Re: [CentOS] Very slow disk I/O

2015-02-03 Thread Joseph L. Brunner
Lol - spinning disks? Really? SSD is down to like 50cents a gig. And they have 1TB disks... slow disks = you get what you deserve... welcome to 2015. Autolacing shoes, self drying jackets, hoverboards - oh, yeah, and 110k IOPS 1TB SamSung Pro 850 SSD Drives for $449 on NewEgg. dumbass -Or

Re: [CentOS] Very slow disk I/O

2015-02-03 Thread Alexander Dalloz
Am 03.02.2015 um 10:14 schrieb Joseph L. Brunner: Lol - spinning disks? Really? SSD is down to like 50cents a gig. And they have 1TB disks... slow disks = you get what you deserve... welcome to 2015. Autolacing shoes, self drying jackets, hoverboards - oh, yeah, and 110k IOPS 1TB SamSung Pro 8

Re: [CentOS] Squid3 on CentOS 6.6: IPv6 PTR endianess

2015-02-03 Thread Eliezer Croitoru
Hey Max, You are using squid 3.1.x which is not supported anymore by the squid development team. It is possible that there is a bug in this version of squid and that it was not reported until now. Squid should not run a PTR record lookup unless there is an acl which requires\wants\needs it.

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Timothy Murphy
Warren Young wrote: > The new rules are: > > 1. At least 8 characters. > > 2. Nothing that violates the pwquality rules: > > http://linux.die.net/man/8/pam_pwquality The 7 rules listed in this URL seem utterly bizarre to me. The first is "Don't use a palindrome" which makes me wonder if t

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Scott Robbins
On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: > > The 7 rules listed in this URL seem utterly bizarre to me. > > The first is "Don't use a palindrome" > which makes me wonder if the author knows the meaning of this word. > I suspect he/she thinks it means "a known word backwards

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Timothy Murphy
Valeri Galtsev wrote: >> What secret motive *could* there be?? The current security policy is >> weak, and this change fixes that. End of story. > > It's hard to not endorse everything you are saying. As far as motive is > concerned, it is not that secret. Security. RedHat doesn't like poorly >

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Binet, Valere (NIH/NIA/IRP) [C]
Palindrome : A word, phrase or sequence that reads the same backward as forward, e.g. ³madam" or "nurses run² Valère Binet [C] On 2/3/15, 9:16 AM, "Scott Robbins" wrote: >On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: >> >> The 7 rules listed in this URL seem utterly bizarre

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Jonathan Billings
On Mon, Feb 02, 2015 at 11:31:35PM +, Always Learning wrote: > If testing then a one character password is very acceptable to me. Why > should some arrogant nutter impose an arduous ultra secure password when > a simple one character password will suffice ? Who knows the machine, > the deployi

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread James B. Byrne
I think it well to recall that the change which instigated this tempest was not to the network operations of a RHEL based system but to the 'INSTALLER' process, Anaconda. Now, I might be off base on this but really, ask yourself: Who exactly uses an installer program? And what is the threat model

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread James B. Byrne
On Mon, February 2, 2015 21:34, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > OK, folks. You're doing a great job of describing the current milieu > with a rough description of some best practices. > > Now how about some specific sources you personally used to learn your > craft that we can use likewise? > > PatrickD

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 09:24 -0500, Jonathan Billings wrote: > I'm curious, were you upset when Java (and various other software > packages that use SSL) were updated to stop using SSLv3? No. I do not use Java. Updating to prevent security breeches is *always* a good idea. -- Regards, Paul. En

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Keith Keller
On 2015-02-03, Scott Robbins wrote: > On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: >> >> The first is "Don't use a palindrome" >> which makes me wonder if the author knows the meaning of this word. >> I suspect he/she thinks it means "a known word backwards". > > That's what I

[CentOS] Kickstart setup

2015-02-03 Thread Ashley M. Kirchner
Is there a way to use kickstart to boot a machine into a manual setup process? Basically what I'm getting to is this, the machine doesn't not have a CD drive in it (nor can I add one), but I can boot it via kickstart. The install media is on the network. What I'd like to do is boot this machine up

Re: [CentOS] Kickstart setup

2015-02-03 Thread Lars Hecking
Ashley M. Kirchner writes: > Is there a way to use kickstart to boot a machine into a manual setup > process? Basically what I'm getting to is this, the machine doesn't not > have a CD drive in it (nor can I add one), but I can boot it via kickstart. [...] When no kickstart file is provided in th

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 9:17 am, James B. Byrne wrote: > I think it well to recall that the change which instigated this > tempest was not to the network operations of a RHEL based system but > to the 'INSTALLER' process, Anaconda. Now, I might be off base on > this but really, ask yourself: Who

