Further on this point (with some rewording):
IMPLICATION - there are 20+ years of positive experiments
with palladium-deuterium, most of them using hydrogen as a control. Hydrogen
does not seem to work at all in pure palladium. If H worked at all, then the
thermal gain with D is even more than we realize, since it is used as a
control.
BUT deuterium seems to work better than hydrogen ONLY in
palladium (possibly better in Titanium but that is less clear). Surprisingly
D is much poorer in side-by-side comparison in Ni-Cu (but is still gainful).
Most interesting, since much faith has been put in the 'boson connection'
prior to recently!
THERE IS A LESSON HERE ... but damn, I'm not sure exactly
what it is !
Among the possibilities are nuclear, magnetic and/or quantum properties.
Here are a few.
1) The deuteron has spin +1 and is a nuclear boson, but two bound
protons is also a composite boson
2) The NMR frequency of deuterium is significantly different from
hydrogen and nuclear magnetic moment is vastly less. NMR sensitivity is two
orders of magnitude less for D.
3) Nickel, as a host is ferromagnetic, so NMR or another magnetic
property may play a major role in defining the difference.
4) OTOH - Palladium is a paramagnetic but local ferromagnetism has been
documented in Pd! (could this relate to why these systems seem to be less
reliable than Ni-H ? (i.e. itinerate ferromagnetism)
5) Helium ash is often seen with Pd-D but no helium is seen with Ni-H.
In short, it could be possible that deuterium reactions are fundamentally
different, and always result in nuclear ash, whereas Ni-H reactions, if they
are nuclear at all - depend on direct transfers of nuclear mass from the
proton to supply excess energy, resulting in no transmutation. However, both
systems depend on some kind of magnetic coupling to the host metal lattice -
and that coupling defines which metals or alloys work and which do not work.
This opens the possibility that the known mass of the proton is an average,
and the population of hydrogen which is heavier than average can give up
slight mass in some form - and still retain nuclear stability. Note that QCD
was presaged by 50 years (1962) when Fermi discovered that soft pion
emissions could result from an electromagnetic interaction. Who knows -
stranger things have happened than protons shedding slight mass and still
retaining identity.
Thankfully - this last possibility is FALSIFIABLE with Ni-H since large
continuous gains are possible, allowing average mass of hydrogen reactant to
be tested before and after via highest precision mass spectrometry.
Jones
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