectives of overgeneralization cannot grasp the differences. If
+you put both laws in the general “intellectual property”
+pot, you will find that obstructs your ability to think clearly about
+each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As a result, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of
+lumping them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second
+step is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the
+term “intellectual property” suggests. Consider each of
+these issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of
+considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things
+<a href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html">let's call for
+changing its name</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted worldwide without royalty in any medium provided
+this notice is preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/07/09 14:14:19 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
+<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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