Hi Fancisco,
I see this in your log
You are required to change your password immediately (root enforced)
chfn: PAM: Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required
adduser: `/usr/bin/chfn -f MySQL Server mysql' returned error code 1. Exiting.
dpkg: error processing archive 
/tmp/apt-dpkg-install-WA8Pki/5-mysql-server-5.7_5.7.21-1ubuntu1_armhf.deb 
(--unpack):

Which is nor "normal".
I installed it myself and it has no issue.
I wonder if anyone or anything (scripts/automation) messed with that user 
'mysql' and due to that it now fails to install.

That user should not be pre-allocated by other tools, as the package needs it.
Seems like a login or UID expired.

I quickly checked the install scripts, they will call:
        adduser \
          --system \
          --disabled-login \
          --ingroup mysql \
          --no-create-home \
          --home /nonexistent \
          --gecos "MySQL Server" \
          --shell /bin/false

That will call chfn -f to set the full name as it did in your case.

I thought first the only thing that makes sense is an existing userid of the 
same name conflicting with the package. But it checks if it exists before:
  # creating mysql user if he isn't already there
  if ! getent passwd mysql >/dev/null; then

So what happens in your case?

I see:
chfn: PAM: Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required

Is there anything odd with your pam/login?
Do you have anything that could expire your session externally?
Is this error showing up reproducibly or was this a one off issue due to 
something odd in PAM?

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1802527

Title:
  package mysql-server-5.7 5.7.21-1ubuntu1 failed to install/upgrade:
  new mysql-server-5.7 package pre-installation script subprocess
  returned error exit status 1

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