Github user stain commented on the issue:

    https://github.com/apache/commons-rdf/pull/30
  
    This pull request returns `getLanguageTag()` in whatever case the 
underlying platform does (e.g. I think RDF4J and JSONLD-Java preserves casing, 
while Jena and Simple converts to lowercase.
    
    I think it is only in `.equals()` and `.hashCode()` we need case 
insensitivity.
    
    There's arguments both ways if we should provide a consistent view across 
the implementations (e.g. always lowercase); or if we should provide a 
consistency with what the underlying implementation does (e.g. if it is 
preserves casing for presentation purposes). 
    
    Commons RDF don't have any value handling mechanisms now for say 
converting`"13.37"^^xsd:float` to a Java float `13.37f` (without going through 
the underlying implementations and related methods); or determining value 
equality, so I think it is not too weird if  Commons RDF doesn't do anything 
clever about language tags either (beyond spec  compliance).
    
    But if someone were to add a Common RDF API for such literal value 
handling, it could be natural to also add "utils" methods for presenting or 
parsing language tags (e.g. `isLanguageTagEqual("en-us", "en-US")` as well as 
hierarchical comparisons, something like `isSameLanguageTagFamily("en-us", 
"en-GB")`



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