A little more information, after some investigation.

The issue affects xdm logins at the console, as well as remote ssh
logins. This also means that audio at the console fails to work, as ACLs
for the console's user are not added to the audio devices.

It seem that it can be solved by putting in /etc/systemd/system/systemd-
logind.service.d/override.conf

[Service]
RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_UNIX AF_NETLINK AF_INET
IPAddressDeny=
ProtectHostname=no

after which "systemctl daemon-reload" followed by "systemctl daemon-
reexec" does nothing useful, but a reboot does cause things to start
working. (I don't understand why daemon-reexec differs from rebooting.)
Changing the above file is approximately equivalent to "systemctl edit
systemd-logind" followed by "systemctl daemon-reload", but, when faced
with multiple machines, the file change may be easier to script. Note
that the directory probably does not exist.

The need for ProtectHostname=no seems new, and note also that if one
speaks IPv6 to one's NIS servers, AF_INET6 may be necessary.

I do not use nscd, which may also solve the issue.

I don't understand Haoke's comment that systemd is not involved.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1915502

Title:
  "systemd --user" fails to start for non-local users

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