Can you elaborate on and quantify the information gain from the application of restraints? Having applied them, any deviation from them, derived from the x-ray data, is an information gain as it corresponds to a significant degree of surprise. This is why one collects the x-ray diffraction data. These restraints are applied in real space. In reciprocal space, estimates of diffraction intensities together with their error model can also be expressed as an information gain. If one wants to, a diffraction limit can be set where the additional gain in information is negligible. For the purposes of this discussion, the use of the term "resolution" is now not allowed to describe a structural model or a diffraction limit. Well, that is my techno-waffle. I am sure others can do better.
-----Original Message----- From: CCP4 bulletin board <CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK> On Behalf Of Frank von Delft Sent: Thursday, October 10, 2024 3:24 PM To: CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK Subject: Re: [ccp4bb] Review: Linearity and Resolution in X-Ray Crystallography and Electron Microscopy [0000bcb385fe5582-dmarc-requ...@jiscmail.ac.uk appears similar to someone who previously sent you email, but may not be that person. Learn why this could be a risk at https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification ] Well, I was reflecting on James's reminder of the huge precision gain from inclusion of restraints; that's formally an information gain, so should we not be casting that as "effective resolution" or some-such. But this is where you get to ignore me if I am in fact committing techno-waffle. Frank On 10/10/2024 10:16, Randy John Read wrote: > Hi Frank, > > How are you proposing that this could be used? I like to think (from a > Bayesian perspective) that if you’re handling the restraints properly (i.e. > in a way where they reflect the prior probability of the model), then they > automatically balance themselves with the data likelihood. If the data are > less sensitive to changes in the model than the restraints are, the > restraints will win, and vice versa. > > Best wishes, > > Randy > >> On 10 Oct 2024, at 06:34, Frank von Delft >> <0000bcb385fe5582-dmarc-requ...@jiscmail.ac.uk> wrote: >> >> Yes, to the uninitiated, that's an easily-overlooked massivefeature of >> modern MX... >> >> Question: has anybody given Randy's KL information gain treatment to the >> inclusion (or tightening) of restraints? >> >> >> >> On 09/10/2024 19:36, James Holton wrote: >>> Sometimes I wonder where we got this idea that "resolution" is somehow an >>> error bar on position. Perhaps we can blame astronomers? And yet, every day >>> we use stereochemical restraints with "sigma" on bond lengths set around >>> 0.005 A. Ever wonder how this distance was so accurately measured? Must >>> have been a spectacular diffraction pattern! But no, seriously, nobody has >>> ever collected data to 0.005 A. Nevertheless, we do write down unit cell >>> dimensions with at least that many significant digits, as well as the xyz >>> position of atoms in our PDB files. Is that excessive? No it is not. All >>> you have to do is try rounding off the unit cell and re-processing to see >>> how much it messes things up. And if you add noise to atomic positions and >>> re-refine your R factors will explode. At first. Then then our modern, >>> clever programs minimize it down to reasonable values again. Do they >>> recover the same position for all the atoms each time? Well, no, not >>> exactly. This depends on tangling. but that is a different thread. The >>> upshot of atomic position accuracy is that it comes from centroiding: you >>> can know the center of a peak much more accurately than its width. Just >>> like you can find the top of a mountain more accurately than the width of >>> that mountain. >>> >>> Anyway, my point is that we really can measure distances and positions to >>> much much better precision and accuracy than the "resolution". Why not >>> celebrate that? >>> >>> A full and hearty congratulations to our latest Nobel Laurates! But the >>> battle for the "Last Angstrom" is far from over. >>> >>> -James Holton >>> MAD Scientist >>> >>> On 10/9/2024 10:25 AM, Frank von Delft wrote: >>>> So Randy, what should we be saying/using, and where do we find it... and >>>> (not least!), when in the experiment-to-final-model process? >>>> >>>> By "what" I mean, the specific words - since as Ian points out, the words >>>> "resolution limit" and "diffraction limit" are quite different, whatever >>>> we thoughtlessly use in day-to-day parlance. >>>> >>>> (A very interesting discussion, thanks!) >>>> >>>> >>>> On 08/10/2024 09:05, Randy John Read wrote: >>>>> Dear Marin, >>>>> >>>>> In crystallography we do have the information gain measure (based on >>>>> Kullback-Leibler divergence) that my group put forward and implemented in >>>>> our Phaser program (https://doi.org/10.1107/s2059798320001588). Signal >>>>> and noise aren’t isotropic, so information gain isn’t isotropic either. >>>>> However, we’ve observed that the resolution at which the average >>>>> information gain is about 1/2 bit per