[R] qq-plot in R

2014-11-11 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I am some questions on qq-plot offered by R. Let say I have following qq-plot:  qqplot(rt(300, df = 5), rt(300, df = 5)) However I want to get more controls to define the range of x-axis as well as y-axis. For example I want to define that, x-axis range will be -10 to 10 and y-axis range wi

[R] A basic statistics question

2014-08-12 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I would need to get a clarification on a quite fundamental statistics property, hope expeRts here would not mind if I post that here. I leant that variance-covariance matrix of the standardized data is equal to the correlation matrix for the unstandardized data. So I used following data. D

[R] Possible pair of 2 binary vectors

2014-08-09 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, Let say I have 2 binary vectors of length 'd', therefore both these vectors can take only 0-1 values. Now I want to simulate all possible pairs of them. Theoretically there will be 4^d possible pairs. Is there any R function to directly simulate them? Thanks for your help. ___

[R] A question on graphical representation

2014-03-01 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, Let say I Have following data: > Info <- structure(list(Person = structure(1:6, .Label = c("A", "B", "C", + "D", "E", "F"), class = "factor"), Attr1 = c(0.52, 0.14, 0.63, + 0.43, 0.89, 18.46), Attr2 = c(0.06, 3.35, 0.62, 1.42, 1.96, 8.38 + )), .Names = c("Person", "Attr1", "Attr2"), row.nam

[R] A calculation in data.frame

2014-01-07 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I have to perform some formula driven calculation in a data.frame (as defined below). Let say I have following DF: > DF <- data.frame(A1 = c('a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c'), A2 = > c('m', 'n', 'p', 'm', 'n', 'p', 'm', 'n', 'p'), A3 = c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)) > DF   A1 A2 A3 1  a  

[R] Extract part of string

2014-01-05 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I am struggling to extract a part of string using regular expression in R. Let say, the string to be extracted is 'ron' from the expression 'my name is ron'. So I tried following: > gsub("[^(ron)]", "", 'my name is ron') [1] "nron" I was expecting to get 'ron', which is not the case. Cou

[R] Can not read Excel file correctly

2013-10-29 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I need to read an Excel file which can be available in following link: http://www45.zippyshare.com/v/43626889/file.html Now I wanted to read the 1st sheet of this Excel file. Below are my code so far (I saved that file in 'F:' drive): > library(XLConnect) Loading required package: rJava XLC

[R] R function to locate Excel sheet?

2013-10-29 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I am looking for some R function which will tell me, whether a particular sheet in an Excel file (.xlsx/.xls) exists or not. I just need to get some TRUE/FALSE type of answer. Can somebody give me any pointer if such function exists or not? Thanks and regards,

[R] Finding solution for non-linear equations

2013-10-15 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I need to solve following simultaneous equations for A, B, Y1, Y2: B * Phi(Y1 - A) + (1-B) * Phi(Y1 + A) = 0.05 B * Phi(Y2 - A) + (1-B) * Phi(Y2 + A) = 0.01 Y1 <= -1.65 Y2 >= -2.33 0 <= B <=1 Phi is CDF for standard normal If there is no unique solution, then I should be able to get some

[R] Downloading data directly from internet

2013-09-15 Thread Ron Michael
Hi,   I need to download data from this site: http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/agricultural/grain-and-oilseed/corn_quotes_globex.html     I tried with following set of codes:     library(RCurl) library(XML)   aa <- getURL("http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/agricultural/grain-and-oilseed/corn_quotes

[R] ifelse() applied on function

2013-08-11 Thread Ron Michael
Hi,   How can I apply ifelse function to chose appropriate function?   My goal is user will chose lapply() function if "ChooseFn = T" otherwise to chose sfLapply() from snowfall package.   I am basically trying to avoid repeatation to write all internal steps, if user choses lapply or sfLapply. F

[R] Converting string to date

2013-08-04 Thread Ron Michael
Hi,   I want to convert following string to a Date format (mm/dd/):   MyString <- c("Sun Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2013", "Sun Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2013")   Can somebody point me if it is possible to do that?   Thank you. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing lis

Re: [R] How to download this data?

2013-08-03 Thread Ron Michael
Hi Duncan, Thank you very much for your prompt help. Now all worked very smoothly. Thank you. - Original Message - From: Duncan Temple Lang To: Ron Michael Cc: "r-help@r-project.org" Sent: Saturday, 3 August 2013 7:43 PM Subject: Re: [R] How to download this data? Hi

Re: [R] How to download this data?

