asi,

I would rule out the lack of rules because on both xenial and bionic we
have LVM udev rules with the following line that is supposed to create a
LUKS UUID-based symlink:`

ENV{ID_FS_USAGE}=="filesystem|other|crypto", ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*",
SYMLINK+="disk/by-uuid/$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"

https://git.launchpad.net/~usd-import-team/ubuntu/+source/lvm2/tree/udev/13-dm-disk.rules.in?h=ubuntu/xenial
https://git.launchpad.net/~usd-import-team/ubuntu/+source/lvm2/tree/udev/13-dm-disk.rules.in?h=ubuntu/bionic

The above test have shown that the symlink gets created on bionic.

For xenial it seems to be the same but this test is different in terms
of CPU load present on a machine (there is no load in my tests now in
comparison to the situations based on which we filed this bug):

uname -a
Linux maas-vhost6 4.4.0-135-generic #161-Ubuntu SMP Mon Aug 27 10:45:01 UTC 
2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

grep -RP ID_FS_UUID_ENC /lib/udev/rules.d/
/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-dm.rules:ENV{ID_FS_USAGE}=="filesystem|other|crypto",
 ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*", SYMLINK+="disk/by-uuid/$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"
/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:ENV{ID_FS_USAGE}=="filesystem|other|crypto",
 ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*", SYMLINK+="disk/by-uuid/$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"
/lib/udev/rules.d/69-bcache.rules:ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*", 
SYMLINK+="disk/by-uuid/$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"
/lib/udev/rules.d/69-lvm-metad.rules:ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*", 
SYMLINK+="disk/by-id/lvm-pv-uuid-$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"
/lib/udev/rules.d/63-md-raid-arrays.rules:ENV{ID_FS_USAGE}=="filesystem|other|crypto",
 ENV{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}=="?*", SYMLINK+="disk/by-uuid/$env{ID_FS_UUID_ENC}"

lsblk 
NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0    64G  0 disk 
`-sda1    8:1    0    64G  0 part /
sdb       8:16   0     8G  0 disk 
sdc       8:32   0 102.4M  0 disk 
sdd       8:48   0 102.4M  0 disk 
sde       8:64   0 102.4M  0 disk 
vda     253:0    0 102.4M  0 disk 
vdb     253:16   0 102.4M  0 disk 
nvme0n1 259:0    0    20G  0 disk 
nvme1n1 259:1    0    20G  0 disk 


tree /dev/disk/by-uuid/
/dev/disk/by-uuid/
└── d26a75c9-15f7-41de-8c0e-20f795ed5729 -> ../../sda1

0 directories, 1 file

sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb

WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb irrevocably.

Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter passphrase: 
Verify passphrase: 


ubuntu@maas-vhost6:~$ tree /dev/disk/by-uuid/
/dev/disk/by-uuid/
├── 42bf3808-9987-454f-be27-5d6c9b9c5c12 -> ../../sdb
└── d26a75c9-15f7-41de-8c0e-20f795ed5729 -> ../../sda1

0 directories, 2 files


sudo cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sdb | grep UUID
UUID:           42bf3808-9987-454f-be27-5d6c9b9c5c12

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1780332

Title:
  vaultlocker does not ensure that udev is triggered to create /dev/disk
  /by-uuid/<uuid-in-luks-header> symlink and fails

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