Ross Moore wrote:

Hi Philip.

On 20 Jun 2020, at 12:08 am, Philip Taylor <p.tay...@hellenic-institute.uk <mailto:p.tay...@hellenic-institute.uk>> wrote:

XeTeX does what is expected if one uses \special {background cmyk 0.83 0.82 0.21 0.60} and ships out pages in the normal way; however, if \shipout is invoked directly, the shipped out boxes have a transparent ground.  How should the background colour of boxes which will be shipped out directly be specified ?

You need to understand that “background color” is *not* a basic concept in the PDF graphics model.

see the discussion at this link (and elsewhere), as shown in the image below:
https://community.adobe.com/t5/acrobat/change-background-color-of-pdf-pages/td-p/8476774?page=1

OK, thank you for that information Ross.  Clearly I was unaware of that, but the discussion was not particularly helpful, especially those who advocated using the Adobe Reader/Acrobat GUI to change the colour-scheme to "accessible" !  But in most ways I am no wiser — I have still have no idea why \special {background cmyk c.c m.m y.y k.k} can change the colour of pages shipped out from the output routine but not via a direct shipout.  It is not as if \special {background cmyk c.c m.m y.y k.k} is inserted as a part of the output routine — it is in mainline code.  So, why does it affect only pages that pass through the output routine ?

** Phil.

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