[RELEASE] The first Python 3.11 beta (3.11.0b1) is available - Feature freeze is here

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

 of
the entropy larger than those allowed by an area law, hence in principle
larger than those of a black hole. These are the so-called "Wheeler's bags
of gold". The existence of such solutions conflicts with the holographic
interpretation, and their effects in a quantum theory of gravity including
the holographic principle are not fully understood yet.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

Regards from chilly London,
Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] The second Python 3.11 beta (3.11.0b2) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Does anyone want bug fixes? Because we have 164 new commits fixing
different things, from code to documentation. If you have reported some
issue after 3.11.0b1, you should check if is fixed and if not, make sure
you tell us so we can take a look. We still have two more betas to go so
help us to make sure we don't miss anything so everything is ready for the
final release!!

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110b2/

## This is a beta preview of Python  3.11

Python 3.11 is still in development. 3.11.0b2 is the second of four planned
beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider
community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare
their projects to support the new feature release.

We **strongly encourage** maintainers of third-party Python projects to
**test with 3.11** during the beta phase and report issues found to [the
Python bug tracker](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues) as soon as
possible.  While the release is planned to be feature complete entering the
beta phase, it is possible that features may be modified or, in rare cases,
deleted up until the start of the release candidate phase (Monday,
2021-08-02).  Our goal is to have no ABI changes after beta 4 and as few
code changes as possible after 3.11.0rc1, the first release candidate.  To
achieve that, it will be **extremely important** to get as much exposure
for 3.11 as possible during the beta phase.

Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is **not**
recommended for production environments.

# Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10

Many new features for Python 3.11 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 657](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/) -- Include
Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks
* [PEP 654](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0654/) -- Exception Groups
and except*
* [PEP 673](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0673/)  -- Self Type
* [PEP 646](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0646/)-- Variadic Generics
* [PEP 680](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0680/)-- tomllib: Support
for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library
* [PEP 675](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0675/)-- Arbitrary Literal
String Type
* [PEP 655](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0655/)-- Marking individual
TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing
* [PEP 681](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0681/)-- Data Class
Transforms
* [bpo-46752](https://bugs.python.org/issue46752)-- Introduce task groups
to asyncio
* [bpo-433030](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/34627/) -- Atomic
grouping ((?>...)) and possessive quantifiers (`*+, ++, ?+, {m,n}+`) are
now supported in regular expressions.
* The [Faster Cpython Project](https://github.com/faster-cpython/) is
already yielding some exciting results. Python 3.11 is up to 10-60% faster
than Python 3.10. On average, we measured a 1.22x speedup on the standard
benchmark suite. See [Faster CPython](
https://docs.python.org/3.11/whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-cpython) for details.
* (Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important
is missing from this list, [let Pablo know](mailto:pablog...@python.org
).)

The next pre-release of Python 3.11 will be 3.11.0b3, currently scheduled
for Thursday, 2022-06-16.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.11/)
* [PEP 664](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0664/), 3.11 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

The Planck time is the time required for light to travel a distance of 1
Planck length in a vacuum, which is a time interval of approximately
`5.39*10^(−44)` s. No current physical theory can describe timescales
shorter than the Planck time, such as the earliest events after the Big
Bang, and it is conjectured that the structure of time breaks down on
intervals comparable to the Planck time. While there is currently no known
way to measure time intervals on the scale of the Planck time, researchers
in 2020 found that the accuracy of an atomic clock is constrained by
quantum effects on the order of the Planck time, and for the most precise
atomic clocks thus far they calculated that such effects have been ruled
out to around `10^−33` s, or 10 orders of magnitude above the Planck scale.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

Regards from sunny London,
Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Expedited release of Python3.11.0b3!!

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Hi everyone,

Due to a known incompatibility with pytest and the previous beta release
(Python 3.11.0b2) and after
some deliberation, me and the rest of the release team have decided to do
an expedited release of
Python 3.11.0b3 so the community can continue testing their packages with
pytest and therefore
testing the betas as expected.

# Where can I get the new release?

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110b3/

# What happened?

Pytest by default rewrites the AST nodes in the testing code to provide
better diagnostics when something
fails in the test. For doing this, it creates new AST nodes that are then
compiled. In Python 3.11, after some
changes in the compiler and AST nodes, these new AST nodes that pytest was
creating were invalid. This causes
CPython to crash in debug mode because we have several assert statements in
the compiler, but in release mode
this doesn't cause always a crash, but it creates potential corrupted
structures in the compiler silently.

In 3.11.0b3 we changed the compiler to reject invalid AST nodes, so what
was a silent problem and a crash in
debug mode turned into an exception being raised. We had a fix to allow the
nodes that pytest is creating to work
to preserve backwards compatibility but unfortunately, it didn't make it
into 3.11.0b2.

Is still possible to use pytest with 3.11.0b2 if you add "--assert=plain"
to the pytest invocation but given how many
users would have to modify their test suite invocation we decided to
proceed with a new release that has the fix.

# What happens with future beta releases

Python 3.11.0b3 should be considered as an extra beta release. Instead of
four beta releases, we will have five and
the next beta release (3.11.0b4) will happen as scheduled on Thursday,
2022-06-16.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.5 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

The latest bugfix drop for Python 3.10 is here: Python 3.10.5. This release
packs more than 230 bugfixes and docs changes, so you surely want to update
:) You can get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3105/

## This is the fourth maintenance release of Python 3.10

Python 3.10.5 is the newest major release of the Python programming
language, and it contains many new features and optimizations.

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Deprecate and
prepare for the removal of the wstr member in PyUnicodeObject.
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial
* [PEP 644 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0644/) -- Require OpenSSL
1.1.1 or newer
* [PEP 624 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0624/) -- Remove
Py_UNICODE encoder APIs
* [PEP 597 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0597/) -- Add optional
EncodingWarning

[bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) used to
be on this list
in previous pre-releases but it has been postponed to Python 3.11 due to
some compatibility concerns. You can read the Steering Council
communication about it [here](
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-...@python.org/thread/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/)
to learn more.

# More resources

* [Changelog](https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog
)
* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different
Strange quarks are the third lightest quarks, which are subatomic particles
that are so small,  they are believed to be the fundamental particles, and
not further divisible. Like down quarks, strange quarks have a charge of
-1/3. Like all fermions (which are particles that can not exist in the same
place at the same time), strange quarks have a spin of 1/2. What makes
strange quarks different from down quarks–apart from having 25 times the
mass of down quarks–is that they have something that scientists call
"strangeness." Strangeness is basically a resistance to decay against
strong force and electromagnetism. This means that any particle that
contains a strange quark can not decay due to strong force (or
electromagnetism), but instead with the much slower weak force. It was
believed that this was a 'strange' method of decay, which is why the
scientists gave the particles that name.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] The cursed fourth Python 3.11 beta (3.11.0b4) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

5/)-- Marking individual
TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing

(Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important is
missing from this list, [let Pablo know](mailto:pablog...@python.org
).)