2013-08-03 Thread Ron Michael
in "u = sprintf("https://www.theice.com/productguide/ProductSpec.shtml;jsessionid=%s?expiryDates=&specId=219";>https://www.theice.com/productguide/ProductSpec.shtml;jsessionid=%s?expiryDates=&specId=219";   I really appreciate if someone help me to understand that.   Thank yo

Re: [R] How to download this data?

2013-08-03 Thread Ron Michael
kly so it may not be the best way or completely robust, but hopefully it gets the point across and does get the data.   D. On 8/2/13 2:42 PM, Ron Michael wrote: > Hi all, >  > I need to download the data from this web page: >  > https://www.theice.com/productguide/ProductSpec.shtm

[R] How to download this data?

2013-08-02 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all,   I need to download the data from this web page:   https://www.theice.com/productguide/ProductSpec.shtml?specId=219#expiry   I used the function readHTMLTable() from package XML, however could not download that.   Can somebody help me how to get the data onto my R window?   Thank you. __

[R] Need help on window() function of the 'zoo' package

2013-06-08 Thread Ron Michael
Hi,   I observed that if I use window() function available with the 'zoo' package to extract a portion of my times series and if that time series data is stored in some 'zoo' object with only 1 column, then the resulting zoo object is becoming vector.   Here is my observation:   > library(zoo) >

[R] Need to download data from internet

2013-06-01 Thread Ron Michael
Hi,   I need to dowload a time series with arbitray start date and end date, from this site:   http://www.mcxindia.com/sitepages/SpotMarketHistory.aspx?sLinkPage=Y   While I can download my required data manually, I would like R to do that for me. I have tried 'quandl' package, however could not

Re: [R] Working with date

2012-12-26 Thread Ron Michael
Thanks Jim for your reply. However I want "3/1/2012" not "03/01/2012" Any idea ? Thanks - Original Message - From: jim holtman To: Ron Michael Cc: "r-help@r-project.org" Sent: Thursday, 27 December 2012 1:01 AM Subject: Re: [R] Working with date

[R] Working with date

2012-12-26 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, Let say I have a date variable: >  asd <- as.Date("2012-01-03") > asd [1] "2012-01-03" Now, I want to express this date like 3/1/2012. can somebody help me how to achieve that? Thanks, __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/

Re: [R] Wriritng to a CSV file

2012-02-08 Thread Ron Michael
d = TRUE) :   attempt to set 'append' ignored It is destroying my previous file. Where I have done wrong?   Thanks, - Original Message - From: Uwe Ligges To: Ron Michael Cc: "r-help@r-project.org" Sent: Thursday, 9 February 2012 1:07 AM Subject: Re: [R] Wriritng

[R] Wriritng to a CSV file

2012-02-08 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, let say I want to write a vector to a CSV file. So I can have following syntax:   write.csv(rnorm(10), "dat.csv")   Now I want to add one more column into that existing file. If I use the same code then existing file will be destroyed. Is there any functionality to add without destroyi

[R] Drawing sample

2012-01-29 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, here I need to draw all possible samples of size 2, from a population, which is characterized by c(1,4,56, 3). Sampling will be done with replacement. Is there any direct R function to faciliate this darwing?   Thanks for your help __ R-help@

[R] Looking for a C function

2011-11-22 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, I was looking for the C program found within approxfun() function. I already have a list of available C programs which are being used with R here, https://svn.r-project.org/R/trunk/src/main/. However this list does not contain above C function. Can somebody help me on where to find tha

[R] A problem with chol() function

2011-10-23 Thread Ron Michael
I think I am missing something with the chol() function. Here is my calculation:   > mat [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,]    1    3    0    0    0 [2,]    0    1    0    0    0 [3,]    0    0    1    0    0 [4,]    0    0    0    1    0 [5,]    0    0    0    0    1 > eigen(mat) $values [1] 1 1 1

Re: [R] Question on RNG

2011-08-05 Thread Ron Michael
Thanks Duncan for your reply. However I could not understand this: 'R provides ways to call its RNGs from C'. Can you be more detailed what I need to do here?   Thanks, - Original Message - From: Duncan Murdoch To: Ron Michael Cc: "r-help@r-project.org" Sent: Sat

[R] Question on RNG

2011-08-05 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, I have happened to work on MS .NET for sometime now, and I found that this language offers RNG what is called as Donald E. Knuth's subtractive random number generator algorithm (found here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.random.aspx#Y12).   Here I was wondering whether R

[R] A Calculation on list object

2011-06-06 Thread Ron Michael
Hello, I am into some calculation on a list object, therefore requesting the peers if there is any short cut way to so the same calculation. Let say I have following list object: > List <- vector('list', length = 3) > set.seed(1) > List[[1]] <- rnorm(5) > List[[2]] <- rnorm(2) > List[[3]] <- rno

[R] Vectorizing a function: what does it mean?

