The project uses jCaptcha 1.0, after upgrading from 2.3.16 to Struts 2.3.20 the application could not start. Our project is not using jCaptcha struts integration, so we do not have and jCaptcha configuration ins strust.xml or web.xml, for instance we do **NOT** have below line in struts.xml
<plug-in className="com.octo.captcha.module.struts.CaptchaServicePlugin"/> I think some plugin management mechanism is changed so the struts 2.3.20 try to find and start this plugin while 2.3.16 didn't. The error is as below: ERROR finder.ClassFinder Unable to read class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.image.RenderImageCaptchaAction] Could not load org/apache/struts/action/Action.class - [unknown location] at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:723) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.access$400(ClassFinder.java:71) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.extractSuperInterfaces(ClassFinder.java:770) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.visit(ClassFinder.java:757) at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source) at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:718) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.<init>(ClassFinder.java:113) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:390) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347) at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274) ERROR finder.ClassFinder Unable to read class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeAction] Could not load org/apache/struts/action/Action.class - [unknown location] at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:723) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.access$400(ClassFinder.java:71) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.extractSuperInterfaces(ClassFinder.java:770) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.visit(ClassFinder.java:757) at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source) at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:718) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.<init>(ClassFinder.java:113) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:390) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347) ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.CaptchaServicePlugin] java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/PlugIn at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder$3.test(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:613) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder$3.test(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:600) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:343) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347) at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:67) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.getContainer(Dispatcher.java:967) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init_PreloadConfiguration(Dispatcher.java:435) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init(Dispatcher.java:479) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.InitOperations.initDispatcher(InitOperations.java:74) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.init(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:57) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.PlugIn at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) ... 35 more ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.image.RenderImageCaptchaAction] java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:344) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) ... 33 more ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeAction] java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:344) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393) at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347) at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274) at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:67) at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.getContainer(Dispatcher.java:967) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) ... 33 more ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeMethodAction] java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571) ... 40 more ~Regards, ~~Alireza Fattahi