The next pre-release of Python 3.11 will be 3.11.0b5, currently scheduled
for Thursday, 2022-07-25.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.11/)
* [PEP 664](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0664/), 3.11 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).


# And now for something completely different

The Planck temperature is 1.416784×10**32 K. At this temperature, the
wavelength of light emitted by thermal radiation reaches the Planck length.
There are no known physical models able to describe temperatures greater
than the Planck temperature and a quantum theory of gravity would be
required to model the extreme energies attained. Hypothetically, a system
in thermal equilibrium at the Planck temperature might contain Planck-scale
black holes, constantly being formed from thermal radiation and decaying
via Hawking evaporation; adding energy to such a system might decrease its
temperature by creating larger black holes, whose Hawking temperature is
lower.

Rumours say the Planck temperature can be reached in some of the hottest
parts of Spain in summer.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Re: [RELEASE] The cursed fourth Python 3.11 beta (3.11.0b4) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

BSD-style checksum format hashes for the release artefacts:

SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-embed-arm64.zip) =
272c6bb4948c597f6578f64c2b15a70466c5dfb49f9b84dba57a84e59e7bd4ef
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-amd64.exe) =
a3514b0401e6a85416f3e080586c86ccd9e2e62c8a54b9119d9e6415e3cadb62
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-macos11.pkg) =
860647775d4e6cd1a8d71412233df5dbe3aa2886fc16d82a59ab2f625464f2d7
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-embed-win32.zip) =
36b81da7986f8d59be61adb452681dbd3257ebb90bd89092b2fbbd9356e06425
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-arm64.exe) =
ad0d1429682ba1edc0c0cf87f68a3d1319b887b715da70a91db41d02be4997a4
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4-embed-amd64.zip) =
66e6bb44c36da36ecc1de64efdb92f52ba3a19221dba2a89e22e39f715bd205b
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b4.tar.xz) =
1d93b611607903e080417c1a9567f5fbbf5124cc5c86f4afbba1c8fd34c5f6fb
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b4.exe) =
6febc152711840337f53e2fd5dc12bb2b1314766f591129282fd372c855fa877
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b4.tgz) =
257e753db2294794fa8dec072c228f3f53fd541a303de9418854b3c2512ccbec
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] The last 3.11 beta release (3.11.0b5) is now available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

aximally extended
version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with
no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" refers to the idea
that spacetime should not have any "edges": it should be possible to
continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future or past for
any possible trajectory of a free-falling particle (following a geodesic in
the spacetime).

The Einstein–Rosen bridge was discovered by Ludwig Flamm in 1916, a few
months after Schwarzschild published his solution, and was rediscovered by
Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who published their result
in 1935. However, in 1962, John Archibald Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller
published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable if it
connects two parts of the same universe and that it will pinch off too
quickly for light (or any particle moving slower than light) that falls in
from one exterior region to make it to the other exterior region.

Although Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions,
their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes
created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with
exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).

# Release hashes

The BSD-style checksum hashes for the release artefacts are:

SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-amd64.exe) =
0cf9d582da862f2fe207fd54b81dfca110e8f04f4b05ab8c3228ce1ea060c7af
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-arm64.exe) =
a71efd9d3835d493d8207a30916ce3417af17295c02a9b0783dc740754f6e40b
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-amd64.zip) =
5584ddbd21f45ce74ce0512eeb1d817d15374b1b7a461d79f973f6dd48ab5d9e
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-arm64.zip) =
819924f10eb08ea6322b6040a2fb953137866bb1034cd4e8fe6e93c7c0b37e31
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-win32.zip) =
18927604bcbe3c226be7864cde0c1f25ad35c6333d9d3125dfff8ca4fc872255
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5.exe) =
382eb4c6dc1606bd3cf6f4bdeec8e1e7dab444c5aa23b86142d608a480d7c195
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-macos11.pkg) =
cd8e6d98e79a4adcd376c486405a535b004cf9a58a71487a11bc424acd815012
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b5.tar.xz) =
3810bd22f7dc34a99c2a2eb4b85264a4df4f05ef59c4e0ccc2ea82ee9c491698
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b5.tgz) =
3f7d1a4ab0e64425f4ffd92d49de192ad2ee1c62bc52e3877e9f7b254c702e60

The hashes are also attached to this email.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-amd64.exe) = 
0cf9d582da862f2fe207fd54b81dfca110e8f04f4b05ab8c3228ce1ea060c7af
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-arm64.exe) = 
a71efd9d3835d493d8207a30916ce3417af17295c02a9b0783dc740754f6e40b
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-amd64.zip) = 
5584ddbd21f45ce74ce0512eeb1d817d15374b1b7a461d79f973f6dd48ab5d9e
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-arm64.zip) = 
819924f10eb08ea6322b6040a2fb953137866bb1034cd4e8fe6e93c7c0b37e31
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-embed-win32.zip) = 
18927604bcbe3c226be7864cde0c1f25ad35c6333d9d3125dfff8ca4fc872255
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5.exe) = 
382eb4c6dc1606bd3cf6f4bdeec8e1e7dab444c5aa23b86142d608a480d7c195
SHA256 (python-3.11.0b5-macos11.pkg) = 
cd8e6d98e79a4adcd376c486405a535b004cf9a58a71487a11bc424acd815012
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b5.tar.xz) = 
3810bd22f7dc34a99c2a2eb4b85264a4df4f05ef59c4e0ccc2ea82ee9c491698
SHA256 (Python-3.11.0b5.tgz) = 
3f7d1a4ab0e64425f4ffd92d49de192ad2ee1c62bc52e3877e9f7b254c702e60
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.6 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Here you have a nice package of 200 commits of bugfixes and documentation
improvements freshly made for Python 3.10. Go and download it when is still
hot:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3106/

## This is the sixth maintenance release of Python 3.10

Python 3.10.6 is the newest major release of the Python programming
language, and it contains many new features and optimizations.

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Deprecate and
prepare for the removal of the wstr member in PyUnicodeObject.
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial
* [PEP 644 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0644/) -- Require OpenSSL
1.1.1 or newer
* [PEP 624 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0624/) -- Remove
Py_UNICODE encoder APIs
* [PEP 597 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0597/) -- Add optional
EncodingWarning

[bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) used to
be on this list
in previous pre-releases but it has been postponed to Python 3.11 due to
some compatibility concerns. You can read the Steering Council
communication about it [here](
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-...@python.org/thread/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/)
to learn more.

