On 4/12/24 3:24 am, Roel Schroeven wrote:
It's not entirely clear to me though how bytes.__new__ *can* set an
object's value. Isn't __new__ also a regular function?
Yes, but the __new__ methods of the builtin immutable objects (int,
str, bytes, etc.) are implemented in C, and so are able to do
On 13/11/24 8:10 am, Left Right wrote:
since logs are designed to grow indefinitely, the natural
response to this design property is log rotation.
I don't see how writing logs to stderr solves that problem in any way.
Whatever stderr is sent to still has a potentially unlimited amount
of data t
On 8/11/24 3:04 am, Mild Shock wrote:
This only works for small integers. I guess
this is because tagged pointers are used
nowadays ?
No, it's because integers in a certain small range are cached. Not sure
what the actual range is nowadays, it used to be something like -5 to
256 I think.
BT
On 6/11/24 4:13 am, Loris Bennett wrote:
[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = "^3.6"
first-package = "^1.6.0"
Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement
first-package<2.0.0,>=1.6.0 (from second-package==0.5.0) (from versions: )
No matching distribution found for first-package<2.0
On 3/10/24 11:48 am, Left Right wrote:
So, streaming parsers (eg. SAX) are written for a regular language
that approximates XML.
SAX doesn't parse a whole XML document, it parses small pieces of it
independently and passes them on. It's more like a lexical analyser than
a parser in that respect
On 2/10/24 12:26 pm, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
The real problem is how the JSON is set up. If you take umpteen data
structures and wrap them all in something like a list, then it may be a tad
hard to stream as you may not necessarily be examining the contents till the
list finishes gigabytes l
On 2/10/24 10:03 am, Left Right wrote:
Consider also an interesting
consequence of SCSI not being able to have infinite words: this means,
besides other things that fsync() is nonsense! :) If you aren't
familiar with the concept: UNIX filesystem API suggests that it's
possible to destage arbitrar
On 1/10/24 8:34 am, Left Right wrote:
You probably forgot that it has to be _streaming_. Suppose you parse
the first digit: can you hand this information over to an external
function to process the parsed data? -- No! because you don't know the
magnitude yet.
By that definition of "streaming",
On 9/09/24 2:13 am, Karsten Hilbert wrote:
For what it's worth here's the current state of code:
That code doesn't inspire much confidence in me. It's far too
convoluted with too much micro-management of exceptions.
I would much prefer to have just *one* place where exceptions are
caught and l
On 8/09/24 11:03 pm, Jon Ribbens wrote:
On 2024-09-08, Greg Ewing wrote:
try:
do something
.commit()
except:
log something
.rollback()
What if there's an exception in your exception handler? I'd put the
rollback in the 'finally' handler, so it's always called.
On 8/09/24 9:20 am, Karsten Hilbert wrote:
try:
do something
except:
log something
finally:
.commit()
cadence is fairly Pythonic and elegant in that it ensures the
the .commit() will always be reached regardless of exception
On 5/09/24 7:48 am, Barry Scott wrote:
Beware that you cannot use print to stdout for a .app as its stdin/stdout do
not go anywhere useful.
You can invoke the executable inside the package from the Terminal.
Normally it's in the .app/Contents/MacOS subdirectory. The name
varies, but there's u
On 13/06/24 4:31 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
It seems Microsoft is having a problem where something lik 2/3 of Windows
users have not upgraded from Windows 10 after many years
At least Python 3 is a clear improvement over Python 2 in many ways.
Whereas the only thing Microsoft seems to hav
On 8/05/24 1:32 pm, Popov, Dmitry Yu wrote:
The statement 'global', indicating variables living in the global scope, is
very suitable to be used in modules. I'm wondering whether in scripts, running
at the top-level invocation of the interpreter, statement 'global' is used
exactly the same way
On 30/03/24 7:21 pm, HenHanna wrote:
https://xkcd.com/1306/
what does SIGIL mean?
I think its' a Perl term, referring to the $/@/# symbols in front of
identifiers.
--
Greg
--
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On 20/03/24 4:14 pm, Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote:
not to
mention the latency when there isn’t quite enough memory for an allocation
and you have to wait until the next GC run to proceed. Run the GC a
thousand times a second, and the latency is still 1 millisecond.
