Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-05 Thread Mark Lord
Arjan van de Ven wrote: On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 11:27:15 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly broken. What should it do when the NFS server doesn't answer anymore or when the network to the SAN RAID array located a few hundred KM

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Rafael J. Wysocki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > Er, it won't play well if that happen when tasks are frozen for > > > suspend. > > > > right now any suspend attempt times out after 20 seconds: > > > > $ grep TIMEOUT kernel/power/process.c > > #define TIMEOUT (20 * HZ) > > en

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Rafael J. Wysocki
On Monday, 3 of December 2007, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > * Rafael J. Wysocki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > This feature will save one full reporter-developer round-trip during > > > investigation of a significant number of bug reports. > > > > > > It might be more practical if it were to dump

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Rafael J. Wysocki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > This feature will save one full reporter-developer round-trip during > > investigation of a significant number of bug reports. > > > > It might be more practical if it were to dump the traces for _all_ > > D-state processes when it fires - bas

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Rafael J. Wysocki
On Monday, 3 of December 2007, Andrew Morton wrote: > On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 15:19:25 +0100 > Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are > > printed the following way: > > >

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andrew Morton
On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 15:19:25 +0100 Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are > printed the following way: > > --> > INFO: task prctl:3042 blocked for more tha

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ray Lee
On Dec 3, 2007 6:17 AM, Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > That won't address my concerns about already "breaking" (as in > frightening the user etc.) common error handling scenarios by default. Andi, may I respectfully submit that you're not understanding real users here? Real users either:

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
> the scsi layer will have the IO totally aborted within that time anyway; > the retry timeout for disks is 30 seconds after all. There are blocking waits who wait for multiple IOs. Also i think the SCSI driver can tune this anyways and I suspect iSCSI and friends increase it (?) -Andi -- To u

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Arjan van de Ven
On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 11:27:15 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly > > broken. > > What should it do when the NFS server doesn't answer anymore or > when the network to the SAN RAID array located a few hundred KM away > devel

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > debugging feature can be disabled/enabled on a wide scale already: > > > > - in the .config > > > > - runtime, temporarily, via: > > > > echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs > > That won't address my concerns about already "breaki

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Now Ingo's latest unreleased version with single line messages might > be actually ok if he turns off the backtraces by default. > Unfortunately I wasn't able to find out so far if he has done that or > not, he always cuts away these parts of the email

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 02:55:47PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > I would still appreciate if you could state what default value you > > plan to set the backtrace sysctl to in the submitted patch. > > there's no "backtrace sysctl" planned for the mom

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 02:59:16PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > Andi, is that true? If yes, why didnt Andi state this concern outright, > instead of pooh-pooh-ing the patch on various other grounds? No of course not. Radoslaw is talking nonsense. -Andi -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the l

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
> It's more like "lets warn about it and fix the problems when we find > some." It is already known there are lots of problems. I won't repeat them because I already wrote too much about them. Feel free to read back in the thread. Now if all the known problems are fixed and only some hard to kno

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Radoslaw Szkodzinski <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 14:29:56 +0100 > > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > > > feedback about an impending catastrophy has been duly noted > > > > > > The point was less about an impending catastrophe, but more of a > > > timebomb

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Pekka Enberg <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Hi, > > On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 12:59:00PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > "audit thousands of callsites in 8 million lines of code first" is a > > > nice euphemism for hiding from the blame forever. We had 10 years for it > > On Dec 3, 2007 2:13 PM,

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > I would still appreciate if you could state what default value you > plan to set the backtrace sysctl to in the submitted patch. there's no "backtrace sysctl" planned for the moment. This "hung tasks" debugging feature can be disabled/enabled on a wide

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Pekka Enberg
Hi, On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 12:59:00PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > "audit thousands of callsites in 8 million lines of code first" is a > > nice euphemism for hiding from the blame forever. We had 10 years for it On Dec 3, 2007 2:13 PM, Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Ok your approach i

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
I would still appreciate if you could state what default value you plan to set the backtrace sysctl to in the submitted patch. -Andi -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in the body of a message to [EMAIL PROTECTED] More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread AstralStorm
On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 14:29:56 +0100 > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > feedback about an impending catastrophy has been duly noted > > > > The point was less about an impending catastrophe, but more of a > > timebomb ticking until the next widely used release. I think I know why An