reflection corresponds roughly to >>>>> the resolution limits suggested by other techniques. Given the >>>>> interpretation of information gain as the maximum log-likelihood-gain >>>>> that one could achieve from an observation with a perfect model, it’s a >>>>> very natural measure to use for the useful resolution. I don’t think this >>>>> measure has gained much traction in the crystallographic community yet, >>>>> but it’s becoming more widely available in some data analysis tools. >>>>> >>>>> We’ve used the same KL-divergence approach to estimate the information >>>>> gain from a Fourier term in a cryo-EM reconstruction >>>>> (https://doi.org/10.1107/s2059798323001596). In the implementation of >>>>> this in our EM-placement docking software, we have anisotropic estimates >>>>> of signal and noise, so again the information gain is anisotropic. >>>>> Somewhat to my surprise (given the differences in the derivations), our >>>>> information gain measure turns out to be equivalent to yours >>>>> (https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2009.03223) if we assume that the signal >>>>> and noise are isotropic. As you point out there, for cryo-EM >>>>> reconstructions it’s essential to consider the effect of over-sampling of >>>>> the Fourier transform and the corresponding lack of independence of the >>>>> Fourier terms, so this has an over-sampling correction factor. >>>>> >>>>> Best wishes, >>>>> >>>>> Randy Read >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>> On 8 Oct 2024, at 00:02, Marin van Heel <marin.vanh...@gmail.com> wrote: >>>>>> >>>>>> Dear Marius Schmidt >>>>>> >>>>>> In my (our) original FRC/FSC papers (1982; 1986 ; 2000; 2004; 2017; >>>>>> 2020; 2024) the linearity of these correlation functions/metrics have >>>>>> been extensively discussed. Historically, EM started at a low resolution >>>>>> "blobology" level whereas X-ray crystallography (XRC) at that time, >>>>>> already had reached atomic resolution. This led to the belief that the >>>>>> XRC resolution metrics ( like phase residuals and R-factors) were also >>>>>> appropriate as resolution metrics for EM. However, in XRC the >>>>>> measurables are diffraction patterns for which amplitudes corresponding >>>>>> phases had to be derived iteratively. In EM and in imagining in general, >>>>>> the measurables are the images themselves, that contain both the >>>>>> amplitude information and the phase information. To revert to the then >>>>>> already established XRC resolution metrics like phase residuals or >>>>>> R-factors, implied discarding the most important part of the available >>>>>> information (see the Why-O-Why ). >>>>>> (https://www.linkedin.com/posts/marin-van-heel-5845b422b_whyowhyarchive-activity-7149738255154946048-Oc93/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop). >>>>>> That problem was realized soon and the mentioned FRC and FSC metrics >>>>>> were thus suggested which exploit all the available information. Thus, >>>>>> the XRC atomic resolution technique of the 1980s came with a low-quality >>>>>> resolution metric whereas the Cryo-EM low-resolution blobology approach >>>>>> of the 1980s came with a high-quality resolution metric. >>>>>> Thus, in summary, all resolution criteria in XRC are ad-hoc >>>>>> non-linear metrics that have no general validity outside of XRC. Looking >>>>>> at only the amplitudes of a diffraction pattern is like finding the >>>>>> highest resolution spot in a diffraction pattern, where, even if the >>>>>> spot is clearly visible, that does not mean one would be able to find >>>>>> its phase. We need a more comprehensive metric that has a wide range of >>>>>> applicability. In other words, where a CC1-2 metric cannot be applied to >>>>>> assess the 3D brain scan of a brain-tumor patient, the FRC / FSC, and >>>>>> the newest FRI / FSI metrics can be applied in all cases where 2D and 3D >>>>>> data are dealt with! >>>>>> Hope this helps, >>>>>> >>>>>> Marin van Heel >>>>>> >>>>>> On Mon, Oct 7, 2024 at 3:04 PM Marius Schmidt <smar...@uwm.edu> wrote: >>>>>> I think this is taken care of: >>>>>> The CC1/2 and the CC1/2* are appropriate metrics for the resolution >>>>>> limit. >>>>>> They are all spit out by newer data processing software. >>>>>> The CC1/2 is directly comparable to the FSC. Many people use >>>>>> CC1/2 = 1/e as the resolution limit. >>>>>> In many cases of data the CC1/2 = 1/e is equivalent to I/sigI of >>>>>> 1, which is used sometimes as a metric for the resolution limit >>>>>> (some use I/sigI = 2), and in more cases the CC1/2 corresponds to Rmerge >>>>>> in the range of 40%. >>>>>> For serial crystallography, the R-split goes through the roof at >>>>>> CC1/2 = 1/e, so the CC1/2 is the better metric. >>>>>> >>>>>> Best >>>>>> Marius >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> Marius Schmidt, Dr. rer. Nat. (habil.) Professor University of >>>>>> Wisconsin-Milwaukee Kenwood Interdisciplinary Research Complex >>>>>> Physics Department, Room 3087 >>>>>> 3135 North Maryland Avenue >>>>>> Milwaukee, Wi 53211 >>>>>> phone (office): 1-414-229-4338 >>>>>> phone (lab): 414-229-3946 >>>>>> email: smar...