Your assumption is right, this is from the conflict of the old and new 
libmysqlclient-dev.
But then OTOH the newer should upgrade the older and just replace things.

The only thing I wonder is that you have a 14.04 version of that lib and
you install the 18.04 version which breaks.

LTS upgrades have to be through all LTS releases - so you'd want to
upgrade 14.04->16.04->18.04.

Some workarounds can not be maintained forever and are dropped in
packaging after an LTS due to the assumption above. Maybe such a thing
hits you here.

But even "that alone" isn't the reason.
I tried a trusty->bionic upgrade with that and it worked.

root@t:~# apt install libmysqlclient-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  avahi-daemon libavahi-core7 libdaemon0 libmysqlclient18 libnss-mdns
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
  gcc-8-base libmysqlclient20 libstdc++6
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gcc-8-base libmysqlclient20
The following packages will be upgraded:
  libmysqlclient-dev libstdc++6
2 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 516 not upgraded.
Need to get 2398 kB of archives.
After this operation, 6656 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic/main gcc-8-base amd64 
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 [18.2 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic/main libstdc++6 amd64 
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 [399 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates/main libmysqlclient20 
amd64 5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 [818 kB]
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates/main libmysqlclient-dev 
amd64 5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 [1162 kB]
Fetched 2398 kB in 0s (3772 kB/s)        
Selecting previously unselected package gcc-8-base:amd64.
(Reading database ... 35158 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../gcc-8-base_8-20180414-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gcc-8-base:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up gcc-8-base:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
(Reading database ... 35165 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libstdc++6_8-20180414-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libstdc++6:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) over (4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.4) 
...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.14) ...
Setting up libstdc++6:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.14) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmysqlclient20:amd64.
(Reading database ... 35166 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libmysqlclient20_5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmysqlclient20:amd64 (5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libmysqlclient-dev_5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) over 
(5.5.61-0ubuntu0.14.04.1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.14) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient20:amd64 (5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Setting up libmysqlclient-dev (5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.14) ...


But OTOH your setup might have been more complex.
For now I'd recommend:
- try to make sure the old libmysqlclient-dev upgrades to the new one, worst 
case remove and re-install it
- in general do avoid upgrade paths skipping a LTS release

I hope that resolves the issue for you, otherwise you'd need to come
back with more data on how you ended up with that old libmysqlclient-dev
in the first place - marking incomplete for now until you get back with
that (or a success so we can close it immediately).

** Changed in: mysql-5.7 (Ubuntu)
       Status: New => Incomplete

-- 
You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu
Bugs, which is subscribed to Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1789975

Title:
  package libmysqld-dev 5.7.23-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 failed to
  install/upgrade: trying to overwrite '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-
  gnu/libmysqlservices.a', which is also in package libmysqlclient-dev
  5.6.41-1ubuntu14.04

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