Re: [CentOS] Kickstart setup

2015-02-03 Thread Jay Leafey
On 02/03/2015 10:28 AM, Ashley M. Kirchner wrote: Is there a way to use kickstart to boot a machine into a manual setup process? Basically what I'm getting to is this, the machine doesn't not have a CD drive in it (nor can I add one), but I can boot it via kickstart. The install media is on the n

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Scott Robbins
On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 07:52:53AM -0800, Keith Keller wrote: > On 2015-02-03, Scott Robbins wrote: > > On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: > >> > >> The first is "Don't use a palindrome" > >> which makes me wonder if the author knows the meaning of this word. > >> I s

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Mon, 2015-02-02 at 20:26 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > > The CentOS wiki pages found by a title page search are: > http://wiki.centos.org/HelpOnConfiguration/SecurityPolicy > http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Security > http://wiki.centos.org/Security > http://wiki.centos.org/Security/Heartbleed

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:20 AM, Scott Robbins wrote: >> >> I don't think anybody is missing anything. "Palindrome" in this context >> may not be limited to real words; the author may be suggesting that you >> not pick your password by picking a real word and tacking on its >> reverse to make a p

Re: [CentOS] Kickstart setup

2015-02-03 Thread Jay Leafey
On 02/03/2015 11:19 AM, Jay Leafey wrote: The documentation says that you can just put "vnc" (or "vncconnect={host}") in the kickstart file in the command section and proceed from there. Here's a link to an article in Red Hat Magazine that has a pretty good overview: http://www.redhat.com/maga

Re: [CentOS] Kickstart setup

2015-02-03 Thread Ashley M. Kirchner
With Lars' original comment of not having a ks file specified, I figured it out from there. And appending vnc to the command line is really all I need for it to work. Thanks everyone for the replies. Always very helpful! On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 10:43 AM, Jay Leafey wrote: > On 02/03/2015 11:19 A

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 11:37 am, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:20 AM, Scott Robbins wrote: >>> >>> I don't think anybody is missing anything. "Palindrome" in this >>> context >>> may not be limited to real words; the author may be suggesting that you >>> not pick your passwor

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 17:34 +, Always Learning wrote: > Inventions should have have occurred if everyone always had exactly > the same attitude and beliefs as everyone else. Thinking differently > is often beneficial. Whoops ! Inventions *WOULD NEVER* have occurred if *PEOPLE* always had ex

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:48 AM, Valeri Galtsev wrote: > >> I think the intent is: "Don't use a password likely to be included in >> the list that an attacker would try". Of course if services would >> rate-limit the failures > > Which sysadmins do for ages when they configure their machines. And

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 12:08 pm, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:48 AM, Valeri Galtsev > wrote: >> >>> I think the intent is: "Don't use a password likely to be included in >>> the list that an attacker would try". Of course if services would >>> rate-limit the failures >> >> Wh

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 12:24 PM, Valeri Galtsev wrote: > > Sounds so I almost have to feel shame for securing my boxes no matter what > job vendor did ;-) Yes, computers and the way people access them are pretty much a commodity now. If you are spending time building something exotic for a commo

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 12:39 pm, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 12:24 PM, Valeri Galtsev > wrote: >> >> Sounds so I almost have to feel shame for securing my boxes no matter >> what >> job vendor did ;-) > > Yes, computers and the way people access them are pretty much a > commodi

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:01 PM, Valeri Galtsev wrote: > >> >> Yes, computers and the way people access them are pretty much a >> commodity now. If you are spending time building something exotic for >> a common purpose, isn't that a waste? > > Do I have to take that people who are not sysadmins t

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread PatrickD Garvey
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 9:34 AM, Always Learning wrote: > > On Mon, 2015-02-02 at 20:26 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: >> >> The CentOS wiki pages found by a title page search are: >> http://wiki.centos.org/HelpOnConfiguration/SecurityPolicy >> http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Security >> http://wiki.c

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 12:39 -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > There are probably still people that take their cars apart to check > that they were assembled correctly too. Its about taking personal responsibility for the security of your system(s). Trusting someone else's settings of what THEY think

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 13:01 -0600, Valeri Galtsev wrote: > I for one will never trust that ipad and will not originate connection > to secure box from it. +1. -- Regards, Paul. England, EU. Je suis Charlie. ___ CentOS mailing list CentOS@cento

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 13:15 -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > No, I think there are better things for sysadmins to do than fix > settings that should have had better defaults. How can any SysAdmin (= System Administrator) administer something he or she is uncertain about ? The job of any system admi

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread PatrickD Garvey
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:15 AM, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:01 PM, Valeri Galtsev > wrote: >> Perhaps the Simplified Linux Server Special Interest Group http://wiki.centos.org/SpecialInterestGroup/SLS could benefit from contributions from each of you?

