I have a similar issue on Debian 9 (Stretch) on a Lenovo X1 Carbon 6th
Gen laptop.

DMI: LENOVO 20KHCTO1WW/20KHCTO1WW, BIOS N23ET63W (1.38 ) 04/20/2019

The built-in speaker volume is limited to about 20% even if the volume
is set at 100%.

The sound card is a ALC285 handled by the snd_hda_intel driver.

On my kernel (4.9.0-9-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.168-1+deb9u2
(2019-05-13)), I managed to find this work-around which addresses the
low volume issue:

Edit /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf

add the following line:

options snd-hda-intel model=nofixup

After modprobe -r/modprobe of the snd_hda_intel module (or reboot), the
volume works fine.

Hopefully this can help others facing this open issue as well.

Here is the output of lspci -vvv for the sound card:

00:1f.3 Audio device: Intel Corporation Device 9d71 (rev 21) (prog-if 80)
        Subsystem: Lenovo Device 225c
        Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- 
Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx+
        Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- 
<MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
        Latency: 64
        Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 125
        Region 0: Memory at 2ffb018000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
        Region 4: Memory at 2ffb000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K]
        Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3
                Flags: PMEClk- DSI- D1- D2- AuxCurrent=55mA 
PME(D0-,D1-,D2-,D3hot+,D3cold+)
                Status: D0 NoSoftRst+ PME-Enable- DSel=0 DScale=0 PME-
        Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
                Address: 00000000fee00278  Data: 0000
        Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
        Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel, snd_soc_skl

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu
Touch seeded packages, which is subscribed to alsa-driver in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1465766

Title:
  low sound volume

Status in alsa-driver package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  this is a thinkpad x1 carbon 3rd gen running xubuntu 15.04

  sound volume is very low compared to windows (dual boot), even with
  alsa and pulseaudio controls set to 100% (or greater).

  this applies to all apps.

  i can get really loud sound with:
  pactl set-sink-volume 1 300000
  but then it is very distorted.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 15.04
  Package: alsa-base 1.0.25+dfsg-0ubuntu4
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 3.19.0-20.20-generic 3.19.8
  Uname: Linux 3.19.0-20-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.17.2-0ubuntu1.1
  Architecture: amd64
  AudioDevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/controlC1:  smwilson   1577 F.... pulseaudio
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  smwilson   1577 F.... pulseaudio
  CurrentDesktop: XFCE
  Date: Tue Jun 16 06:44:39 2015
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2015-06-04 (11 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Xubuntu Core 15.04 - amd64 - 20150425
  PackageArchitecture: all
  SourcePackage: alsa-driver
  Symptom: audio
  Symptom_Card: Built-in Audio - HDA Intel PCH
  Symptom_Jack: Speaker, Internal
  Symptom_Type: Volume slider, or mixer problems
  Title: [20BSCTO1WW, Realtek ALC3232, Speaker, Internal] volume slider problem
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 12/01/2014
  dmi.bios.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.bios.version: N14ET25W (1.03 )
  dmi.board.asset.tag: Not Available
  dmi.board.name: 20BSCTO1WW
  dmi.board.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.board.version: SDK0E50510 WIN
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: No Asset Information
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.chassis.version: None
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnLENOVO:bvrN14ET25W(1.03):bd12/01/2014:svnLENOVO:pn20BSCTO1WW:pvrThinkPadX1Carbon3rd:rvnLENOVO:rn20BSCTO1WW:rvrSDK0E50510WIN:cvnLENOVO:ct10:cvrNone:
  dmi.product.name: 20BSCTO1WW
  dmi.product.version: ThinkPad X1 Carbon 3rd
  dmi.sys.vendor: LENOVO

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