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
> negative I would consider it positive, but ok. If I was negative I would probably not care and just make always sure to disable SOFTLOCKUP in the kernels I use. > feedback about an impending catastrophy has been duly noted The point was less about an impending catastrophe, but more of a tim

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > you are over-designing it way too much - a backtrace is obviously > > very helpful and it must be printed by default. There's enough > > configurability in it already so that you can turn it off if you > > want. > > So it will hit everybody first be

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 01:28:33PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 12:59:00PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > no. (that's why i added the '(or a kill -9)' qualification above - if > > > NFS is mounted noninterruptible then standard signals (such as Ctrl-C) > > > should no

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 12:59:00PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > no. (that's why i added the '(or a kill -9)' qualification above - if > > NFS is mounted noninterruptible then standard signals (such as Ctrl-C) > > should not have an interrupting effect.

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 12:59:00PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > no. (that's why i added the '(or a kill -9)' qualification above - if > NFS is mounted noninterruptible then standard signals (such as Ctrl-C) > should not have an interrupting effect.) NFS is already interruptible with umount -f (I

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 11:38:15AM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > > > Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly broken. > > > > > > What should it do when the NFS server doesn't ans

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Mon, Dec 03, 2007 at 11:38:15AM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly broken. > > > > What should it do when the NFS server doesn't answer anymore or when > > the network to the SAN RAID arr

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly broken. > > What should it do when the NFS server doesn't answer anymore or when > the network to the SAN RAID array located a few hundred KM away > develops some hickup? [...] maybe: if

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
> Kernel waiting 2 minutes on TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE is certainly broken. What should it do when the NFS server doesn't answer anymore or when the network to the SAN RAID array located a few hundred KM away develops some hickup? Or just the SCSI driver decides to do lengthy error recovery -- yo

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Radoslaw Szkodzinski <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > iirc TASK_KILLABLE fixed NFS only. While that's a good thing there > > are unfortunately a lot more subsystems that would need the same > > treatment. > > Yes, that's exactly why the patch is needed - to find the bugs and fix > them. Other

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread AstralStorm
On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 10:55:01 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Sun, Dec 02, 2007 at 04:59:13PM -0800, Arjan van de Ven wrote: > > On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 01:07:41 +0100 > > Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > > This patch will likely work against that by breaking error paths. >

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-03 Thread Andi Kleen
On Sun, Dec 02, 2007 at 04:59:13PM -0800, Arjan van de Ven wrote: > On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 01:07:41 +0100 > Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > We really need to get better diagnostics for the > > > bad-kernel-behavior-that-is-seen-as-bug cases. If we ever want to > > > get to the scenario w

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Arjan van de Ven
On Mon, 3 Dec 2007 01:07:41 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > We really need to get better diagnostics for the > > bad-kernel-behavior-that-is-seen-as-bug cases. If we ever want to > > get to the scenario where we have a more or less robust measure of > > kernel quality (and we're no

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
> We really need to get better diagnostics for the > bad-kernel-behavior-that-is-seen-as-bug cases. If we ever want to get > to the scenario where we have a more or less robust measure of kernel > quality (and we're not all that far off for several cases), one thing One measure to kernel quality i

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
> Delay accounting (or the /proc//sched fields that i added recently) > only get updated once a task has finished its unreasonably long delay > and has scheduled. If it is stuck forever then you can just use sysrq-t If it recovers delay accounting will catch it. > detected_ this way. This is

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Arjan van de Ven
On Sun, 2 Dec 2007 21:47:25 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Out of direct experience, 95% of the "too long delay" cases are > > plain old bugs. The rest we can (and must!) convert to > > TASK_KILLABLE or could > > I already pointed out a few cases (nfs, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs, afs).