That's not the way it usually wo
On 26/02/24 12:45 pm, Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote:
def score(candidate, answer) :
return \
(
sum(a == b for a, b in zip(candidate, answer)),
sum
(
i != j and a == b
for i, a in enumerate(candidate)
On 27/01/24 10:46 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
But your explanation seems to have no mention of the "something" /
"the awaitable object" part following the preposition "on". Shouldn't
this awaitable object play a rôle in the explanation of what happens?
If it helps at all, you can think of an
On 17/01/24 1:01 am, Frank Millman wrote:
I sometimes need to keep a reference from a
transient object to a more permanent structure in my app. To save myself
the extra step of removing all these references when the transient
object is deleted, I make them weak references.
I don't see how wea
On 17/01/24 4:00 am, Chris Angelico wrote:
class Form:
def __init__(self):
self.elements = []
class Element:
def __init__(self, form):
self.form = form
form.elements.append(self)
If you make the reference from Element to Form a weak reference,
it won't keep
On 16/01/24 11:55 am, Mats Wichmann wrote:
Windows
natively has something called python.exe and python3.exe which is
interfering here
I'm wondering whether py.exe should be taught to recognise these stubs
and ignore them. This sounds like something that could trip a lot of
people up.
--
Greg
On 15/01/24 9:07 pm, Chris Angelico wrote:
The grammar *can't* specify everything. If it did, it would have to
have rules for combining individual letters into a NAME and individual
characters into a string literal.
The lexical level of a grammar can be, and often is, described
formally using r
On 15/01/24 1:54 pm, dn wrote:
Soon after, Wirth simplified
rather than expanded, and developed Pascal.
Before Pascal there was Algol-W, which Wirth invented as a rebellion
against how complicated Algol 68 was becoming.
When I first saw this I was
stunned, then attracted to its simplicity, bu
On 15/01/24 1:28 am, Left Right wrote:
Python isn't a context-free language, so the grammar that is used to
describe it doesn't actually describe the language
Very few languages have a formal grammar that *fully* describes
the set of strings that constitute valid programs, including all
the rul
On 13/01/24 11:34 pm, Left Right wrote:
To make this
shorter, Python allows:
for in ... : ...
Um, no, it doesn't. An assignment target is not, on its own, a
statement.
It's hard to make sense of what you're saying. You seem to be
surprised by the fact that Python doesn't require variables t
On 13/01/24 3:14 pm, Chris Angelico wrote:
On Sat, 13 Jan 2024 at 13:11, Left Right via Python-list
wrote:
Very few
languages allow arbitrary complex expressions in the same place they
allow variable introduction.
What do you mean by this? Most languages I've worked with allow
variables to
On 13/01/24 1:45 pm, Left Right wrote:
I use the term "destructuring" in the same way Hyperspec uses it.
It's not a Python term. I don't know what you call the same thing in
Python. I'm not sure what you understand from it.
I thought you meant what is usually called "unpacking" in Python. I
On 13/01/24 12:11 am, Left Right wrote:
x = [...]
for x[i] in x: print(i)
I suspect you've misremembered something, because this doesn't
do anything surprising for me:
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> for x[i] in x: print(i)
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
NameErro
On 31/12/23 10:06 am, Thomas Passin wrote:
my suggestion above does
work, *except* that you cannot mix-and-match different DictTypex types
Have you tried declaring the argument as a Mapping instead of a dict?
Seeing as Thomas Passin's Sequence experiment worked, it seems like this
should work t
On 31/12/23 8:05 am, Chris Angelico wrote:
Ah, I think you've hit on the problem there. Consider this:
def add_item(stuff: dict[str: str | int]):
stuff["spam"] = "ham"
stuff["vooom"] = 1_000_000
Yep, that's it exactly. It's not the union itself that's the problem,
but the fact that t
On 30/12/23 4:02 am, Karsten Hilbert wrote:
def run_rw_queries (
link_obj:_TLnkObj=None,
queries:list[dict[str, str | list | dict[str, Any]]]=None,
Given that I would have thought that passing in
list[dict[str, str]] for "queries" ought to be type safe.
