nevzheng commented on issue #13515:
URL: https://github.com/apache/gravitino/issues/13515#issuecomment-5880193524

   **Five independent concurrency layers are stacked here — worth naming them, 
and sizing their real impact, so future work doesn't conflate them.**
   
   **Why it matters:** "make tests faster" collapses into one bucket in 
conversation, but the actual knobs operate at completely different layers with 
very different payoffs — some large, some closer to zero (or a cost win rather 
than a speed win).
   
   | Layer | Technique | Status | Speedup vs. baseline (SWAG) | Basis |
   |:--|:--|:--|:-:|:--|
   | Backend/lane sharding | Split into 
`coreH2Test`/`coreMySQLTest`/`corePostgreSQLTest`, separate CI jobs | Shipped, 
settled | **XL** | Structural enabler — everything below runs in parallel 
across 3 independent CI machines because of this |
   | Process-fork parallelism | `maxParallelForks`, multiple JVMs per lane | 
Shipped (#13530) | **L** | Measured: 33-50% reduction vs. fixture-reuse 
baseline |
   | Container/server sharing | One physical DB container per backend instead 
of one per fork | In review (#13553) | **XS** (speed) / **M** (cost) | Measured 
on Mac + CI-matched hardware: wall-clock is a wash (±3-11%, noise-level); real 
win is resource footprint, not speed |
   | Database-per-fork naming | Unique DB name per fork on the shared server | 
Shipped, quietly | **XS** | Pure enabler for the layer above; no standalone 
speedup |
   | Intra-JVM thread parallelism | JUnit-native threads instead of forks, 
`-PcoreDatabaseThreaded=true` (default off) | Spike, unresolved, racing | **L** 
*(speculative, unverified)* | Not measured yet. Fork count today is 
memory-budget-capped at 2; a correctly-isolated thread pool could approach the 
real CPU ceiling. Blocked on a current race under a shared cache-cleanup 
executor |
   
   **The honest read:** the container-sharing PR is a **cost** win dressed as a 
**speed** claim — worth being explicit about that distinction. The thread spike 
is the only line with real unrealized upside left, and it's still unproven.
   
   **Go deeper:** #13530, #13553.
   


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