Github user stain commented on the issue: https://github.com/apache/commons-rdf/pull/30 This pull request returns `getLanguageTag()` in whatever case the underlying platform does (e.g. I think RDF4J and JSONLD-Java preserves casing, while Jena and Simple converts to lowercase. I think it is only in `.equals()` and `.hashCode()` we need case insensitivity. There's arguments both ways if we should provide a consistent view across the implementations (e.g. always lowercase); or if we should provide a consistency with what the underlying implementation does (e.g. if it is preserves casing for presentation purposes). Commons RDF don't have any value handling mechanisms now for say converting`"13.37"^^xsd:float` to a Java float `13.37f` (without going through the underlying implementations and related methods); or determining value equality, so I think it is not too weird if Commons RDF doesn't do anything clever about language tags either (beyond spec compliance). But if someone were to add a Common RDF API for such literal value handling, it could be natural to also add "utils" methods for presenting or parsing language tags (e.g. `isLanguageTagEqual("en-us", "en-US")` as well as hierarchical comparisons, something like `isSameLanguageTagFamily("en-us", "en-GB")`
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