I encountered similar issues on a geForce FX 5200 (at least with regard
to the 'llvmpipe' fallback behavior.)  However, according to Nvidia that
8600M GPU should be using the 340 series driver and Ubuntu should not
offer to install 304 or 331 on the OP's platform (unless I misread
something here.)  Is it possible that he installed the wrong driver
manually instead of accepting what Ubuntu offers through Software &
Updates "Additional Drivers" ?

http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html
_____

The default behavior is to install Nouveau (though it may silently
fail), but 'Software & Updates' did offer the correct Nvidia proprietary
driver for my 5200, and it does initialize as shown here:

[   23.731531] nvidia: module license 'NVIDIA' taints kernel.
[   23.731548] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
[   23.983464] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [APCJ] enabled at IRQ 21
[   24.018659] nvidia: module verification failed: signature and/or  required 
key missing - tainting kernel
[   24.449665] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [APCE] enabled at IRQ 16
[   24.449706] vgaarb: device changed decodes: 
PCI:0000:02:00.0,olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=none:owns=none
[   24.483764] NVRM: loading NVIDIA UNIX x86 Kernel Module  173.14.39

https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/655258/unix-graphics-announcements-and-news/linux-solaris-and-freebsd-driver-173-14-39-legacy-for-geforce-fx-series-/
_____

But now there is another problem: I get a kernel panic with spontaneous reboot 
when the Unity desktop begins to load.  I suspect others may be encountering 
the same issue with other proprietary legacy Nvidia drivers.  In this case, you 
cannot revert the driver directly from the GRUB recovery menu: you would have 
to uninstall Nvidia's driver from terminal or install LXDE from terminal if you 
want to regain access to a GUI desktop environment.  This would really 
aggravate the ordinary user because there is no obvious way to extract logs 
from the affected machine and request help in the forums.  Furthermore, it 
appears that a crash report on this issue would not be sent automatically if 
you are running Unity, so the developers are probably not receiving any 
feedback from most of the users affected by this bug.  You may encounter these 
display faults on any geForce, Quadro or Tesla GPU using a proprietary legacy 
Nvidia driver, including the frozen 173.14.39, 71.86, 96.43, 304.xx (support
 ed through 2017) and 340.xx (supported through 2019), for example:
_____

96.43.23:  file date 2012-09-04; incompatible with X.Org included in
Slackware 14.1.  Usable with Slackware 14.0, but needs patching for
kernel compatibility.  96.43 is needed by cards in the GeForce2 MX to
GeForce4 range.

71.86.15:  Incompatible with recent X.Org.  The file date of 2011-07-20
is misleading: apparently Nvidia maintained kernel compatibility for
quite some time after they let the X server ABI breakage go to hell.  I
had to go all the way back to Slackware 12.2 (2008-12) before the driver
would work, which means that the last compatible X server version is
either 1.4 or 1.5.  The last kernel for which the 71.86.15 module will
build and load without patching is 3.2.x (a longterm branch), and then
only with an old environment.  It worked for me with GCC 4.2.4 (what
came with Slackware 12.2), but with GCC 4.8.2 under Slackware 14.1 it
would say "Unknown symbol init_mm (err 0)" and refuse to load.

2012-09:  304 broke my custom modelines.  Reverted to 295.75.
2012-10:  295.75 won't build with kernel 3.6.  Reverted to kernel 3.5.7.

2013-08:  173.14.37 needs a patch to build with kernel 3.10.10.
2013-12:  173.14.39 doesn't need a patch to build with kernel 3.12.3.
2014-01:  173.14.39 again needs patching to build with kernel 3.13.0.  Unknown 
symbol acpi_os_wait_events_complete:  delete the line 
NV_ACPI_OS_WAIT_EVENTS_COMPLETE(); from nvacpi.c and hope.

http://www.flaterco.com/kb/video/X-regressions.html
_____

I would also add that Unity is basically unusable with 'gallium on
llvmpipe' as the refresh rate is only about 1 frame per second.
However, when I use Nvidia's driver I only see a kernel panic when I
start the Unity desktop.  Other desktop environments fail in less
obvious ways.  For example, Gnome causes a kernel panic but does not
trigger a reboot.  Openbox shows a blank screen with an active mouse
cursor.  It may be relevant here to note that LXDE works perfectly with
Nvidia's driver, and performs well.  But none of the mainline upstream
kernels I tried have made any difference with Gnome or Unity.  (I am
posting crash logs for them here just for general reference.)

I would imagine that many people who install Ubuntu for the first time on a 
platform with a legacy Nvidia GPU are probably just abandoning Linux completely 
when they encounter these issues.  There are millions of these displays still 
in service and many people who use them are now trying Ubuntu for the first 
time since Windows XP was abandoned by Microsoft, so this bug is exceptionally 
damaging to Ubuntu from a public relations perspective.  If the same issues are 
present with ALL of Nvidia's legacy drivers (including those still under active 
development), there is much to gain by fixing this promptly and it should be a 
higher priority.  Perhaps it is a matter of semantics to say that the kernel is 
broken, or X is broken, or the driver is broken.  But I would be curious to 
know if/when/how Mir will be relevant here when it is enabled by default.  If 
Canonical wants to make Unity the standard desktop interface, then it needs to 
run on legacy GPU's, or they need some way to qualify the
  hardware before installation so first-time users don't get pulled into this 
mess.
_____

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1310406

Title:
  [regression] Trusty kernel doesn't recognize GeForce 8600m GT nor with
  nouveau or nvidia drivers

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