# More resources

* [Changelog](https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog
)
* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different
A pentaquark is a human-made subatomic particle, consisting of four quarks
and one antiquark bound together; they are not known to occur naturally or
exist outside of experiments to create them. As quarks have a baryon number
of (+1/3), and antiquarks of (−1/3), the pentaquark would have a total
baryon number of 1 and thus would be a baryon. Further, because it has five
quarks instead of the usual three found in regular baryons (a.k.a.
'triquarks'), it is classified as an exotic baryon. The name pentaquark was
coined by Claude Gignoux et al. (1987) and Harry J. Lipkin in 1987;
however, the possibility of five-quark particles was identified as early as
1964 when Murray Gell-Mann first postulated the existence of quarks.
Although predicted for decades, pentaquarks proved surprisingly tricky to
discover and some physicists were beginning to suspect that an unknown law
of nature prevented their production.


# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.11 release candidate 1 (3.11.0rc1) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

ese reasons among the unsolved problems
in physics.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.11 release candidate 2 (3.11.0rc2) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

ole region in its past. This region does not exist for black
holes that have formed through gravitational collapse, however, nor are
there any observed physical processes through which a white hole could be
formed. Supermassive black holes are theoretically predicted to be at the
centre of every galaxy and that possibly, a galaxy cannot form without one.
Stephen Hawking and others have proposed that these supermassive black
holes spawn a supermassive white hole.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.11 final (3.11.0) is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Python 3.11 is finally released. In the CPython release team, we have put a
lot of effort into making 3.11 the best version of Python possible. Better
tracebacks, faster Python, exception groups and except*, typing
improvements and much more. Get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110/

## This is the stable release of Python 3.11.0

Python 3.11.0 is the newest major release of the Python programming
language, and it contains many new features and optimizations.

# Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10

Some of the new major new features and changes in Python 3.11 are:

## General changes

* [PEP 657](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/) -- Include
Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks
* [PEP 654](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0654/) -- Exception Groups
and `except*`
* [PEP 680](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0680/) -- tomllib: Support
for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library
* [gh-90908](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/90908) -- Introduce
task groups to asyncio
* [gh-34627](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/34627/) -- Atomic
grouping (`(?>...)`) and possessive quantifiers (`*+, ++, ?+, {m,n}+`) are
now supported in regular expressions.
* The [Faster CPython Project](https://github.com/faster-cpython/) is
already yielding some exciting results. Python 3.11 is up to 10-60% faster
than Python 3.10. On average, we measured a 1.22x speedup on the standard
benchmark suite. See [Faster CPython](
https://docs.python.org/3.11/whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-cpython) for details.

## Typing and typing language changes

* [PEP 673](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0673/) --  Self Type
* [PEP 646](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0646/) -- Variadic Generics
* [PEP 675](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0675/) -- Arbitrary Literal
String Type
* [PEP 655](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0655/) -- Marking
individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing
* [PEP 681](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0681/) -- Data Class
Transforms

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.11/)
* [PEP 664](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0664/), 3.11 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [
https://github.com/python/cpython/issues](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues)
.
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

When a spherical non-rotating body of a critical radius collapses under its
own gravitation under general relativity, theory suggests it will collapse
to a single point. This is not the case with a rotating black hole (a Kerr
black hole). With a fluid rotating body, its distribution of mass is not
spherical (it shows an equatorial bulge), and it has angular momentum.
Since a point cannot support rotation or angular momentum in classical
physics (general relativity being a classical theory), the minimal shape of
the singularity that can support these properties is instead a ring with
zero thickness but non-zero radius, and this is referred to as a
ringularity or Kerr singularity.

This kind of singularity has the following peculiar property. The spacetime
allows a geodesic curve (describing the movement of observers and photons
in spacetime) to pass through the center of this ring singularity. The
region beyond permits closed time-like curves. Since the trajectory of
observers and particles in general relativity are described by time-like
curves, it is possible for observers in this region to return to their
past. This interior solution is not likely to be physical and is considered
a purely mathematical artefact.

There are some other interesting free-fall trajectories. For example, there
is a point in the axis of symmetry that has the property that if an
observer is below this point, the pull from the singularity will force the
observer to pass through the middle of the ring singularity to the region
with closed time-like curves and it will experience repulsive gravity that
will push it back to the original region, but then it will experience the
pull from the singularity again and will repeat this process forever. This
is, of course, only if the extreme gravity doesn’t destroy the observer
first.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

If you have any questions, please reach out to me or another member of the
release team :)

Your friendly release team,

Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Re: [Python-Dev] Python 3.11.2, 3.10.10

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

   Apologies!
   It seems that I added python-comitters and python-announce but forgot to
   add python-dev. Here is the email to python-announce:

   [1]Mailman 3 [RELEASE]
   Python 3.11.2, Python
   3.10.10 and 3.12.0 alpha 5
   are available -  [2]favicon.ico
   Python-announce-list -
   python.org
   mail.python.org

   Apologies for the confusion!
   Regards from cloudy London,
   Pablo Galindo Salgado 
   Pablo Galindo Salgado

 On 18 Feb 2023, at 11:14, אורי  wrote:

 
 Hi,
 I was surprised that Python 3.11.2 and 3.10.10 have been released
 without a notice to this mailing list. What happened?
 Thanks,
 Uri.
 אורי
 [3]u...@speedy.net
 On Wed, Dec 7, 2022 at 1:03 AM Łukasz Langa <[4]luk...@langa.pl> wrote:

   Greetings! We bring you a slew of releases this fine Saint Nicholas /
   Sinterklaas day. Six simultaneous releases has got to be some record.
   There’s one more record we broke this time, you’ll see below.

   In any case, updating is recommended due to security content:

   3.7 - 3.12: gh-98739
   <[5]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98739>: Updated bundled
   libexpat to 2.5.0 to fix CVE-2022-43680
   <[6]https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43680> (heap
   use-after-free).
   3.7 - 3.12: gh-98433
   <[7]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98433>: The IDNA codec
   decoder used on DNS hostnames by socket or asyncio related name
   resolution functions no longer involves a quadratic algorithm to fix
   CVE-2022-45061 <[8]https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45061>.
   This prevents a potential CPU denial of service if an out-of-spec
   excessive length hostname involving bidirectional characters were
   decoded. Some protocols such as urllib http 3xx redirects potentially
   allow for an attacker to supply such a name.
   3.7 - 3.12: gh-11
   <[9]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/11>: python -m
   http.server no longer allows terminal control characters sent within a
   garbage request to be printed to the stderr server log.
   3.8 - 3.12: gh-87604
   <[10]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/87604>: Avoid publishing
   list of active per-interpreter audit hooks via the gc module.
   3.9 - 3.10 (already released in 3.11+ before): gh-97514
   <[11]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/97514>: On Linux the
   multiprocessing module returns to using filesystem backed unix domain
   sockets for communication with the forkserver process instead of the
   Linux abstract socket namespace. Only code that chooses to use the
   “forkserver” start method is affected. This prevents Linux
   CVE-2022-42919 <[12]https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42919>
   (potential privilege escalation) as abstract sockets have no
   permissions and could allow any user on the system in the same network
   namespace (often the whole system) to inject code into the
   multiprocessing forkserver process. This was a potential privilege
   escalation. Filesystem based socket permissions restrict this to the
   forkserver process user as was the default in Python 3.8 and earlier.
   3.7 - 3.10: gh-98517
   <[13]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98517>: Port XKCP’s fix
   for the buffer overflows in SHA-3 to fix CVE-2022-37454
   <[14]https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-37454>.
   3.7 - 3.9 (already released in 3.10+ before): gh-68966
   <[15]https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/68966>: The deprecated
   mailcap module now refuses to inject unsafe text (filenames, MIME
   types, parameters) into shell commands to address CVE-2015-20107
   <[16]https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-20107>. Instead of
   using such text, it will warn and act as if a match was not found (or
   for test commands, as if the test failed).
    