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > do you realize that more than 120 seconds TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE _is_ > > something that most humans consider as "buggy" in the overwhelming > > majority of cases, regardless of the reason? Yes, there are and will > > be some exceptions, but not nearly

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Until now users had little direct recourse to get such problems > > fixed. (we had sysrq-t, but that included no real metric of how long > > a task was > > Actually task delay accounting can measure this now. iirc someone had > a latencytop based o

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Arjan van de Ven
On Sun, 2 Dec 2007 22:19:25 +0100 Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > Until now users had little direct recourse to get such problems > > fixed. (we had sysrq-t, but that included no real metric of how > > long a task was > > Actually task delay accounting can measure this now. iirc

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > > do you realize that more than 120 seconds TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE _is_ > something that most humans consider as "buggy" in the overwhelming > majority of cases, regardless of the reason? Yes, there are and will be > some exceptions, but not nearly as coun

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Sun, Dec 02, 2007 at 10:10:27PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > what if you considered - just for a minute - the possibility of this > > debug tool being the thing that actually animates developers to fix such > > long delay bugs that have bothered use

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
On Sun, Dec 02, 2007 at 10:10:27PM +0100, Ingo Molnar wrote: > what if you considered - just for a minute - the possibility of this > debug tool being the thing that actually animates developers to fix such > long delay bugs that have bothered users for almost a decade meanwhile? Throwing freque

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Out of direct experience, 95% of the "too long delay" cases are plain > > old bugs. The rest we can (and must!) convert to TASK_KILLABLE or could > > I already pointed out a few cases (nfs, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs, afs). It > would be pretty bad to merg

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
> Out of direct experience, 95% of the "too long delay" cases are plain > old bugs. The rest we can (and must!) convert to TASK_KILLABLE or could I already pointed out a few cases (nfs, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs, afs). It would be pretty bad to merge this patch without converting them to TASK_KILLA

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > .. and it's even a tool to show where we missed making something > > TASK_KILLABLE... anything that triggers from NFS and the like really > > ought to be TASK_KILLABLE after all. This patch will point any > > omissions out quite nicely without having

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Arjan van de Ven <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > TASK_KILLABLE should be the right solution i think. > > .. and it's even a tool to show where we missed making something > TASK_KILLABLE... anything that triggers from NFS and the like really > ought to be TASK_KILLABLE after all. This patch wi

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
> .. and it's even a tool to show where we missed making something > TASK_KILLABLE... anything that triggers from NFS and the like really > ought to be TASK_KILLABLE after all. This patch will point any > omissions out quite nicely without having to do any kind of destructive > testing. It would b

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Arjan van de Ven
On Sun, 2 Dec 2007 19:59:45 +0100 Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > * Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > > > > > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > > > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Andi Kleen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > > > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are > > printed the following way: > > That will likely trigger anytime a hard nfs/cif

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Andi Kleen
Ingo Molnar <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are > printed the following way: That will likely trigger anytime a hard nfs/cifs mount loses its server for 120s. To make this work you

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread David Rientjes
On Sun, 2 Dec 2007, Ingo Oeser wrote: > > maybe, but we'd have to see how often this gets triggered. An OOM is > > something that could happen in any overloaded system - while a hung task > > is likely due to a kernel bug. > > What about a client using hard mounted NFS shares here? That shouldn

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-02 Thread Ingo Molnar
* Ingo Oeser <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Saturday 01 December 2007, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > maybe, but we'd have to see how often this gets triggered. An OOM is > > something that could happen in any overloaded system - while a hung task > > is likely due to a kernel bug. > > What about a c

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-01 Thread Ingo Oeser
On Saturday 01 December 2007, Ingo Molnar wrote: > maybe, but we'd have to see how often this gets triggered. An OOM is > something that could happen in any overloaded system - while a hung task > is likely due to a kernel bug. What about a client using hard mounted NFS shares here? That shouldn

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-01 Thread Ingo Molnar
* David Rientjes <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically detect > > hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are printed the > > following way: > > Wouldn't a natural extension of this feature be to mark these hung > TASK_UNINTERRUPT

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-01 Thread David Rientjes
On Sat, 1 Dec 2007, Ingo Molnar wrote: > this patch extends the soft-lockup detector to automatically > detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks. Such hung tasks are > printed the following way: > Wouldn't a natural extension of this feature be to mark these hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks with a

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-01 Thread Ingo Molnar
* David Rientjes <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > The checked auto variable isn't doing anything in > check_hung_uninterruptible_tasks(). yeah, i used to print it out in a printk but removed it in the final version. Ingo -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-k

Re: [feature] automatically detect hung TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE tasks

2007-12-01 Thread David Rientjes
The checked auto variable isn't doing anything in check_hung_uninterruptible_tasks(). Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> --- kernel/softlockup.c |5 + 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/kernel/softlockup.c b/kernel/softlockup.c --- a/kernel/softl