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:30 PM, Always Learning wrote: > >> There are probably still people that take their cars apart to check >> that they were assembled correctly too. > > Its about taking personal responsibility for the security of your > system(s). Trusting someone else's settings of what TH

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 1:15 pm, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:01 PM, Valeri Galtsev > wrote: >> >>> >>> Yes, computers and the way people access them are pretty much a >>> commodity now. If you are spending time building something exotic for >>> a common purpose, isn't that a

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 1:37 pm, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:15 AM, Les Mikesell > wrote: >> On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:01 PM, Valeri Galtsev >> wrote: >>> > Perhaps the Simplified Linux Server Special Interest Group > http://wiki.centos.org/SpecialInterestGroup/SLS > could

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 11:21 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > > *** NOTHING about Firewalls (IP Tables) *** > I agree, this is not good. > Come do as I have done. > I followed the instructions at > http://wiki.centos.org/Contribute#head-42b3d8e26400a106851a61aebe5c2cca54dd79e5 3. Contr

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread John R Pierce
On 2/3/2015 11:57 AM, Always Learning wrote: 'AlwaysLearning', 'alwayslearning' and 'MrLearning' makes me ... ... an anonymous troll. -- john r pierce 37N 122W somewhere on the middle of the left coast ___ Cen

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 13:37 -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 1:30 PM, Always Learning wrote: > > > > Its about taking personal responsibility for the security of your > > system(s). Trusting someone else's settings of what THEY think YOUR > > security should be, is very unwis

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Jonathan Billings
On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 08:03:35PM +, Always Learning wrote: > Nothing wrong with letting "an expert" preconfigure the system and then, > after installation, the SysAdmin checking to ensure all the settings > satisfy the SysAdmin's requirements. Wouldn't that be like having the OS installer re

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread PatrickD Garvey
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:57 AM, Always Learning wrote: > > On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 11:21 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > >> I would love to review the improvements you may make to any page of the wiki. > > Post the URL of your page. > http://wiki.centos.org/PatrickDGarvey _

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 2:03 PM, Always Learning wrote: > > Nothing wrong with letting "an expert" preconfigure the system and then, > after installation, the SysAdmin checking to ensure all the settings > satisfy the SysAdmin's requirements. > I'd just rather see them applying their expertise to

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 11:59 -0800, John R Pierce wrote: > On 2/3/2015 11:57 AM, Always Learning wrote: > > 'AlwaysLearning', 'alwayslearning' and 'MrLearning' makes me ... > > ... an anonymous troll. That type of reaction dissuades people from contributing to the List. Why don't you personally

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 15:05 -0500, Jonathan Billings wrote: > On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 08:03:35PM +, Always Learning wrote: > > Nothing wrong with letting "an expert" preconfigure the system and then, > > after installation, the SysAdmin checking to ensure all the settings > > satisfy the SysA

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 12:06 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 11:57 AM, Always Learning wrote: > > > > On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 11:21 -0800, PatrickD Garvey wrote: > > > >> I would love to review the improvements you may make to any page of the > >> wiki. > > > > Post the URL

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Jonathan Billings
On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 02:10:31PM -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > I'd just rather see them applying their expertise to actually making > the code resist brute-force password attacks instead of stopping the > install until I pick a password that I'll have to write down because > they think it will tak

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 14:10 -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 2:03 PM, Always Learning wrote: > > > > Nothing wrong with letting "an expert" preconfigure the system and then, > > after installation, the SysAdmin checking to ensure all the settings > > satisfy the SysAdmin's req

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Les Mikesell
On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 2:44 PM, Always Learning wrote: > > There should be a basic defence that when the password is wrong 'n' > occasions the IP address is blocked automatically and permanently unless > it is specifically allowed in IP Tables. The people who are good at this will make the attemp

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Jonathan Billings
On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 02:10:31PM -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > I'd just rather see them applying their expertise to actually making > the code resist brute-force password attacks instead of stopping the > install until I pick a password that I'll have to write down because > they think it will tak

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 14:48 -0600, Les Mikesell wrote: > On Tue, Feb 3, 2015 at 2:44 PM, Always Learning wrote: > > > > There should be a basic defence that when the password is wrong 'n' > > occasions the IP address is blocked automatically and permanently unless > > it is specifically allowed

