Thank you for your help, paride. Now, answering your questions:

Yes, I am using last versions of Packer (1.8.0) and VirtualBox (6.1.32).
Host is Windows 10. Ubuntu 20.04 works, but .1, .2, .3 and .4 update
releases don't. By the way, the situation is worse in jammy daily builds
because I can not even begin the unattended instalation (I have opened a
question about this problem in Ubuntu forums
https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2472899).

ens33 is in user-data file just because I copied a working example of
autoinstall file.

I can ssh login from the machine to itself.

I have made some screenshots showing the output of commands you asked me
for.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1964642

Title:
  Packer virtualbox ssh can't connect to unattended Ubuntu 20.04.1/2/3/4
  but can connect to Ubuntu 20.4

Status in openssh package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  Two years ago I was able to create a Virtualbox Ubuntu 20.04 guest in a 
Windows 10 host with Packer 1.5.6, using an unattended installation.
  The Packer command was:
        "boot_command": [
          "<enter><enter><f6><esc><wait> ",
          "autoinstall ds=nocloud-net;s=http://{{ .HTTPIP }}:{{ .HTTPPort }}/",
          "<enter>"
        ],
  The user-data file was:
  #cloud-config
  autoinstall:
    version: 1
    identity:
      realname: mclibre
      hostname: ubuntu
      password: 
'$6$mclibre$YiuRPSZM3ZXVe4UyIqv1dvy9rUjf5/LsGCkDyaex.WN45wzVTuRmW5QLuctuicGAFZIO2M3QR8NLdtQYatKTn1'
      username: mclibre
    locale: es_ES.UTF-8
    keyboard:
      layout: es
    network:
      network:
        version: 2
        ethernets:
          ens33: {dhcp4: true, dhcp-identifier: mac}
    ssh:
      install-server: true
    late-commands:
      - sed -i 's/^#*\(send dhcp-client-identifier\).*$/\1 = hardware;/' 
/target/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf
      - 'sed -i "s/dhcp4: true/&\n      dhcp-identifier: mac/" 
/target/etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml'
  Now, I have tried to create a Virtualbox Ubuntu 20.04.4/.3/.2/.1 guest using 
packer 1.5.6 but Packer can't create the image because once the installation is 
done, after rebooting the SSH server does not answer (the packer log error 
says: SSH handshake err: Timeout during SSH handshake).
  I have tried with the last version of Packer, Packer 1.8.0, and the result is 
the same. I can create a Ubuntu Server 20.4 image but not a Ubuntu Server 
20.4.1, .2, .3 or .4 image.
  I can provide as much aditional information as you want.
  Thanking you in advance,
  Bartolome Sintes

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