Hi, The port 53 should be allowed for only the guest network
root@r-4-VM:~# iptables-save |grep "port 53" -A INPUT -d 10.111.17.4/32 -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -d 10.111.17.4/32 -i eth0 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 10.111.16.0/20 -i eth0 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 10.111.16.0/20 -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -Wei On Mon, Mar 11, 2024 at 1:27 PM Granwille Strauss <[email protected]> wrote: > Update: > > I ran a tcpdump in my vRouter as before, the hits are very minimal and > happen once every hour or so but here's one: > > --- > > root@r-205-VM:~# tcpdump -i eth0 port 53 -vvv > tcpdump: listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), snapshot length > 262144 bytes > 12:19:32.245883 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 45, id 10589, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 58) > 223.113.128.133.44939 > r-205-VM.domain: [udp sum ok] 6+ TXT CHAOS? > version.bind. (30) > 12:19:32.246139 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 39901, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 83) > r-205-VM.domain > 223.113.128.133.44939: [bad udp cksum 0x1c6b -> > 0xe026!] 6* q: TXT CHAOS? version.bind. 1/0/0 version.bind. CHAOS [0s] TXT > "dnsmasq-2.85" (55) > 12:19:32.333748 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 64418, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 74) > r-205-VM.39973 > one.one.one.one.domain: [bad udp cksum 0xbe6c -> > 0x2911!] 37389+ PTR? 133.128.113.223.in-addr.arpa. (46) > 12:19:32.736102 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 59, id 32530, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 74) > one.one.one.one.domain > r-205-VM.39973: [udp sum ok] 37389 NXDomain > q: PTR? 133.128.113.223.in-addr.arpa. 0/0/0 (46) > 12:19:32.737649 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 63743, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 66) > r-205-VM.33590 > one.one.one.one.domain: [bad udp cksum 0xbe64 -> > 0xf1fa!] 45813+ PTR? 1.1.1.1.in-addr.arpa. (38) > 12:19:32.739138 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 59, id 29383, offset 0, flags [DF], proto > UDP (17), length 95) > one.one.one.one.domain > r-205-VM.33590: [udp sum ok] 45813 q: PTR? > 1.1.1.1.in-addr.arpa. 1/0/0 1.1.1.1.in-addr.arpa. [16m24s] PTR > one.one.one.one. (67 > > ---- > > The source was from IP address 223.113.128.133, which is abusive according > to this: https://www.abuseipdb.com/check/223.113.128.133 > > Is it possible for me to block port 53 entirely on the vRouter for > incoming traffic? If yes, where in cloudstack UI do I do that as I use > shared networking and not isolated I do not see egress options in the UI > anywhere. Also, would it have any affect on my VMs if I do block it off? > On 3/11/24 12:33, Granwille Strauss wrote: > > Hi Nux > > Thanks for the update. Sorry, I am only a year and a half into cloudstack > and the whole cloud environment. So learning day by day. > > So DC gave me two IPs, one of which is my one VirtualRouter and the other > is an IP address that is "Assigned" but the UI does not say to what. Its > just blank. > > Now, the router in question seems to only manage two VMs, see attached > screenshots as proof. I ran the script Wei provided in my KVM host and this > is what it returned: > > --- > > ./network_stat.sh > VM: i-2-199-VM > NIC: vnet90 > Transmit Bytes: 347038161309 bytes (330961.38 MB, 323.20 GB) > ------------------------------------ > VM: i-2-203-VM > NIC: vnet103 > Transmit Bytes: 128741269385 bytes (122777.24 MB, 119.89 GB) > ------------------------------------ > VM: r-205-VM > NIC: vnet117 > Transmit Bytes: 342804580 bytes (326.92 MB, .31 GB) > NIC: vnet118 > Transmit Bytes: 111781578 bytes (106.60 MB, .10 GB) > ------------------------------------ > > --- > > But these stats make sense. VM i-2-199-VM was deployed Dec 2023 and VM > i-2-203-VM was deployed Jan 2024, these stats don't look suspicious, at > least not for me. You will also see I included r-205-VM in the script, > which is the vRouter in question. > > I then took the two IP addresses DC gave me, and followed Nux answer and I > can confirm BOTH IP addresses were able to successfully reach those hosts > apache.org via port 53. Again, the one IP is "assigned" but it shows me > nothing. I only know the other IP is assigned to the vRouter. The second > one I find it nowhere, no SystemVM no VM instance, nothing. > > So here's the thing we provide this service as a private cloud, so no one > has access to cloudstack, but me and my team. I did a basic deploy as per > documentation and that's all. I have no firewall settings in place in > cloudstack UI or so nothing. I only have firewalls in place on the VM > instances itself via CSF, for example. > > PS I can 100% confirm that *unassigned* IP addresses CANNOT reach the > apache.org hosts via Nux tests. So its ONLY the assigned IPs that can do > so. > > Please let me know what your thoughts are and anyway I need to go about > this? > On 3/11/24 12:09, Nux wrote: > > I have seen this in the past where port 53 was open on these public IPs on > the VR and was indeed leading to amplification attack. > > It's super easy to verify, from some 3rd party IP that you know is not > whitelisted anywhere in your firewall or cloudstack, run a host or dig > command that unallocated IP. If it replies, there is a problem. > > dig @IP apache.org a > host apache.org IP > > > > On 2024-03-11 07:43, Granwille Strauss wrote: > > Hi Guys > > I ended updating to 4.19 and updated all SystemVMs and routers > accordingly. DC has just informed me again that there is amplified > DDOS attacks originating from my virtual router and from an IP address > that's assigned to no instance or systemvm but shows via UI its > assigned. > > Any ideas what I can try to stop this? > On 2/12/24 21:30, Wei ZHOU wrote: > > cloudstack 4.19.0.0 has been released recently, which contains a new > systemvm template. You can upgrade. > > -Wei > > 在 2024年2月12日星期一，Granwille Strauss > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> 写道： > > Update: > > So since I ran updates for dnsmasq