@uwm.edu >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fuwm.edu%2Fphysics%2Fpeople%2Fschmidt-marius%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cco >>>>>> lin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d2 >>>>>> 7ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191096365%7CUnkn >>>>>> own%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1 >>>>>> haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=%2FHQMH30ZP6KkgQRD4czz >>>>>> TilXkyBdw%2B6HtsrLa7wHgZw%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fsites.uwm.edu%2Fsmarius%2F&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.a >>>>>> c.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d7 >>>>>> 28dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191107440%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8ey >>>>>> JWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D% >>>>>> 7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=PYCKAuXTKweZXo7MdDVtWO4LCgGovAwyawBHY3BBuW >>>>>> k%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fwww.bioxfel.org%2F&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc >>>>>> 6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df >>>>>> 6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191118343%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC >>>>>> 4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000% >>>>>> 7C%7C%7C&sdata=7R0I7%2FqetJ7tGJL%2BS8npeHqY5i%2BRH4JTBm5OTAHz8v0% >>>>>> 3D&reserved=0 Nature News and Views: >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-023-00504-4&data=05%7C02%7Cco >>>>>> lin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d2 >>>>>> 7ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191129053%7CUnkn >>>>>> own%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1 >>>>>> haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=wiGAn0SapGUw1bB7vZNTF2 >>>>>> v9Q1cGREgFLBkM5bL25ws%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> >>>>>> From: CCP4 bulletin board <CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK> on behalf of >>>>>> Marin van Heel <marin.vanh...@gmail.com> >>>>>> Sent: Monday, October 7, 2024 11:24 AM >>>>>> To: CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK <CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK> >>>>>> Subject: [ccp4bb] Review: Linearity and Resolution in X-Ray >>>>>> Crystallography and Electron Microscopy Dear All, >>>>>> >>>>>> Sayan Bhakta and I have recently posted the preprint of a review on >>>>>> resolution and linearity which will appear in a book to be launched on >>>>>> the 16th of October 2024. >>>>>> ( https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003326106 ). It is the first Cryo-EM >>>>>> review that I have been involved in for 25 years. >>>>>> In our preparation, I was quite amazed about what other authors wrote >>>>>> (or did not write) in their many reviews on these matters. >>>>>> For example, I missed any serious discussion about resolution metrics in >>>>>> X-ray crystallography, which technique is fundamentally non-linear. >>>>>> Linearity is a prerequisite for defining the resolution of any >>>>>> instrument. The iterative refinements applied in X-ray crystallography >>>>>> (and sometimes Cryo-EM) makes that all Phase-residuals and R-factors or >>>>>> fixed threshold values cannot be used to compare the results of >>>>>> independently conducted experiments. What is an obvious consequence of >>>>>> the lack of universality of such metrics like phase-residuals and >>>>>> R-factors, is that they cannot be used outside of the immediate context >>>>>> in which they were defined, like X-ray crystallography or structural >>>>>> biology. In contrast, the Fourier-Ring-Correlation (FRC); >>>>>> Fourier-Shell-Correlation (FSC) and their recent successors: the >>>>>> Fourier-Ring-Information (FRI) and the Fourier-Shell-Information (FSI), >>>>>> plus their integrated versions, are universal metrics that are >>>>>> applicable to all fields of science where 2D and 3D data are dealt with! >>>>>> >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fdoi.org%2F10.31219%2Fosf.io%2F5empt&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40 >>>>>> diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d >>>>>> 0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191150811%7CUnknown%7CTWFpb >>>>>> GZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVC >>>>>> I6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=k5SfOQkzoczIj8Vnmvh%2FUWcJJLg5bBp >>>>>> zDcZNaJGQrJY%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> >>>>>> Have fun reading it! >>>>>> >>>>>> Marin >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fwww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FWA-JISC.exe%3FSUBED1%3DCCP4BB%26A >>>>>> %3D1&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483e >>>>>> f0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638 >>>>>> 642718191161830%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQI >>>>>> joiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata= >>>>>> QPm4x8PY88vV1Z%2F7Vlric8eUCgOE6wtKzMyPCMRzpe4%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: >>>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%252 >>>>>> Fwww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FWA-JISC.exe%3FSUBED1%3DCCP4BB%26A >>>>>> %3D1&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483e >>>>>> f0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638 >>>>>> 642718191172709%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQI >>>>>> joiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata= >>>>>> NgUsudKO%2FsNKSTirCQpLd6AWY%2F6jVVnPGtBETdCKcnY%3D&reserved=0 >>>>>> >>>>> ----- >>>>> Randy J. Read >>>>> Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge Cambridge >>>>> Institute for Medical Research Tel: +44 1223 336500 The Keith >>>>> Peters Building Hills Road E-mail: rj...