<[17]https://discuss.python.org/t/python-3-11-1-3-10-9-3-9-16-3-8-16-3-7-16-and-3-12-0-alpha-3-are-now-available/21724#python-3120-alpha-3-1>Python
   3.12.0 alpha 3

   Get it here, read the change log, sing a GPT-3-generated Sinterklaas
   song:

   [18]https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3120a3/
   <[19]https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3120a3/>

   216 new commits since 3.12.0 alpha 2 last month.

    
<[20]https://discuss.python.org/t/python-3-11-1-3-10-9-3-9-16-3-8-16-3-7-16-and-3-12-0-alpha-3-are-now-available/21724#python-3111-2>Python
   3.11.1

   Get it here, see the change log, read the recipe for quark soup:

   [21]https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3111/
   <[22]https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3111/>

   A whopping 495 new commits since 3.11.0. This is a massive increa

Python 3.10.0a5 is now available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Well, this one took a bit more time due to some surprise last time
reference leaks and release blockers to fix, but now Python 3.10.0a5 it’s
here. Will this be the first release announcement of the 3.10 series
without copy-paste typos? Go get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a5/

*Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9*

Python 3.10 is still in development. This release, 3.10.0a5 is the fifth of
seven planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier
to test the current state of new features and bug fixes and to test the
release process. During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the
start of the beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified or
deleted up until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04). Please keep in
mind that this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for
production environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

   - PEP 623 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/> – Remove wstr from
   Unicode
   - PEP 604 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/> – Allow writing
   union types as X | Y
   - PEP 612 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/> – Parameter
   Specification Variables
   - PEP 626 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/> – Precise line
   numbers for debugging and other tools.
   - bpo-38605 <https://bugs.python.org/issue38605>: from __future__ import
   annotations (PEP 563 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/>) is now
   the default.
   - PEP 618  <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/>– Add Optional
   Length-Checking To zip.
   - bpo-12782 <https://bugs.python.org/issue12782>: Parenthesized context
   managers are now officially allowed.
   - (Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is
   missing from this list, let Pablo know .)

The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0a6, currently scheduled
for 2021-03-01.
And now for something completely different

The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star.
White dwarfs resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron
degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse
through thermal pressure. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which
electron degeneracy pressure in the star’s core is insufficient to balance
the star’s own gravitational self-attraction. Consequently, a white dwarf
with a mass greater than the limit is subject to further gravitational
collapse, evolving into a different type of stellar remnant, such as a
neutron star or black hole. Those with masses up to the limit remain stable
as white dwarfs. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is
about 1.4 M☉ (2.765×1030 kg). So we can be safe knowing that our sun is not
going to become a black hole!

Regards from cloudy London,

Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0a6 is available, now with 100% more pattern matching

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Remember us? It's your friendly CPython release team and we have something
we think you may like: The new alpha release of Python 3.10 is here, now
with 100% more pattern matching. If I were you, I would download it and
start playing with it. Extra points if you report us any bugs you find
along the way! Are you confused about all this pattern matching business?
Fear not, this release also includes some fantastic documentation and some
shiny new "What's new" entries.

Check them here and tell us how we can improve it:

What's new: https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/3.10.html
Tutorial:
https://docs.python.org/3.10/tutorial/controlflow.html#match-statements

Go get the new alpha here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a6/


*Note: The alpha was officially released yesterday, but my email client
failed to deliver this email to the mailing lists so I am reposting it.*
**This is an early developer preview of Python 3.10**

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Python 3.10 is still in development.  This release, 3.10.0a6 is the sixth
of seven planned alpha releases.
Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.
During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04).  Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is **not** recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major
new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Remove wstr from
Unicode
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) is now
the default.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial

* (Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important
is missing from this list, [let Pablo know](mailto:pablog...@python.org
).)

The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0a7 ( last alpha release),
currently scheduled for Monday, 2021-04-05.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different
Schwarzschild wormholes, also known as Einstein–Rosen bridges (named after
Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen), are connections between areas of space
that can be modelled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations,
and that are now understood to be intrinsic parts of the maximally extended
version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with
no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" refers to the idea
that the spacetime should not have any "edges": it should be possible to
continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future or past for
any possible trajectory of a free-falling particle (following a geodesic in
the spacetime).

Although Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions,
their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes
created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with
exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).

Regards from rainy London,

Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Python 3.10.0a6 is available, now with 100% more pattern matching

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Remember us? It's your friendly CPython release team and we have something
we think you may like: The new alpha release of Python 3.10 is here, now
with 100% more pattern matching. If I were you, I would download it and
start playing with it. Extra points if you report us any bugs you find
along the way! Are you confused about all this pattern matching business?
Fear not, this release also includes some fantastic documentation and some
shiny new "What's new" entries.

Check them here and tell us how we can improve it:

What's new: https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/3.10.html
Tutorial:
https://docs.python.org/3.10/tutorial/controlflow.html#match-statements

Go get the new alpha here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a6/

**This is an early developer preview of Python 3.10**

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Python 3.10 is still in development.  This release, 3.10.0a6 is the sixth
of seven planned alpha releases.
Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.
During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04).  Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is **not** recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major
new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Remove wstr from
Unicode
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) is now
the default.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial


* (Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important
is missing from this list, [let Pablo know](mailto:pablog...@python.org
).)

The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0a7 ( last alpha release),
currently scheduled for Monday, 2021-04-05.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different
Schwarzschild wormholes, also known as Einstein–Rosen bridges (named after
Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen), are connections between areas of space
that can be modelled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations,
and that are now understood to be intrinsic parts of the maximally extended
version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with
no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" refers to the idea
that the spacetime should not have any "edges": it should be possible to
continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future or past for
any possible trajectory of a free-falling particle (following a geodesic in
the spacetime).