2011-05-09 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, I would really appreciate if somebody can help me to understand what does the phrase "Vectorize your function" mean? And what is the job of Vectorize() function in doing that? I have read many threads where experts suggest to Vectorize the function, which will speed up entire calculati

[R] lower.tri/upper.tri functions unable to make a matrix symmetric!

2011-02-01 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, I have having a strange problem with upper.tri()/lower.tri() functions which I used to use to make a matrix symmetric. However for a specific large matrix, they seem not working. Initial I had following matrix: > MyMatrix [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[R] Writing diagonal matrix in opposite direction

2011-01-11 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, is there any direct R function to write an diagonal matrix in an opposite way? for example I want to get like:   > diag(rnorm(5))[,5:1]    [,1]   [,2]   [,3]  [,4]   [,5] [1,]  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.00 -0.1504687 [2,]  0.000  0.000  0.000 -2

[R] Question on list objects

2011-01-08 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I have 2 questions on list object:   1. Suppose I have a matrix like: dat <- matrix(1:9,3)   Now I want to replicate this entire matrix 3 times and put entire result in a list object. Means, if "res" is the resulting list then I should have:   res[[1]]=dat, res[[2]]=dat, res[[3]]=dat   How can

[R] A question to get all possible combinations

2010-12-22 Thread Ron Michael
Let say, I have a matrix with 8 rows and 6 columns:  >  df1  <- matrix(NA, 8, 4)  > df1       [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]  [1,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [2,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [3,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [4,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [5,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [6,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [7,]   NA   NA   NA   NA  [

[R] Calculating weekly/bi-monthly average for time series data

2010-12-03 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, given a daily time series data, I am able to calculate monthly average, quarterly average like:   library(zoo) dat <- zooreg(rnorm(500), start=as.Date("2000-01-01"), frequency=1) mo.ave <- aggregate(dat, as.yearmon(index(dat)), "mean") head(dat) head(mo.ave) However is there any direct

Re: [R] Priniting numerics

2010-11-27 Thread Ron Michael
m: Peter Ehlers Subject: Re: [R] Priniting numerics To: "Ron Michael" Cc: "r-help@r-project.org" Date: Saturday, 27 November, 2010, 5:43 PM On 2010-11-27 02:15, Ron Michael wrote: > Hi all, can somebody help me on my little problem? I want to print a number > say "

[R] Priniting numerics

2010-11-27 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, can somebody help me on my little problem? I want to print a number say "10^10" is numerical format not in scientific notation. I ttied following:   > options(scipen = 1) > print(10^10, 10) [1] 1e+10 I am not getting my desired output in simple numerical format. How can I get that?   Tha

[R] Seek some help on Statistics

2010-11-01 Thread Ron Michael
Hi friends, I would really appreciate if somebody helps me give better understanding on subject matter. Suppose I have a set of Integrated variables (say max order is 1). I understand there may be some cases when there could be some linear combinations which are stationary and this phenomena is

[R] Checking existance of a directory

2010-10-29 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, I am wondering is there any way to check whether some Directory exists or not, given the parent path of that directory? After searching for a while I found that there is a function dir.create() to create some directory. However I need to know whether such directory already exists or not,

[R] quiry on paste() function

2010-10-29 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, I want to club different objects (character type) to a single one and using paste() function that can be done happily. However the problem with paste function is the separator field is unique for all underlying objects. If I put separator as "-" then this will come in between all underly

[R] Vector multiplication

2010-10-17 Thread Ron Michael
Is there any operator in R, which will multiply each possible combination of the elements of 2 vectors? Suppose I have 2 vectors (1,2) and (1,2,3). If I multiply those 2, I should get:(1,2,3,2,4,6) Thanks, [[alternative HTML version deleted]] ___

[R] Fw: Problem to create a matrix polynomial

2010-10-14 Thread Ron Michael
Awaiting some suggestion. Was my question not very understandable? Please let me know how can I offer more elaborate clarification. Additionally, I would like to solve the determinant of "p1" for the values of "z" (I am working with some multivariate time series modelling). When I use det() func

[R] Generating weekdays only

2010-10-04 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, can anyone please tell me how to generate a sequence of days continuously, however without considering weekends i.e. Saturday and Sunday? I am aware of following code: > seq(as.Date("2010-01-01"), as.Date("2010-02-01"), by="1 day")  [1] "2010-01-01" "2010-01-02" "2010-01-03" "2010-01-0