On 27/11/23 5:03 pm, Grant Edwards wrote:
I should probably have written "how to fool that into
working when he's not using a 'with' statement"
It should be possible to run the context protocol yourself.
Something like (warning, untested):
class MyDeviceWrapper:
def __init__(self
On 27/11/23 9:03 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
Above, "have" is followed by another verb in "have been",
so it should be eligible for a contraction there!
Yes, "been" is the past participle of 'to be", so "I've been" is
fine.
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
On 8/11/23 2:26 pm, Julieta Shem wrote:
For the first time I'm trying to write a tail-recursive
square-and-multiply and, even though it /seems/ to work, I'm not happy
with what I wrote and I don't seem to understand it so well.
Stepping back a bit, why do you feel the need to write this
tail-re
On 8/11/23 8:10 am, MRAB wrote:
Something to do with how scoping is implemented in comprehensions?
Yes, together with the way class scopes work during class construction.
Behind the scenes, the body of a listcomp happens to be implemented
as a nested function.
Usually you don't notice this, b
On 6/11/23 6:34 pm, rbowman wrote:
We've found even if you directly ask the user often the answer is 'I
dunno' or some mythology they have constructed to explain the problem.
This seems to apply to hardware issues as well. Louis Rossmann has
a philosophy of "Never believe what the customer tell
On 7/11/23 7:45 am, Mats Wichmann wrote:
Continuing with the example, if you have a single phone number field, or
let a mobile number be entered in a field marked for landline, you will
probably assume you can text to that number.
But if the site can detect that you've entered a mobile number
On 25/10/23 2:32 pm, Chris Angelico wrote:
Error correcting memory, redundant systems, and human
monitoring, plus the ability to rewrite the guidance software on the
fly if they needed to.
Although the latter couldn't actually be done with the AGC,
as the software was in ROM. They could poke va
On 4/10/23 5:25 pm, dn wrote:
The first question when dealing with the Singleton Pattern is what to do
when more than one instantiation is attempted
My preferred way of handling singletons is not to expose the class
itself, but a function that creates an instance the first time it's
called, and
On 28/09/23 10:44 pm, Stefan Ram wrote:
class A:
def __init__( self ):
self.__setattr__ = self.setattr
def setattr( self, key, value ):
print( 'setattr called.' )
Any idea how to achieve something like this?
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.x = 17
On 27/09/23 3:30 pm, Chris Roy-Smith wrote:
surely running a 64 bit version of python in a 23mbit version of windows
will cause significant problems!
23 millibits? I don't think you'd be able to run much at all
with that few bits! :-)
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-
On 23/09/23 4:51 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
[]=[]
(Executes with no error.)
#
[]=[]
( 1 )
#\_/#
(Executes with no error.)
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
On 23/08/23 2:45 am, Ian Pilcher wrote:
How can I programmatically get 'logging.Handler' from the class object?
Classes have a __module__ attribute:
>>> logging.Handler.__module__
'logging'
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
On 17/08/23 7:10 pm, c.bu...@posteo.jp wrote:
def foobar(translate):
if not translate:
# I try to mask the global _() builtins-function
def _(txt):
return txt
return _('Hello')
This causes _ to become a local that is left undefined on one
branch of the
On 5/07/23 10:33 am, Alan Gauld wrote:
(*) C++ is the odd one out because it doesn't have GC, but then
neither does it have an Object superclass so very often MI in C++
does not involve creating diamonds! And especially if the MI
style is mixin based.
Even if all your mixins have empty construc
On 20/06/23 7:36 pm, Barry wrote:
I have some APIs that do return None or a list.
The None says that a list is not available and that the caller is
responsible with dealing in a application-domain specific with
with that situation.
In that case, the caller should probably be checking for
None r
I would question the wisdom of designing an API that
can return either a sequence or None. If it normally
returns a sequence, and there are no items to return,
it should return an empty sequence.
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
On 8/06/23 10:18 am, Jason Friedman wrote:
SyntaxError: name capture 'RANGE' makes remaining patterns unreachable
The bytecode compiler doesn't know that you intend RANGE
to be a constant -- it thinks it's a variable to bind a
value to.