Although Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions,
their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes
created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with
exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).

Regards from rainy London,

Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] The last Python 3.10 alpha (3.10.0a7) is available - Prepare for beta freeze

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Br. do you feel that? That's the chill of *beta freeze* coming
closer. Meanwhile, your friendly CPython release team doesn’t
rest even on holidays and we have prepared a shiny new release for you:
Python 3.10.0a7.


Dear fellow core developer:
This alpha is the last release before feature freeze (2021-05-03), so make
sure that all new features and PEPs are landed in the master branch before
we
release the first beta. Please, be specially mindfully to check the CI and
the buildbots, maybe even using the test-with-buildbots label in GitHub
before
merging so the release team don’t need to fix a bunch of reference leaks or
platform-specific problems on the first beta release.



*Go get the new alpha here:*
https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a7/


*Python 3.10.0a7*Release Date: April 5, 2021

This is an early developer preview of Python 3.10

*Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9*

Python 3.10 is still in development. This release, 3.10.0a7 is the last of
seven planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier
to test the current state of new features and bug fixes and to test the
release process. During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the
start of the beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified or
deleted up until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04). Please keep in
mind that this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for
production environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

PEP 623 – Deprecate and prepare for the removal of the wstr member in
PyUnicodeObject.
PEP 604 – Allow writing union types as X | Y
PEP 612 – Parameter Specification Variables
PEP 626 – Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools.
bpo-38605: from __future__ import annotations (PEP 563) is now the default.
PEP 618 – Add Optional Length-Checking To zip.
bpo-12782: Parenthesized context managers are now officially allowed.
PEP 632 – Deprecate distutils module.
PEP 613 – Explicit Type Aliases
PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification
PEP 635 – Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial
PEP 644 – Require OpenSSL 1.1.1 or newer
PEP 624 – Remove Py_UNICODE encoder APIs
PEP 597 – Add optional EncodingWarning
(Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is missing
from this list, let Pablo know.)
The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0b1 ( the first beta
release and feature freeze ), currently scheduled for Monday, 2021-05-03.

*And now for something completely different*

In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity
involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a
high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on
Earth has aged more. This result appears puzzling because each twin sees
the other twin as moving, and so, as a consequence of an incorrect and
naive application of time dilation and the principle of relativity, each
should paradoxically find the other to have aged less. However, this
scenario can be resolved by realising that the travelling twin is
undergoing acceleration, which makes him a non-inertial observer. In both
views, there is no symmetry between the spacetime paths of the twins.
Therefore, the twin paradox is not a paradox in the sense of a logical
contradiction.

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0b2 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

After fighting with some release blockers, implementing a bunch of GC
traversal functions, and fixing some pending reference leaks, we finally
have Python 3.10.0 beta 2 ready for you! Thanks to everyone that helped to
unblock the release!

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100b2/

# This is a beta preview of Python 3.10

Python 3.10 is still in development. 3.10.0b2 is the second of four planned
beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider
community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare
their projects to support the new feature release.

We **strongly encourage** maintainers of third-party Python projects to
**test with 3.10** during the beta phase and report issues found to [the
Python bug tracker](https://bugs.python.org/) as soon as possible. While
the release is planned to be feature complete entering the beta phase, it
is possible that features may be modified or, in rare cases, deleted up
until the start of the release candidate phase (Monday, 2021-08-02). Our
goal is to have no ABI changes after beta 4 and as few code changes as
possible after 3.10.0rc1, the first release candidate. To achieve that, it
will be **extremely important** to get as much exposure for 3.10 as
possible during the beta phase.

Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is **not**
recommended for production environments.

The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0b3, currently scheduled
for Thursday, 2021-06-17.

# And now for something completely different

The Ehrenfest paradox concerns the rotation of a "rigid" disc in the theory
of relativity. In its original 1909 formulation as presented by Paul
Ehrenfest in relation to the concept of Born rigidity within special
relativity, it discusses an ideally rigid cylinder that is made to rotate
about its axis of symmetry. The radius R as seen in the laboratory frame is
always perpendicular to its motion and should therefore be equal to its
value R0 when stationary. However, the circumference (2πR) should appear
Lorentz-contracted to a smaller value than at rest. This leads to the
apparent contradiction that R = R0 and R < R0.

# We hope you enjoy those new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from very sunny London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0b3 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Summer is almost here (at least in half of the planet) and Python 3.10 is
finishing baking in the oven. For those of you that want to taste it before
is finally ready (and if you are a library developer, you certainly do!)
you can have the second-to-last beta now, but be careful as is still very
hot ;)
https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100b3/

#This is a beta preview of Python 3.10

Python 3.10 is still in development. 3.10.0b3 is the third of four planned
beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider
community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare
their projects to support the new feature release.

We strongly encourage maintainers of third-party Python projects to test
with 3.10 during the beta phase and report issues found to the Python bug
tracker as soon as possible. While the release is planned to be feature
complete entering the beta phase, it is possible that features may be
modified or, in rare cases, deleted up until the start of the release
candidate phase (Monday, 2021-08-02). Our goal is to have no ABI changes
after beta 4 and as few code changes as possible after 3.10.0rc1, the first
release candidate. To achieve that, it will be extremely important to get
as much exposure for 3.10 as possible during the beta phase.

Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is not
recommended for production environments.

The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0b4, currently scheduled
for Saturday, 2021-07-10.

#And now for something completely different

There are no green stars. Why? In general, objects don’t emit a single
wavelength of light when they shine. Instead, they emit photons in a range
of wavelengths. If you were to use some sort of detector that is sensitive
to the wavelengths of light emitted by an object, and then plotted the
number of them versus wavelength, you get a lopsided plot called a
blackbody curve. For an object as hot as the Sun, that curve peaks at
blue-green, so it emits most of its photons there. But it still emits some
that are bluer, and some that are redder. When we look at the Sun, we see
all these colors blended together. Our eyes mix them up to produce one
color: white. A warmer star will put out more blue, and a cooler one
redder, but no matter what, our eyes just won’t see that as green. Due to
how we perceive color, the only way to see a star as being green is for it
to be only emitting green light. But as starts always emit radiation
following the blackbody curve, that’s pretty much impossible.

# We hope you enjoy those new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from very cloudy London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0b4 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Wow! A release on a Saturday? Do the release management team even rest? You
better believe it, because this is the last of the planned beta releases.
This means that the next pre-release will be the first release candidate of
Python 3.10.0. Remember that our goal is to have no ABI changes after this
beta and a few code changes as possible after 3.10.0rc1.

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100b4/

#This is a beta preview of Python 3.10

Python 3.10 is still in development. 3.10.0b4 is the fourth and last of the
beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider
community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare
their projects to support the new feature release.