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Kahlil Hodgson
On 4 February 2015 at 02:17, James B. Byrne wrote: > I think it well to recall that the change which instigated this > tempest was not to the network operations of a RHEL based system but > to the 'INSTALLER' process, Anaconda. Now, I might be off base on > this but really, ask yourself: Who exac

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 15:51 -0500, Jonathan Billings wrote: > Also, it isn't up to the *installer* to set up a system that resists > brute-force password attacks. Give us the tools to do the job ! My amalgamated idea is:- (1) When external access gets a password wrong 'n' occasions, as determ

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread John R Pierce
On 2/3/2015 1:22 PM, Always Learning wrote: Baffled why it has never been done but then I'm Always Learning. 'fail2ban' with a bit of configuration for your exceptions. -- john r pierce 37N 122W somewhere on the middle of the left coast _

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Markus
On 2015-02-03 22:22, Always Learning wrote: > > On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 15:51 -0500, Jonathan Billings wrote: > >> Also, it isn't up to the *installer* to set up a system that resists >> brute-force password attacks. > > Give us the tools to do the job ! > > My amalgamated idea is:- > > (1) Whe

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Warren Young
On Feb 3, 2015, at 8:17 AM, James B. Byrne wrote: > > Who exactly uses an installer program? We do. Kickstart never really met our needs, and all these now-common CM systems came out way after we had shell-scripted our post-install setup adequately. To go back and rebuild everything in Pupp

[CentOS] user nobody can't access file

2015-02-03 Thread Tim Dunphy
Hey guys, I need to give the 'nobody' user (which is what our apache runs as) no password access to a file, via sudo. This is what I've tried: nobody ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php But if I become the nobody user and try to access the file, it tries to pro

Re: [CentOS] user nobody can't access file

2015-02-03 Thread Jeremy Hoel
try "sudo php /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php" and "sudo /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php" You're giving the user the ability to run /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php but not necessarily php. Your script might not need it, so try it each way. And, since you're u

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Keith Keller
On 2015-02-03, Markus wrote: > On 2015-02-03 22:22, Always Learning wrote: >> >> (1) When external access gets a password wrong 'n' occasions, as >> determined by the SysAdmin, the external IP address is automatically >> permanently blocked unless that IP is included in a IP Tables 'allow' >> ta

Re: [CentOS] user nobody can't access file

2015-02-03 Thread Valeri Galtsev
On Tue, February 3, 2015 4:32 pm, Tim Dunphy wrote: > Hey guys, > > I need to give the 'nobody' user (which is what our apache runs as) no > password access to a file, via sudo. This is what I've tried: > > nobody ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: > /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php > > But if

Re: [CentOS] user nobody can't access file

2015-02-03 Thread John R Pierce
On 2/3/2015 2:32 PM, Tim Dunphy wrote: -bash-3.2$ php /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php [sudo] password for nobody: where did sudo even come into this picture? does this ftp_check.php script fork a shell with sudo or something? sounds like a VERY bad way of doing whatever it is you'

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Timothy Murphy
Scott Robbins wrote: > On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: >> >> The 7 rules listed in this URL seem utterly bizarre to me. >> >> The first is "Don't use a palindrome" >> which makes me wonder if the author knows the meaning of this word. >> I suspect he/she thinks it

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Scott Robbins
On Wed, Feb 04, 2015 at 12:34:20AM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: > Scott Robbins wrote: > > > On Tue, Feb 03, 2015 at 01:53:45PM +, Timothy Murphy wrote: > >> > >> The 7 rules listed in this URL seem utterly bizarre to me. > >> > >> The first is "Don't use a palindrome" > >> which makes me wo

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Always Learning
On Tue, 2015-02-03 at 15:02 +1100, Kahlil Hodgson wrote: > Thinking about you systems from a penetration testing perspective can > be helpful. For example, "Always Learning" has just told us that he > uses single character root passwords on his testing machines, that he > is testing 7 days a wee

Re: [CentOS] Another Fedora decision

2015-02-03 Thread Kahlil Hodgson
On 4 February 2015 at 14:36, Always Learning wrote: >> Thinking about you systems from a penetration testing perspective can >> be helpful. For example, "Always Learning" has just told us that he >> uses single character root passwords on his testing machines, that he >> is testing 7 days a week

Re: [CentOS] user nobody can't access file

2015-02-03 Thread Ashish Yadav
Hi, On Wed, Feb 4, 2015 at 4:57 AM, John R Pierce wrote: > On 2/3/2015 2:32 PM, Tim Dunphy wrote: > >> -bash-3.2$ php /var/www/qa/launchpadnew/site/ftp_check.php >> [sudo] password for nobody: >> > In sudoers file, you have to provide the whole path of the "php" command to execute any php file.