Re: [R] Keyword to clear the screen

2010-09-15 Thread Ron Michael
Thanks everyone who have looked into my problem. In the mean time I already found one tip here http://onertipaday.blogspot.com/2007/05/how-to-clear-screen-in-r.html to do that. I am yet to try it...perhaps it would solve me problem :)   Thanks, --- On Wed, 15/9/10, Ron Michael wrote

[R] Keyword to clear the screen

2010-09-15 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, can anyone please tell me what is the key-word to clear the screen? I am aware of the "cont+L", however I need some R-syntax, that can be typed into the console to clear the screen.   Thanks [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-h

Re: [R] Matrix to list

2010-09-03 Thread Ron Michael
Fri, 3/9/10, Henrique Dallazuanna wrote: From: Henrique Dallazuanna Subject: Re: [R] Matrix to list To: "Ron Michael" Cc: r-h...@stat.math.ethz.ch Date: Friday, 3 September, 2010, 8:07 PM Try this: unclass(as.data.frame(mat)) On Fri, Sep 3, 2010 at 9:48 AM, Ron Michael wrote: Dear

[R] Matrix to list

2010-09-03 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, suppose I have following matrix:   > mat <- matrix(rnorm(25), 5) > > mat     [,1]   [,2]    [,3]   [,4]   [,5] [1,]  0.97056228 -1.3278509 -0.73511792  2.1650629 -0.4411997 [2,]  0.58613700 -0.2559899 -1.18334248 -1.4990907  1.8138846 [3,] -1.0313  2.0227887 

[R] Determining the length of unique items in a vector

2010-08-20 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, let suppose I have following vector:   > dat1 <- c(rep("asd", 5), rep("xyz", 12), rep("erd", 17)) > dat1 <- dat1[sample(1:length(dat1), length(dat1), replace=F)] > dat1  [1] "erd" "xyz" "erd" "asd" "asd" "erd" "xyz" "asd" "erd" "erd" "asd" "xyz" "erd" "asd" "xyz" "xyz" "erd" "xyz" "erd"

[R] Need help on upper.tri()

2010-08-03 Thread Ron Michael
HI, I am really messing up to make a symmetrical matrix using upper.tri() & lower.tri() function. Here is my code:   > set.seed(1) > mat = matrix(rnorm(25), 5, 5) > mat    [,1]   [,2]   [,3]    [,4]    [,5] [1,] -0.6264538 -0.8204684  1.5117812 -0.04493361  0.91897737 [2,] 

[R] Meaning of following function

2010-08-01 Thread Ron Michael
Hi friends, I am aware of the function "-"() which acts as minus in ordinary computations. For example:   > "-"(3, 1) [1] 2 However what is the meaning of > "-"(3) [1] -3 I was expecting R to generate some error as it does for "*"(3). What is the logic for that calculation?   Thanks,

Re: [R] [OOPS] Re: Drawing sample from a circle

2010-06-18 Thread Ron Michael
t;Ron Michael" Date: Friday, 18 June, 2010, 4:48 PM OOPS: AN error on the code below! See in-line. Ted. On 18-Jun-10 09:33:04, Ted Harding wrote: > On 18-Jun-10 08:04:36, Ron Michael wrote: >> Hi, I would like to draw 10 uniformly distributed sample points from a >> c

[R] Drawing sample from a circle

2010-06-18 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I would like to draw 10 uniformly distributed sample points from a circle with redius one and centered at (0,0). Is there any R function to do that?   Thanks, [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https:

[R] Fw: Re: Why "\\" instead of simple "/" to specify a file path [modified]

2010-03-22 Thread Ron Michael
Hi, I was following this thread and would like to ask is there any way to save and open a .RData file after using some Password. What I mean to say, how to make my workplace password-protected? Also would like to know how same can be done for .R file. Thanks for your time. Thanks and regards, -

[R] Creating list from matrix

2008-10-22 Thread Ron Michael
Hello everyone,   I have a matrix like :   mat <- matrix(rnorm(12*3), 3)   Now I want to break that matrix in 4 parts each of them are matrix of (3x3) and put those 4 matrices in a "list" object of length 4   Can anyone please tell me how to do that? Get your new Email address! Grab t

[R] Fw: MLE

2008-10-08 Thread Ron Michael
e please clarify me? Your help will be highly appreciated. --- On Wed, 8/10/08, Ron Michael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: From: Ron Michael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: [R] MLE To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date: Wednesday, 8 October, 2008, 6:05 PM May I ask one statistics related question p

