Thank you for taking the time to file a bug report.

I could reproduce the bug here by following these steps (which are
listed in your DpkgTerminalLog.txt file):

$ lxc launch images:ubuntu/focal mysql-bug1934383
$ lxc shell mysql-bug1934383
# apt update
# apt install mysql-server -y
# apt remove --purge -y mysql-server
# apt autoremove
# apt purge -y mysql-server mysql-client mysql-common mysql-server-core-* 
mysql-client-core-*
# rm -rf /etc/mysql/
# apt-get install mysql-server

The interesting part from the log is this:

 update-alternatives: error: alternative path /etc/mysql/mysql.cnf
doesn't exist

This error indicates that there is no /etc/mysql/mysql.cnf file, which
is strange and shouldn't happen after you install the MySQL package.

So, there are two things at play here: the removal of a directory by
hand, and not purging the right package.

I am assuming that you removed the /etc/mysql/ directory by hand (like I
did in the reproduction steps above).  However, your apt commands did
not purge the package that owned the directory, which is mysql-
server-8.0.  In fact, you can check this by:

# dpkg -S /etc/mysql/
mysql-server-8.0: /etc/mysql

As a general rule, we should never manually remove something from the
system that was installed by a package.  In this specific case, the
proper way to get rid of the directory is to purge the package that owns
it:

# apt purge mysql-server-8.0

Since it seems likely to me that this is a local configuration problem,
rather than a bug in Ubuntu, I am marking this bug as 'Incomplete'.

However, if you believe that this is really a bug in Ubuntu, then we would
be grateful if you would provide a more complete description of the problem
with steps to reproduce, explain why you believe this is a bug in Ubuntu
rather than a problem specific to your system, and then change the bug
status back to "New".

For local configuration issues, you can find assistance here:
http://www.ubuntu.com/support/community

** Changed in: mysql-8.0 (Ubuntu)
       Status: New => Incomplete

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1934383

Title:
  package mysql-server-8.0 (not installed) failed to install/upgrade:
  installed mysql-server-8.0 package post-installation script subprocess
  returned error exit status 2

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