In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 100 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force.
The weak force is through by many to be the force that is responsible for LENR. For example, the L&W theory depends on the weak force to explain how protons become neutrons through a decay process. If the weak force does not behave like it is predicted to behave, that means that there is an unknown factor that is driving this weak force: the LENR force, into unexpected behavior. The connection between electromagnetism and the weak force may not be understood as current theory predicts. Since the B-meson decays into high energy tau particles, something is disturbing this decay process. Could the electromagnetic force combine with the weak force at lower energies, lower that 100 GeV? Could the electromagnetic force combine into the electroweak force at lower energies than expected? Electroweak activated LENR could be driven by a much lower power level than expected: a power level for the generation of the electroweak force that may be reached through engineering methods. The cross section for electroweak driven transmutation and nuclear binding energy release could be achieved through the application of very low electromagnetic power levels applied to the nucleus. Many LENR experiments point to this EMF based LENR mechanism. Rossi may be seeing indications of this electroweak anomaly occurring in his new E-Cat X reactor. What does Rossi mean by this statement regarded the Higgs boson? “if the Higgs turns out to be different , after it decays, from what we expect, it is sign the Standard Model has failed us; this anomalous effect could therefore open the gate to new Physics and maybe to new information indirectly introducing possible better theoretical explications of LENR,” While the W particles are force carriers of the weak force, they themselves carry charges under the electromagnetic force. While it is not so strange that force carriers are themselves, the fact that it is electromagnetic charge suggests that QED and the weak force are connected. Glashow's theory of the weak force took this into account by allowing for a mixing between the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The amount of mixing is labeled by a measurable parameter. Unifying forces The full theory of electroweak forces includes four force carriers: W+, W-, and two uncharged particles that mix at low energies—that is, they evolve into each other as they travel. This mixing is analogous to the mixing of neutrinos with one another. One mixture is the massless photon, while the other combination is the Z. In order for a particle to gain speed, it must loss mass. Also the range of it influence increases as energy is added. So at high energies, when all particles move at nearly the speed of light, particles loss all mass. At high energy, the W particles behave like photons and QED and the weak interactions unify into a single theory that we call the electroweak theory. A theory with four massless force carriers has a symmetry that is broken in a theory where three of them have masses. In fact, the Ws and Z have different masses. Glashow put these masses determined by experiment into the theory by hand, but did not explain their origin theoretically. This single mixing parameter is critical in LENR, It predicts many different observable phenomena in the weak interactions. First, it gives the ratio of the W and Z masses (it is the cosine of ). It also gives the ratio of the coupling strength of the electromagnetic and weak forces (the sine of ). In addition, many other measurable quantities, such as how often electrons or muons or quarks are spinning one way versus another when they come from a decaying Z particle, depend on the single mixing parameter. Thus, the way to test the electroweak theory is to measure all of these things and see if you get the same number for this one parameter. A sickness and a cure While the electroweak theory could successfully account for what was observed experimentally at low energies, one could imagine an experiment that could not be explained. If one takes this theory and tries to compute what happens when Standard Model particles scatter at very high energies (above 1 TeV) using Feynman diagrams, one gets nonsense. Nonsense looks like, for example, probabilities greater than 100%, measurable quantities predicted to be infinity, or simply approximations where the next correction to a calculation is always bigger than the last. If a theory produces nonsense when trying to predict a physical result, it is the wrong theory. A "fix" to a theory can be as simple as a single new fix-em-up field (and therefore, a new particle). We need a particle to help Glashow's theory, so we'll call it H. If a particle like H exists, and it interacts with the known particles, then it must be included in the Feynman diagrams we use to calculate things like scattering and decay cross sections. Thus, though we may never have seen such a particle, its virtual effects change the results of the calculations. Introducing H in the right way changes the results of the scattering calculation and gives sensible results. In the mid-1960s, a number of physicists, including Scottish physicist Peter Higgs, wrote down theories in which a force carrier could get a mass due to the existence of a new field. This field explains how a particle gets mass and therefore the range of its interactions. In 1967, Steven Weinberg (and independently, Abdus Salam), incorporated this effect into Glashow's electroweak theory producing a consistent, unified electroweak theory. It included a new particle, dubbed the Higgs boson, which, when included in the scattering calculations, completed a new theory—the Standard Model—which made sensible predictions even for very high-energy scattering. It predicted how a W particle changed mass as energy is added to became a photon at high energies. A mechanism for mass The way the Higgs field gives masses to the W and Z particles, and all other fundamental particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs mechanism), is subtle. The Higgs field—which like all fields lives everywhere in space—is in a different phase than other fields in the Standard Model. Because the Higgs field interacts with nearly all other particles, and the Higgs field affects the vacuum, the state of the vacuum affect the Higgs field, the coupling constant, and the range that the weak force can act. the space (vacuum) particles travel through affects them in a dramatic way: It gives them mass and restricts the ranbe of interaction. The bigger the coupling between a particle and the Higgs, the bigger the effect, and thus the bigger the particle's mass. If the Higgs field does not act as the standards model predicts, the way the weak force and electromagnetism couples is not well defined. This variation in the state of the vacuum, the range of the weak force, and how electromagnetism affects the weak force come into question. If the vacuum can be manipulated such that a volume of space can be partitioned into a zone of high energy and an adjacent zone of low energy, the zone of negative vacuum energy would allow the weak force to be more readily modified by EMF to increase it range and change its mode of interaction. Such behavior has been seen when LENR increases the rate of nuclear decay of radio active isotopes in LENR experiments. This uncertainty in the coupling constant and the associated Higgs mechanism now seen in the standard model give LENR a opening and a place at the table in the full sunshine and acceptance by the standard model. On Thu, Sep 10, 2015 at 12:35 PM, Peter Gluck <[email protected]> wrote: > http://egooutpeters.blogspot.ro/2015/09/10-sep-2015-lenr-info.html > > sources of answers and of new questions > > Peter > > -- > Dr. Peter Gluck > Cluj, Romania > http://egooutpeters.blogspot.com >