[R] MLE

2008-10-08 Thread Ron Michael
May I ask one statistics related question please? I have one query on MLE itself. It's property says that, for large sample size it is normally distributed [i.e. asymptotically normal]. On the other hand it is Efficient as well. My doubt is, how this two asymptotic properties exist simultaneousl

[R] A Regression question

2008-09-20 Thread Ron Michael
Dear all, I have statistics related question. What type of modeling technique to be used when dependent variable (Y) is continuous but with 99% zero.The other 1% (+ve , don't have -ve values) values are huge. If I take DGP of dependent variable as Pareto type distribution, will it be ok? Your hel

[R] All possible pairs of two variables

2008-09-10 Thread Ron Michael
I have two variables (x,y) : x : it takes all integer values from 0 to y and, y : takes all values from 0, 10 I am looking for some R code to find all possible pairs of (x,y). Can anyone please help me? New Email addresses available on Yahoo! Get the Email name you've always wanted on t

Re: [R] A regression problem using dummy variables

2008-07-03 Thread Ron Michael
es can be found in the relevant chapter of V&R's MASS book. FWIW, I have found that even statisticians get confused by these issues (certainly I have!). -- Bert Gunter -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Ron Michael Sent: Thursday, July

Re: [R] A regression problem using dummy variables

2008-07-03 Thread Ron Michael
"which group contrasts you want to look at" can you clarify me on that statement? --- On Thu, 3/7/08, Peter Dalgaard <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: From: Peter Dalgaard <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: Re: [R] A regression problem using dummy variables To: "rlearner309" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Cc: r-help@r-

[R] as.Date() clarification

2008-07-03 Thread Ron Michael
When I use the code as.Date(0) the I get : "1970-01-01". My question is why it is like that? help file on as.Date seems to give no light on that. Can anyone clarify me?   Regards, Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com [[alternative HTML version dele

Re: [R] Interactive plot

2008-06-29 Thread Ron Michael
fix that?   --- On Mon, 30/6/08, Gabor Grothendieck <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: From: Gabor Grothendieck <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: Re: [R] Interactive plot To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date: Monday, 30 June, 2008, 12:30 AM In ?playwith the third example seems pret

Re: [R] Interactive plot

2008-06-29 Thread Ron Michael
TeachingDemos ?     --- On Sun, 29/6/08, Ron Michael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: From: Ron Michael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: Re: [R] Interactive plot To: "Gabor Grothendieck" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date: Sunday, 29 June, 2008, 11:48 PM Hi,

Re: [R] Interactive plot

2008-06-29 Thread Ron Michael
runtime: http://www.ggobi.org/rgtk2/ On Sun, Jun 29, 2008 at 9:06 AM, Ron Michael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > whenever I try to load "playwith" package I get following error : > >> library(playwith) > Loading required package: lattice > Loading required package: grid

Re: [R] Interactive plot

2008-06-29 Thread Ron Michael
y/RGtk2/libs/RGtk2.dll':   LoadLibrary failure:  The specified module could not be found. Error: package/namespace load failed for 'playwith' What to do? --- On Sun, 29/6/08, Liviu Andronic <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: From: Liviu Andronic <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subje

[R] Interactive plot

2008-06-28 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, I have created following codes : mat = cbind(c(0.59710430,0.23057380), c(0.23057380, 0.5971089)) set.seed = 1000 vary = runif(dim(mat)[1], 2000, 3000) calc = function(mat, vary) { result = vector(length = (length(vary)+1)) result[1] = sqrt(t(vary) %*% vary)

[R] Need help to draw a plot

2008-06-23 Thread Ron Michael
can i have some instruction on how to draw this type of plot in R : http://sitmo.com/doc/Image:Ll_ou_conpron.png#filelinks ? Regards, Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com [[alternative HTML version deleted]]

[R] Interpretation of Variance decomposition in VAR model

2008-03-20 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, This question is not really R related, rather on Statistics subject itself. Even I did not do those using R. however still I want to post it here, because my hope is I could get help from great statisticians who are the very active member of this group. My problem is to interpret Vari

[R] Interpretation of Variance decomposition in VAR model

2008-03-20 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, This question is not really R related, rather on Statistics subject itself. Even I did not do those using R. however still I want to post it here, because my hope is I could get help from great statisticians who are the very active member of this group. My problem is to interpret Vari

[R] Different results in calculating SD of 2 numbers

2008-01-16 Thread Ron Michael
Hi all, Can anyone tell me why I am getting different results in calculating SD of 2 numbers ? > (1.25-0.95)/2 [1] 0.15 > sd(c(1.25, 0.95)) [1] 0.2121320 # why it is different from 0.15? Regards, Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com [[alt