in all system vms, the issue > seems to > be solved. Our DC hasn't complained again. So it seems the vm > templates > need an update? > On 2/9/24 10:29, Jayanth Reddy wrote: > > Please capture on 53/UDP as most of the DNS stack uses UDP by > default. > > I looked the screenshot, No NAME means that the IP hasn't > undergone STATIC NAT to a VM, which is okay wherein perhaps there > could be port forwards or Load Balancer instead. The VR should > assign the IP on its interface if it is acquired in the network. > If I may ask, how are you concluding that IPs are unassigned > elsewhere, have you performed basic reachability tests? Your case > could be one of the below > > 1. That IP could be SNAT for that network. > 2. Or there was an assignment to one of the VMs previously as > STATIC NAT and later released. Please check your events. > > Get Outlook for Android<https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> > [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > > ________________________________ > From: Granwille Strauss <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Sent: Friday, February 9, 2024 1:40:05 pm > To: [email protected] <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Cc: Jayanth Reddy <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]>; Wei ZHOU > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Subject: Re: DDOS Attacks from my virtual Router > > I run version 4.18.1.0 currently, oddly there was an update for > dnsmasq so I applied them to all systemvms. I clean restarted the > guest networks and so far everything seems to be running fine. If > I pick up issues, I will destroy the routers so that cloudstack > can recreate them again. > > In the meantime, I am running the tcpdump as recommended in the > vritual router and will keep an eye on it, as mentioned there > seems to be no movement on port 53 so far and I also asked the DC > to provide an update on this after the changes I have applied. > > In any case, attached is a screenshot of the IP address that are > allocated but zero VM associated, I checked all of them and these > IPs show up no where. I have no loadbalancers, proxies nothing. > Just simple setup, with two virtual routers, one SSVM and one > Consolevm. The rest are VM instances. I am going to check the git > url you provided and query the DB to see what these are. > > On 2/9/24 09:53, Jayanth Reddy wrote: > > Hi, > Allocated means that it is assigned somewhere. You'll need to > check the Public IP Address tab. Use the shared GH issue for > exceptional case. > > The VR does bind only on the internal network. No, manually > updating packages on VRs and System VMs might produce strange > results. Please provision them again. > > Thanks > > Get Outlook for Android<https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> > [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > > ________________________________ > From: Granwille Strauss <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Sent: Friday, February 9, 2024 1:10:32 pm > To: > [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Cc: Wei ZHOU <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]>; > [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Subject: Re: DDOS Attacks from my virtual Router > > Hi > > Yes, I have Advanced network set up. I am going to check for the > allocated IPs that have zero VMs associated via the DB and see > what I can find. I see more than one that is "allocated" in > different guest networks. However, I would appreciate any clues or > tips, as I have barely touched CS database in my life. > > Then, the rvm does not seem to listen on a DNS server via port 53 > only dnsmaq, could this not be the issue too? As explained in the > blog I linked earlier? I am currently running a tcpdump for the > day to see what happens so far the dump is not providing any hits, > but keep in mind I did run apt-get update dnsmaq prior and > rebooted the systemvms including router vms. > > On 2/9/24 09:23, Wei ZHOU wrote: > > +1 > it looks like one of the VMs in the isolated network is > compromised. > try to capture the packets of port 53 (tcp/udp) by tcpdump in the > virtual > router, and see what is the source IP of the packets. > > -Wei > > On Fri, 9 Feb 2024 at 08:18, Jayanth Reddy > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > wrote: > > Hello, > The VR does process DNS queries, and if you're using cloud-init on > VMs, > the primary nameserver would be your VR IP. VR is usually > configured to > forward the requested DNS queries to upstream servers which is > defined in > the zone settings. So I guess one of the VMs should have gotten > compromised > leading to generating of attack. Usually the VR does SNAT, so the > SNAT or > STATICNAT IP becomes the source on the Internet (unless there is > double NAT > happening) > > See if you can check the MAC address of that Public IP from your > uplinks. > I've faced the same issue earlier wherein one VR was holding one > IP but for > whatever reason db was updated as free. See > thishttps://github.com/apache/cloudstack/issues/6821. You should > check in DB > for that IP. For me, I was able to get using the API, looked for > routers > and filtered the MAC address for that IP. Happens.. > > Is it safe for me to assume your zone is "Advanced"? > > Thanks > Jayanth Reddy > > Get Outlook for Android<https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> > [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> <https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg> [1] > > ________________________________ > From: Granwille Strauss <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > > > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > > > > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > > > > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Sent: Friday, February 9, 2024 11:38:13 am > To: > [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > Subject: DDOS Attacks from my virtual Router > > Hei > > My DC has just sent me notice that two of my IP addresses from the > allocated subnets are responsible for amplifying DDOS attacks. One > out of > the two is my virtual