To make this work you need to find a way to refer to the
On 29/05/23 8:10 am, James Schaffler wrote:
However, some minimal testing of InteractiveInterpreter leads me to believe
that the Interpreter object has its own view of local/global variables and
therefore shouldn't be able to affect the calling interpreter
Globals you create by executing code
On 31/05/23 8:44 am, aapost wrote:
Even if I did partake in the modern github style of code distribution,
how many packages have issues where the "maintainers" inherited the
package and really haven't dug deep enough in to the code to see how it
really works. They have issues that sit around fo
On 25/05/23 7:49 pm, BlindAnagram wrote:
The first of these three results produces an incorrect relative path
because relpath does not strip off any non-directory tails before
comparing paths.
It has no way of knowing whether a pathname component is a directory
or not. It's purely an operation
On 21/05/23 9:18 am, Richard Damon wrote:
This just can't happen (as far as I can figure) for .= unless the object
is defining something weird for the inplace version of the operation,
Indeed. There are clear use cases for overriding +=, but it's hard to
think of one for this. So it would just
On 21/05/23 5:54 am, Alex Jando wrote:
hash.=hexdigest()
That would be a very strange and unprecedented syntax that
munges together an attribute lookup and a call.
Keep in mind that a method call in Python is actually two
separate things:
y = x.m()
is equivalent to
f = x.m
y = f()
But it
On 4/05/23 9:29 am, Chris Angelico wrote:
So
you're asking for map to be able to return an iterator if given an
iterator, or an adapter if given an adapter. That makes it quite
complicated to use and reason about.
Also a bit slower, since it would need to inspect its argument
and decide what to
On 30/04/23 2:43 am, jak wrote:
Maybe I expressed myself badly but I didn't mean to propose alternatives
to the EAFP way but just to evaluate the possibility that it is not a
folder.
If it's not a folder, you'll find out when the next thing you
try to do to it fails.
You could check for it ear
On 23/04/23 10:04 am, Ralf M. wrote:
I thought about that, but for that to work all local modules across all
script locations must have unique names, otherwise import might get hold
of a module from the wrong directory.
You could put all the local modules belonging to a particular
script into
How are you invoking your script? Presumably you have some code
in your embedding application that takes a script path and runs
it. Instead of putting the code to update sys.path into every
script, the embedding application could do it before running
the script.
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org
On 14/04/23 4:55 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
While we are at it, why stop with imaginary numbers when you can imagine
extensions thereof? Unfortunately, it has been proven there are and can only
be two additional such constructs.
You can go beyond that if you broaden your horizons enough.
On 4/04/23 2:09 pm, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
Sadly, between Daylight Savings time and a newer irrational PI π Day, I am
afraid some April Foolers got thrown off albeit some may shower us with
nonsense in May I.
Pi day isn't responsible, but it is because of changes to daylight
saving. T
On 30/03/23 8:39 am, a a wrote:
How to add clickable url links to the following 3D Matplotlib chart to make it
knowledge representation 3D chart, make of 1,000+ open Tabs in Firefox ?
It seems that matplotlib can be made to generate SVG images with
hyperlinks in them:
https://matplotlib.org/s
On 30/03/23 6:13 am, Chris Angelico wrote:
I'm not sure what would happen in
a GIL-free world but most likely the lock on the input object would
still ensure thread safety.
In a GIL-free world, I would not expect deque to hold a lock
the entire time that something was iterating over it. That
wo
On 28/03/23 2:25 pm, Travis Griggs wrote:
Interestingly the error also only started showing up when I switched from
running a statistics.mean() on one of these, instead of what I had been using,
a statistics.median(). Apparently the kind of iteration done in a mean, is more
conflict prone than
On 20/03/23 7:07 am, Jon Ribbens wrote:
Ah, apparently it got removed in Python 3, which is a bit odd as the
last I heard it was added in Python 2.2 in order to achieve consistency
with other types.
As far as I remember, the file type came into existence
with type/class unification, and "open"
On 15/03/23 10:57 pm, scruel tao wrote:
How can I understand this? Will it be a problem?