We strongly encourage maintainers of third-party Python projects to test
with 3.10 during the beta phase and report issues found to the Python bug
tracker as soon as possible. While the release is planned to be feature
complete entering the beta phase, it is possible that features may be
modified or, in rare cases, deleted up until the start of the release
candidate phase (Monday, 2021-08-02). Our goal is to have no ABI changes
after beta 4 and as few code changes as possible after 3.10.0rc1, the first
release candidate. To achieve that, it will be extremely important to get
as much exposure for 3.10 as possible during the beta phase.

Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is not
recommended for production environments.

The next pre-release, the first release candidate of Python 3.10.0, will be
3.10.0rc1. It is currently scheduled for Monday, 2021-08-02.

#And now for something completely different

In quantum physics, the spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum
carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei.
The spin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the
other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator
is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classical angular momentum of
orbital revolution and appears when there is periodic structure to its
wavefunction as the angle varies. For photons, spin is the
quantum-mechanical counterpart of the polarization of light; for electrons,
the spin has no classical counterpart.

# We hope you enjoy those new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from very cloudy London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0rc1 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Python 3.10.0 is almost ready. This release, 3.10.0rc1, is the penultimate
release preview. You can get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100rc1/


*This is the first release candidate of Python 3.10*
This release, **3.10.0rc1**, is the penultimate release preview.  Entering
the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are
clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the final
release. The second candidate and the last planned release preview is
currently planned for 2021-09-06 while the official release is planned for
2021-10-04.

There will be no ABI changes from this point forward in the 3.10 series and
the goal is that there will be as few code changes as possible.

*Call to action*
Core developers: all eyes on the docs now

   - Are all your changes properly documented?
   - Did you notice other changes you know of to have insufficient
   documentation?

Community members

We strongly encourage maintainers of third-party Python projects to prepare
their projects for 3.10 compatibilities during this phase. As always,
report any issues to the Python bug tracker .
Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is **not**
recommended for production environments.

*And now for something completely different*

In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the
strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles
that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron, and pion. The
QCD analog of electric charge is a property called color. Gluons are the
force carrier of the theory, just as photons are for the electromagnetic
force in quantum electrodynamics. There are three kinds of charge in QCD
(as opposed to one in quantum electrodynamics or QED) that are usually
referred to as "color charge" by loose analogy to the three kinds of color
(red, green and blue) perceived by humans. Other than this nomenclature,
the quantum parameter "color" is completely unrelated to the everyday,
familiar phenomenon of color.


*We hope you enjoy those new releases!*
Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from cloudy London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Re: [RELEASE] Python 3.10.0rc1 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Hi,

Unfortunately, due to a problem that I was not aware of caused by
https://bugs.python.org/issue44756, the
release artifacts for Linux contained a "venv" folder in the "Docs"
directory.

I have uploaded a new version of the artifacts that fixed this problem and
I have corrected this for future
releases.

If you had any problem building docs with the previous release artifacts
for 3.10.0rc1, please try again.

Regards from cloudy London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower

On Tue, 3 Aug 2021 at 17:31, Pablo Galindo Salgado 
wrote:

> Python 3.10.0 is almost ready. This release, 3.10.0rc1, is the
> penultimate release preview. You can get it here:
>
> https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100rc1/
>
>
> *This is the first release candidate of Python 3.10*
> This release, **3.10.0rc1**, is the penultimate release preview.  Entering
> the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are
> clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the final
> release. The second candidate and the last planned release preview is
> currently planned for 2021-09-06 while the official release is planned for
> 2021-10-04.
>
> There will be no ABI changes from this point forward in the 3.10 series
> and the goal is that there will be as few code changes as possible.
>
> *Call to action*
> Core developers: all eyes on the docs now
>
>- Are all your changes properly documented?
>- Did you notice other changes you know of to have insufficient
>documentation?
>
> Community members
>
> We strongly encourage maintainers of third-party Python projects to
> prepare their projects for 3.10 compatibilities during this phase. As
> always, report any issues to the Python bug tracker
> <https://bugs.python.org/>.
> Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is **not**
> recommended for production environments.
>
> *And now for something completely different*
>
> In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the
> strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles
> that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron, and pion. The
> QCD analog of electric charge is a property called color. Gluons are the
> force carrier of the theory, just as photons are for the electromagnetic
> force in quantum electrodynamics. There are three kinds of charge in QCD
> (as opposed to one in quantum electrodynamics or QED) that are usually
> referred to as "color charge" by loose analogy to the three kinds of color
> (red, green and blue) perceived by humans. Other than this nomenclature,
> the quantum parameter "color" is completely unrelated to the everyday,
> familiar phenomenon of color.
>
>
> *We hope you enjoy those new releases!*
> Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
> these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
> volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
> Software Foundation.
>
> Regards from cloudy London,
>
> Your friendly release team,
> Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
> Ned Deily @nad
> Steve Dower @steve.dower
>
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0rc2 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Python 3.10 is one month away, can you believe it? This snake is still
trying to bite as it has been an interesting day of fighting fires, release
blockers, and a bunch of late bugs but your friendly release team always
delivers :)

You can get this new release while is still fresh here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100rc2/

This is the second release candidate of Python 3.10

This release, **3.10.0rc2** , is the last preview before the final release
of Python 3.10.0 on 2021-10-04. Entering the release candidate phase, only
reviewed code changes which are clear bug fixes are allowed between release
candidates and the final release. There will be no ABI changes from this
point forward in the 3.10 series and the goal is that there will be as few
code changes as possible.

*The next release will be the final release of Python 3.10.0, which is
currently scheduled for Monday, 2021-10-04.*

Call to action
⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️
*The 3.10 branch is now accepting changes for 3.10.**1*. To maximize
stability, the final release will be cut from the v3.10.0rc2 tag. If you
need the release manager (me) to cherry-pick any critical fixes, mark
issues as release blockers, and/or add me as a reviewer on a critical
backport PR on GitHub. To see which changes are currently cherry-picked for
inclusion in 3.10.0, look at the short-lived branch-v3.10.0
https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/branch-v3.10.0 on GitHub.
⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️

*Core developers: all eyes on the docs now*

   - Are all your changes properly documented?
   - Did you notice other changes you know of to have insufficient
   documentation?


*Community members*
We strongly encourage maintainers of third-party Python projects to prepare
their projects for 3.10 compatibilities during this phase. As always,
report any issues to [the Python bug tracker ](https://bugs.python.org/).

Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is **not**
recommended for production environments.

And now for something completely different
Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that would hypothetically violate
the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James
Clerk Maxwell in 1867. In the thought experiment, a demon controls a small
massless door between two chambers of gas. As individual gas molecules (or
atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to
allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction, and only
slow-moving molecules to pass through in the other. Because the kinetic
temperature of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent
molecules, the demon's actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other
to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the two gases,
without applying any work, thereby violating the second law of
thermodynamics.

