Adding INTEL_DEBUG=perf to /etc/environment has seemingly explained the
problems. Atoms are falling back to software rendering(!), which is
theoretically easy to avoid. Here's a summary of what I get in
unity8.log on an Atom N270:

PROBLEM:
old_intel_miptree_blit: Can't use hardware blitter from 
MESA_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM to MESA_FORMAT_A_UNORM8, falling back.
intelCopyTexSubImage - fallback to swrast
CAUSE: Unknown

PROBLEM:
i915_program_error: Exceeded max ALU instructions (76 out of 64)
ENTER FALLBACK 10000: Program
CAUSE: GLSL shaders are approximately 18% larger than the hardware supports.

PROBLEM:
ENTER FALLBACK 10000: Program
LEAVE FALLBACK Program
[PERFORMANCE]: Last frame took 2643 ms to render.
CAUSE: Same as previous issue. Reused a program that ran in software.

Interestingly mir_demo_client_eglplasma has the same issues (bug
1583532) but it sounds like that's easily fixable.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1580792

Title:
  Unity8 on Intel Atoms performs poorly

Status in unity8 package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  (problem forked from bug 1549455)

  Unity8 on Intel Pineview performs very poorly. Frame times appears to
  be up to 900ms, Qt's renderer thread using 100% CPU.

  Running unity8 with MESA_DEBUG=1 EGL_LOG_LEVEL=debug reveals a few MESA 
errors:
  http://paste.ubuntu.com/16344427/

  Quoting @vanvugt "Those Mesa errors "Mesa: User error:" all look like
  OpenGL features that Unity8 is hitting but mir-demos don't. So those
  gl calls are also good candidates for explaining poor performance,
  especially if Mesa is falling back to software rendering for them."

  Since Qt tends to perform just fine on that hardware in X11, something
  isn't right.

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