I can't remember any details offhand, but I know I've occasionally
made use of the ability to do this. It's fine as long as the method
you're calling doesn't rely on anything you haven't initialised yet.
-
On 10/03/23 4:00 pm, 2qdxy4rzwzuui...@potatochowder.com wrote:
My ~/.pythonrc contains the following:
import readline
import rlcompleter
readline.parse_and_bind( 'tab: complete' )
I don't have a ~/.pythonrc, so that's not what's doing it
for me.
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.o
On 10/03/23 2:57 pm, Chris Angelico wrote:
import sys; "readline" in sys.modules
Is it?
Yes, it is -- but only when using the repl!
If I put that in a script, I get False.
My current theory is that it gets pre-imported when using
Python interactively because the repl itself uses it.
--
Greg
On 10/03/23 1:46 pm, Grant Edwards wrote:
That's not how it acts for me. I have to "import readline" to get
command line recall and editing.
Maybe this has changed? Or is platform dependent?
With Python 3.8 on MacOSX I can use up arrow with input()
to recall stuff I've typed before, without ha
On 10/03/23 12:43 pm, Grant Edwards wrote:
When a computer dies, I
generally just cp -a (or rsync -a) $HOME to a new one.
Same here, more or less. My current machine has multiple
archaeological layers going back about 5 generations of
technology...
--
Greg
--
https://mail.python.org/mailman/li
On 10/03/23 11:43 am, Chris Angelico wrote:
import readline
print("Pseudo-prompt: ", end="")
msg1 = input()
msg2 = input("Actual prompt: ")
print(repr(msg1))
print(repr(msg2))
At each of the prompts, type a bit of text, then backspace it all the
way. The actual prompt will remain, but the pseudo
On 10/03/23 10:59 am, Cameron Simpson wrote:
I think this might be the common case of a module which wraps another
library
It's not quite the same thing, though -- the library it wraps
is already hooked into things behind the scenes in ways that
may not be obvious. (Unless you're Dutch?)
--
Gr
On 10/03/23 10:08 am, Grant Edwards wrote:
It finally dawned on me after seeing an example I found elsewhere that
you don't call some module method to fetch the next user-entered line.
You call the input() built-in.
Having a module modify the behavior of a built-in makes me cringe.
Importing
On 9/03/23 8:29 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
They seem to be partially copying from python a
feature that now appears everywhere but yet strive for some backwards
compatibility. They simplified the heck out of all kinds of expressions by
using INDENTATION.
It's possible this was at least pa
On 7/03/23 6:49 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
But the example given wanted to match something like "V6" in middle of the text
and I do not see how that would work as you would now need to search 26 dictionaries
completely.
It might even make things worse, as there is likely to be a lot of
On 7/03/23 4:35 am, Weatherby,Gerard wrote:
If mailing space is a consideration, we could all help by keeping our replies
short and to the point.
Indeed. A thread or two of untrimmed quoted messages is probably
more data than Dino posted!
--
Greg
--
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On 6/03/23 11:43 am, Stefan Ram wrote:
A user tries to chop of sections from a string,
but does not use "split" because the separator might become
more complicated so that a regular expression will be required
to find it.
What's wrong with re.split() in that case?
--
Greg
--
https:
On 6/03/23 1:02 pm, Cameron Simpson wrote:
Also, fsync() need not expedite the data getting to disc. It is equally
valid that it just blocks your programme _until_ the data have gone to
disc.
Or until it *thinks* the data has gone to the disk. Some drives
do buffering of their own, which may i
On 5/03/23 5:12 pm, Dino wrote:
I can do a substring search in a list of 30k elements in less than 2ms
with Python. Is my reasoning sound?
I just did a similar test with your actual data and got
about the same result. If that's fast enough for you,
then you don't need to do anything fancy.
--
On 4/03/23 7:51 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
I leave you with the question of the day. Was Voldemort pythonic?
Well, he was fluent in Parseltongue, which is not a good sign.