We hope you enjoy those new releases!
Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from a plane going to Malaga,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

On behalf of the Python development community and the Python 3.10 release
team, I’m pleased to announce the availability of Python 3.10.0.
Python 3.10.0 is the newest major release of the Python programming
language, and it contains many new features and optimizations.

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100/

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Deprecate and
prepare for the removal of the wstr member in PyUnicodeObject.
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial
* [PEP 644 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0644/) -- Require OpenSSL
1.1.1 or newer
* [PEP 624 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0624/) -- Remove
Py_UNICODE encoder APIs
* [PEP 597 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0597/) -- Add optional
EncodingWarning

[bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) used to
be on this list
in previous pre-releases but it has been postponed to Python 3.11 due to
some compatibility concerns. You can read the Steering Council
communication about it [here](
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-...@python.org/thread/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/)
to learn more.

# More resources

* [Changelog](https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog
)
* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

For a Schwarzschild black hole (a black hole with no rotation or
electromagnetic charge), given a free fall particle starting at the event
horizon, the maximum propper time it will experience to fall into (which
happens when it falls without angular velocity) the singularity is `π*M`
(in [natural units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units)), where M
is the mass of the black hole. For Sagittarius A* (the black hole at the
center of the milky way) this time is approximately 1 minute.

Schwarzschild black holes are also unique because they have a space-like
singularity at their core, which means that the singularity doesn't happen
at a specific point in *space* but happens at a specific point in *time*
(the future). This means once you are inside the event horizon you cannot
point with your finger towards the direction the singularity is located
because the singularity happens in your future: no matter where you move,
you will "fall" into it.

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

# More resources

Online Documentation https://docs.python.org/3.10/
PEP 619 https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/, 3.10 Release Schedule
Report bugs at https://bugs.python.org https://bugs.python.org/.
Help fund Python and its community https://www.python.org/psf/donations/.

Your friendly release team,
Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.11.0a1 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Now that we are on a release spree, here you have the first alpha release of
Python 3.11: Python 3.11.0a1. Let the testing and validation games begin!

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110a1/

*Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared with 3.10*

Python 3.11 is still in development. This release, 3.11.0a1 is the first of
six planned alpha releases.

Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.

During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2022-05-06) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2022-08-01). Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.11 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

   - PEP 657  – Include
   Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks
   - PEP 654  – PEP 654 –
   Exception Groups and except*
   - (Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is
   missing from this list, let Pablo know .)

The next pre-release of Python 3.11 will be 3.11.0a2, currently scheduled
for 2021-11-02.
*And now for something completely different*

Zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical
system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly
fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle. As well as atoms and molecules, the empty space of
the vacuum has these properties. According to quantum field theory, the
universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but as continuous
fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e., leptons
and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g., photons and
gluons). All these fields have a non zero amount of energy called
zero-point energy. Physics currently lacks a full theoretical model for
understanding zero-point energy; in particular, the discrepancy between
theorized and observed vacuum energy is a source of major contention


*We hope you enjoy those new releases!*
Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Regards from cloudy London,

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.1 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

I hope you like bug fixes, because we have a whole shipment of them! Python
3.10.1 is the first maintenance release of Python 3.10 as we have packed
more than 330 commits of fixes and general improvements. You can get it
here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3101/

# This is the first maintenance release of Python 3.10

Python 3.10.1 is the newest major release of the Python programming
language, and it contains many new features and optimizations.

# Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9

Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 623](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/) -- Deprecate and
prepare for the removal of the wstr member in PyUnicodeObject.
* [PEP 604](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/) -- Allow writing
union types as X | Y
* [PEP 612](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/) -- Parameter
Specification Variables
* [PEP 626](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/) -- Precise line
numbers for debugging and other tools.
* [PEP 618 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0618/) -- Add Optional
Length-Checking To zip.
* [bpo-12782](https://bugs.python.org/issue12782): Parenthesized context
managers are now officially allowed.
* [PEP 632 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0632/) -- Deprecate
distutils module.
* [PEP 613 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/) -- Explicit Type
Aliases
* [PEP 634 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Specification
* [PEP 635 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale
* [PEP 636 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/) -- Structural
Pattern Matching: Tutorial
* [PEP 644 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0644/) -- Require OpenSSL
1.1.1 or newer
* [PEP 624 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0624/) -- Remove
Py_UNICODE encoder APIs
* [PEP 597 ](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0597/) -- Add optional
EncodingWarning

[bpo-38605](https://bugs.python.org/issue38605): `from __future__ import
annotations` ([PEP 563](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/)) used to
be on this list
in previous pre-releases but it has been postponed to Python 3.11 due to
some compatibility concerns. You can read the Steering Council
communication about it [here](
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-...@python.org/thread/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/)
to learn more.

# More resources

* [Changelog](https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog
)
* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.10/)
* [PEP 619](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0619/), 3.10 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

The Meissner effect (or Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a
magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the
superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature.
This expulsion will repel a nearby magnet. The German physicists Walther
Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by
measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and
lead samples. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that
superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a
uniquely defining property of the superconductor state. The ability for the
expulsion effect is determined by the nature of equilibrium formed by the
neutralization within the unit cell of a superconductor.

You can do [ver cool things](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRLvVkkq5GE)
with it!

# We hope you enjoy the new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

https://www.python.org/psf/

Your friendly release team,
Ned Deily @nad https://discuss.python.org/u/nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower https://discuss.python.org/u/steve.dower
Pablo Galindo Salgado @pablogsal https://discuss.python.org/u/pablogsal
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.11.0a3 is available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

You can tell that we are slowly getting closer to the first beta as the
number of release blockers that we need to fix on every release starts to
increase [image: :sweat_smile:] But we did it! Thanks to Steve Dower, Ned
Deily, Christian Heimes, Łukasz Langa and Mark Shannon that helped get
things ready for this release :)

Go get the new version here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110a3/

**This is an early developer preview of Python 3.11**

# Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10

Python 3.11 is still in development.  This release, 3.11.0a3 is the third
of seven planned alpha releases.

Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.

During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2022-05-06) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2022-08-01).  Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is **not** recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.11 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 657](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/) -- Include
Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks
* [PEP 654](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0654/) -- Exception Groups
and except*
* The [Faster Cpython Project](https://github.com/faster-cpython) is
already yielding some exciting results: this version of CPython 3.11 is
~12% faster on the geometric mean of the [PyPerformance benchmarks](
speed.python.org), compared to 3.10.0.
 * Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important is
missing from this list, let me know.