router IP address. I was advised to firewall > port 53 > or deactivate recursive functions. Can you perhaps provide some in > sight on > how this could be possible? > > The second IP address, I see under the guest networks that it is > "Allocated" but I have reviewed all my SystemVMs and all my > virtual > routers, none of them have that IP address assigned. Nor any VM > instance > either. Its assigned to something but I cannot tell what. Is there > a better > way for me to see what server/service uses this IP in Cloudstack, > please. > > -- > Regards / Groete > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/logo/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/cd2904ba-304d-4a49-bf33-cbe9ac76d929_248x-.png > > ]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> > [2]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> > [2]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> > [2]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > Granwille Strauss // Senior Systems Admin > > e: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email 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For > our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go > tohttps://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [Powered by > > > AdSigner]< > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818 > > > -- > Regards / Groete > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/logo/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/cd2904ba-304d-4a49-bf33-cbe9ac76d929_248x-.png > ]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> > > [2] <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] Granwille > Strauss // Senior > Systems Admin > > e: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <mailto:[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > m: +264 81 323 1260<tel:+264813231260> <+264813231260> [3] > <+264813231260><tel:+264813231260> <+264813231260> [3] <+264813231260> > w: www.namhost.com [4]<http://www.namhost.com> <http://www.namhost.com> > [4] > <http://www.namhost.com> <http://www.namhost.com> [4] > <https://www.namhost.com/> <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > <https://www.namhost.com/> <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > <https://www.namhost.com/> <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > <https://www.namhost.com/> <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_01/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/9151954b-b298-41aa-89c8-1d68af075373_48x48.png > ]<https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> > > [6] <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> > [6]<https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> > [6] > <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> [6] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_02/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/85a9dc7c-7bd1-4958-85a9-e6a25baeb028_48x48.png] > > > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> [7] > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> > [7]<https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> [7] > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> > [7] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_03/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/c1c5386c-914c-43cf-9d37-5b4aa8e317ab_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > [8]<https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_04/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/3aaa7968-130e-48ec-821d-559a332cce47_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > [9]<https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_05/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/3a8c09e6-588f-43a8-acfd-be4423fd3fb6_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> [10] > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > [10]<https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > [10] <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > [10] > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/i/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner/940x300 > ] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > > > [11] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received > it by mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the > message. It is forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal > the contents of this message to anyone without our explicit > consent. The integrity and security of this email cannot be > guaranteed over the Internet. Therefore, the sender will not be > held liable for any damage caused by the message. For our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go to > https://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [Powered by > > > AdSigner] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > > > [12] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > -- > Regards / Groete > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/logo/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/cd2904ba-304d-4a49-bf33-cbe9ac76d929_248x-.png > ]<https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> > > [2] <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] Granwille > Strauss // Senior > Systems Admin > > e: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > m: +264 81 323 1260<tel:+264813231260> <+264813231260> [3] > <+264813231260> > w: www.namhost.com [4]<https://www.namhost.com/> > <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > <https://www.namhost.com/> <https://www.namhost.com/> [5] > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_01/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/9151954b-b298-41aa-89c8-1d68af075373_48x48.png > ]<https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> > > [6] <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> > [6] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_02/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/85a9dc7c-7bd1-4958-85a9-e6a25baeb028_48x48.png] > > > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> [7] > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> > [7] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_03/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/c1c5386c-914c-43cf-9d37-5b4aa8e317ab_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_04/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/3aaa7968-130e-48ec-821d-559a332cce47_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/s/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/social_icon_05/621b3fa39fb210001f975298/3a8c09e6-588f-43a8-acfd-be4423fd3fb6_48x48.png] > > > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> [10] > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> [10] > > > > [ > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/i/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner/940x300 > ] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received > it by mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the > message. It is forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal > the contents of this message to anyone without our explicit > consent. The integrity and security of this email cannot be > guaranteed over the Internet. Therefore, the sender will not be > held liable for any damage caused by the message. For our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go to > https://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [Powered by > > > AdSigner] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > -- > Regards / Groete > > <https://www.namhost.com> <https://www.namhost.com> [2] Granwille > Strauss // Senior > Systems Admin > > *e:* [email protected] > *m:* +264 81 323 1260 <+264813231260> > *w:* www.namhost.com [4] > > <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> [6] > <https://twitter.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> [7] > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> [8] > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> [9] > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> [10] > > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > [11] > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received > it by > mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the > message. It is > forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal the contents of > this > message to anyone without our explicit consent. The integrity and > security > of this email cannot be guaranteed over the Internet. Therefore, > the sender > will not be held liable for any damage caused by the message. For > our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go to > https://www.namhost.com/ > privacy-policy > > [image: Powered by AdSigner] > > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > [12] > > > -- > > Regards / Groete > > [2] > Granwille Strauss // Senior Systems Admin > > e: [email protected] > m: +264 81 323 1260 [3] > w: www.namhost.com [5] > > [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] > > [11] > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received > it by mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the > message. It is forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal the > contents of this message to anyone without our explicit consent. The > integrity and security of this email cannot be guaranteed over the > Internet. Therefore, the sender will not be held liable for any damage > caused by the message. For our full privacy policy and disclaimers, > please go to https://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [12] > > Links: > ------ > [1] https://aka.ms/AAb9ysg > [2] https://www.namhost.com > [3] tel:+264813231260 <+264813231260> > [4] http://www.namhost.com > [5] https://www.namhost.com/ > [6] https://www.facebook.com/namhost > [7] https://twitter.com/namhost > [8] https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/ > [9] https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos > [10] https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA > [11] > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner > [12] > https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818 > > -- > Regards / Groete > > <https://www.namhost.com> Granwille Strauss // Senior Systems Admin > > *e:* [email protected] > *m:* +264 81 323 1260 <+264813231260> > *w:* www.namhost.com > > <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received it by > mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the message. It is > forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal the contents of this > message to anyone without our explicit consent. The integrity and security > of this email cannot be guaranteed over the Internet. Therefore, the sender > will not be held liable for any damage caused by the message. For our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go to > https://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [image: Powered by AdSigner] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> > > -- > Regards / Groete > > <https://www.namhost.com> Granwille Strauss // Senior Systems Admin > > *e:* [email protected] > *m:* +264 81 323 1260 <+264813231260> > *w:* www.namhost.com > > <https://www.facebook.com/namhost> <https://twitter.com/namhost> > <https://www.instagram.com/namhostinternetservices/> > <https://www.linkedin.com/company/namhos> > <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTd5v-kVPaic_dguGur15AA> > > > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/l/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818/banner> > > Namhost Internet Services (Pty) Ltd, > > 24 Black Eagle Rd, Hermanus, 7210, RSA > > > > The content of this message is confidential. If you have received it by > mistake, please inform us by email reply and then delete the message. It is > forbidden to copy, forward, or in any way reveal the contents of this > message to anyone without our explicit consent. The integrity and security > of this email cannot be guaranteed over the Internet. Therefore, the sender > will not be held liable for any damage caused by the message. For our full > privacy policy and disclaimers, please go to > https://www.namhost.com/privacy-policy > > [image: Powered by AdSigner] > <https://www.adsigner.com/v1/c/631091998d4670001fe43ec2/621c9b76c140bb001ed0f818> >