I hope not, otherwise we'll have to rename Python to "The Language
That Shall Not Be Named" and watch out for horcr
On 3/03/23 9:54 am, Ian Pilcher wrote:
I haven't found
anything that talks about which form is considered to be more Pythonic
in those situations where there's no functional difference.
In such cases I'd probably go for type(x), because it looks less
ugly.
x.__class__ *might* be slightly more
On 2/03/23 10:59 am, gene heskett wrote:
Human skin always has the same color
Um... no?
--
Greg
--
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On 28/02/23 4:24 pm, Hen Hanna wrote:
is it poss. to peek at the Python-list's messages
without joining ?
It's mirrored to the comp.lang.python usenet group, or
you can read it through gmane with a news client.
--
Greg
--
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On 28/02/23 5:08 am, Thomas Passin wrote:
On 2/27/2023 11:01 AM, Mats Wichmann wrote:
If you intend to run Black on your code to ensure consistent
formatting, you may as well learn to prefer double quotes, because
it's going to convert single to double
I prefer single quotes because they are
On 28/02/23 7:40 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
inhahe made the point that this may not have been the
original intent for python and may be a sort of bug that it is too late to fix.
Guido has publically stated that it was a deliberate design choice.
The merits of that design choice can be d
On 27/02/23 10:07 pm, Roel Schroeven wrote:
I'm guessing you're thinking about variables leaking out of list
comprehensions. I seem to remember (but I could be wrong) it was a
design mistake rather than a bug in the code, but in any case it's been
fixed now (in the 2 to 3 transition, I think).
On 26/02/23 10:53 am, Paul Rubin wrote:
I'm not on either list but the purpose of the tutor list is to shunt
beginner questions away from the main list.
There's a fundamental problem with tutor lists. They rely on
experienced people, the ones capable of answering the questions,
to go out of the
On 24/02/23 9:26 am, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
Python One-Liners: Write Concise, Eloquent Python Like a Professional
Illustrated Edition
by Christian Mayer (Author)
I didn't know there were any Professional Illustrated Editions
writing Pythom. You learn something every day! :-)
--
Greg
--
On 23/02/23 9:37 am, Hen Hanna wrote:
for the first several weeks... whenever i used Python... all
i could think ofwas this is really Lisp (inside) with a thin
veil of Java/Pascal syntax..
- that everything is first converted
On 23/02/23 1:58 pm, avi.e.gr...@gmail.com wrote:
Would anything serious break if it was deprecated for use as a statement
terminator?
Well, it would break all the code of people who like to
write code that way. They might get a bit miffed if we
decide that their code is not serious. :-)
On t
On 23/02/23 9:12 am, Hen Hanna wrote:
On Wednesday, February 22, 2023 at 2:32:57 AM UTC-8, Anton Shepelev wrote:
def f(a):
print(black_magic(a))# or black_magic('a')
f(v1)# prints: v1
f(v2)# prints: v2
the ter
On 18/02/23 7:42 am, Richard Damon wrote:
On 2/17/23 5:27 AM, Stephen Tucker wrote:
None of the digits in RootNZZZ's string should be different from the
corresponding digits in RootN.
Only if the storage format was DECIMAL.
Note that using decimal wouldn't eliminate this particular problem,
For a moment I thought this was going to be a script that
uses ChatGPT to generate a random news post and post it
to Usenet...
Which would also have been kind of cool, as long as it wasn't
overused.
--
Greg
--
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On 6/02/23 4:23 am, Weatherby,Gerard wrote:
Well, first of all, while there is no doubt as to Dijkstra’s contribution to
computer science, I don’t think his description of scientific thought is
correct. The acceptance of Einstein’s theory of relativity has nothing to do
with internal consisten
On 5/02/23 11:18 am, transreductionist wrote:
This analogy came to me the other day. For me, I would rather walk into a
grocery store where the bananas, apples, and oranges are separated in to their
own bins, instead of one common crate.
On the other hand, if the store has an entire aisle dev
On 11/04/20 12:19 am, Pieter van Oostrum wrote:
Your Pardon is not a class, it is a function.
To elaborate on that a bit, the way inheritance of metaclasses
works is that when you define a class, if you don't explicity
specify a metaclass, it uses the class of the base class as
the metaclass.
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