@cam.ac.uk Cambridge CB2 >>>>> 0XY, U.K. www-structmed.cimr.cam.ac.uk >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> ################################################################## >>>>> ###### >>>>> >>>>> To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: >>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2F >>>>> http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/%2Fcgi-bin%2FWA-JISC.exe%3FSUBED1%3DCCP4BB%26A%3 >>>>> D1&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0f >>>>> b08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C6386427 >>>>> 18191183441%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2 >>>>> luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=05XXzO >>>>> roQsGBltCNF%2Fs3%2B2Z8QALfL%2F7SXEzdP8HHEl0%3D&reserved=0 >>>>> >>>>> This message was issued to members of >>>>> http://w/ >>>>> ww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2FCCP4BB&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac. >>>>> uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728d >>>>> ae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191194293%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIj >>>>> oiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C600 >>>>> 00%7C%7C%7C&sdata=pCqiMtpR%2BzMtFGJF%2BiEyQY%2Bf6vVmKPDcxhNQMKivey >>>>> 0%3D&reserved=0, a mailing list hosted by >>>>> http://w/ >>>>> ww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2F&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc >>>>> 6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6 >>>>> %7C0%7C0%7C638642718191205718%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4w >>>>> LjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C% >>>>> 7C%7C&sdata=t%2FFptwXtzTw1L92UiWQco9kGUHWmCgdDGkSmDxZgmC4%3D&reser >>>>> ved=0, terms & conditions are available at >>>>> https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2F >>>>> http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/%2Fpolicyandsecurity%2F&data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nav >>>>> e%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba74010 >>>>> 04d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191216624%7CUnknown%7CTWF >>>>> pbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXV >>>>> CI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=c5gmGcFXt0DTv6VoGqU%2F3QYHykZZSdO >>>>> NLfwMmkPJlV8%3D&reserved=0 >>>>> >>>> >>>> To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: >>>> https://w/ >>>> ww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FWA-JISC.exe%3FSUBED1%3DCCP4BB%26A%3D1 >>>> &data=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08 >>>> dce9372c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C63864271819 >>>> 1227609%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzI >>>> iLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=42K20tY6USk% >>>> 2FefeoAFEAphYav9i1Umd%2FQ1gHFx32nRc%3D&reserved=0 >> >> To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: >> https://www/ >> .jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FWA-JISC.exe%3FSUBED1%3DCCP4BB%26A%3D1&dat >> a=05%7C02%7Ccolin.nave%40diamond.ac.uk%7Cc6aedbd2c3a1483ef0fb08dce937 >> 2c1f%7C9d27ba7401004d0d81ff1d728dae8df6%7C0%7C0%7C638642718191239588% >> 7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6I >> k1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C60000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=PzTA%2FziutbJ7NwJCJT%2Fx >> CnTvoQvYD9v3QC6aZUz4ZcI%3D&reserved=0 > ----- > Randy J. Read > Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge > Cambridge Institute for Medical Research Tel: +44 1223 336500 > The Keith Peters Building > Hills Road E-mail: > rj...@cam.ac.uk > Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K. > www-structmed.cimr.cam.ac.uk > ######################################################################## To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/WA-JISC.exe?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1 This message was issued to members of http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/CCP4BB, a mailing list hosted by http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/, terms & conditions are available at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/policyandsecurity/ This e-mail and any attachments may contain confidential, copyright and or privileged material, and are for the use of the intended addressee only. 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