The next pre-release of Python 3.11 will be 3.11.0a4, currently scheduled
for Monday, 2022-01-03.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.11/)
* [PEP 664](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0664/), 3.11 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

Rayleigh scattering, named after the nineteenth-century British physicist
Lord Rayleigh is the predominantly elastic scattering of light or other
electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of
the radiation. For light frequencies well below the resonance frequency of
the scattering particle, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional
to the fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh scattering results from the
electric polarizability of the particles. The oscillating electric field of
a light wave acts on the charges within a particle, causing them to move at
the same frequency. The particle, therefore, becomes a small radiating
dipole whose radiation we see as scattered light. The particles may be
individual atoms or molecules; it can occur when light travels through
transparent solids and liquids but is most prominently seen in gases.

The strong wavelength dependence of the scattering means that shorter
(blue) wavelengths are scattered more strongly than longer (red)
wavelengths. This results in the indirect blue light coming from all
regions of the sky.

# We hope you enjoy those new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] The last Python 3.11 alpha (3.11.0a7) is available - Prepare for beta freeze

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Br. do you feel that? That's the chill of *beta freeze* coming
closer. Meanwhile, your friendly CPython release team doesn’t
rest and we have prepared a shiny new release for you: Python 3.11.0a7.


Dear fellow core developer:
This alpha is the last release before feature freeze (Friday, 2022-05-06),
so make sure that all new features and PEPs are landed in the master branch
before we
release the first beta. Please, be specially mindfully to check the CI and
the buildbots, maybe even using the test-with-buildbots label in GitHub
before
merging so the release team don’t need to fix a bunch of reference leaks or
platform-specific problems on the first beta release.



*Go get the new alpha here:*
https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3110a7/

**This is an early developer preview of Python 3.11**

# Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10

Python 3.11 is still in development.  This release, 3.11.0a7 is the last of
seven planned alpha releases.

Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.

During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2022-05-06) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2022-08-01).  Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is **not** recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.11 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

* [PEP 657](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/) -- Include
Fine-Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks
* [PEP 654](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0654/) -- Exception Groups
and except*
* [PEP 673](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0673/)  -- Self Type
* [PEP 646](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0646/)-- Variadic Generics
* [PEP 680](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0680/)-- tomllib: Support
for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library
* [PEP 675](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0675/)-- Arbitrary Literal
String Type
* [PEP 655](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0655/)-- Marking individual
TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing
* [bpo-46752](https://bugs.python.org/issue46752)-- Introduce task groups
to asyncio
* The [Faster Cpython Project](https://github.com/faster-cpython) is
already yielding some exciting results: this version of CPython 3.11 is
~12% faster on the geometric mean of the [PyPerformance benchmarks](
speed.python.org), compared to 3.10.0.
 * Hey, **fellow core developer,** if a feature you find important is
missing from this list, let me know.

The next pre-release of Python 3.11 will be 3.11.0b1, currently scheduled
for Friday, 2022-05-06.

# More resources

* [Online Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3.11/)
* [PEP 664](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0664/), 3.11 Release
Schedule
* Report bugs at [https://bugs.python.org](https://bugs.python.org).
* [Help fund Python and its community](/psf/donations/).

# And now for something completely different

In mathematics, the Dirac delta distribution (δ distribution) is a
generalized function or distribution over the real numbers, whose value is
zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real
line is equal to one. The current understanding of the impulse is as a
linear functional that maps every continuous function to its value at zero.
The delta function was introduced by physicist Paul Dirac as a tool for the
normalization of state vectors. It also has uses in probability theory and
signal processing. Its validity was disputed until Laurent Schwartz
developed the theory of distributions where it is defined as a linear form
acting on functions. Defining this distribution as a "function" as many
physicist do is known to be one of the easier ways to annoy mathematicians
:)

# We hope you enjoy those new releases!

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and
these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by
volunteering yourself or through organization contributions to the Python
Software Foundation.

Your friendly release team,
Pablo Galindo @pablogsal
Ned Deily @nad
Steve Dower @steve.dower
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Fwd: [RELEASE] Python 3.10.0a2 available for testing

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

The engines of the secret release manager machine have finished producing a
new pre-release. Go get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a2/


*Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9*

Python 3.10 is still in development. This releasee, 3.10.0a2 is the second
of six planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it
easier to test the current state of new features and bug fixes and to test
the release process. During the alpha phase, features may be added up until
the start of the beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified
or deleted up until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04). Please keep
in mind that this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for
production environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major new features and changes so far:

PEP 623 -- Remove wstr from Unicode
PEP 604 -- Allow writing union types as X | Y
PEP 612 -- Parameter Specification Variables
PEP 626 -- Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools.
(Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is missing
from this list, let Pablo know.)
The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0a3, currently scheduled
for 2020-12-07.

*And now for something completely different *

The cardinality (the number of elements) of infinite sets can be one of the
most surprising results of set theory. For example, there are the same
amount of even natural numbers than natural numbers (which can be even or
odd). There is also the same amount of rational numbers than natural
numbers. But on the other hand, there are more real numbers between 0 and 1
than natural numbers! All these sets have infinite cardinality but turn out
that some of these infinities are bigger than others. These infinite
cardinalities normally are represented using aleph numbers. Infinite sets
are strange beasts indeed.

Regards from cold London,
Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.9.1 is now available, together with 3.10.0a3 and 3.8.7rc1

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

It's starting to get very cold (at least on the Northern hemisphere) so we
have been carefully packaging a total of three new Python releases to keep
you warm these days!

Python 3.9.1 is the first maintenance release of Python 3.9, and also the
first version of Python to support macOS 11 Big Sur natively on Apple
Silicon. Go get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-391/

Maintenance releases for the 3.9 series will continue at regular bi-monthly
intervals, with **3.9.2** planned for Monday, 2021-02-08.

Python 3.10a3 is the third alpha release of Python 3.10. You can get it
here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a3/

Python 3.10a3 is the release preview of the next maintenance release of
Python 3.8. You can get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-387rc1/

Assuming no critical problems are found prior to **2020-12-21** , the
currently scheduled release date for **3.8.7** , no code changes are
planned between this release candidate and the final release. That being
said, please keep in mind that this is a pre-release of 3.8.7 and as such
its main purpose is testing.

Your friendly release team,
Ned Deily, Steve Dower, Pablo Galindo, Łukasz Langa
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

[RELEASE] Python 3.10.0a4 is now available

[Pablo Galindo Salgado]

Happy new year to all of you. I hope you all have a great start of the
year! And how to best celebrate that we have left 2020 behind that with a
new Python alpha release? :)  Go get it here:

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3100a4/


*Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9*
Python 3.10 is still in development. This releasee, 3.10.0a4 is the second
of six planned alpha releases.
Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of
new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.
During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the
beta phase (2021-05-03) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up
until the release candidate phase (2021-10-04). Please keep in mind that
this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for production
environments.

Many new features for Python 3.10 are still being planned and written.
Among the new major
new features and changes so far:

* PEP 623 – Remove wstr from Unicode
* PEP 604 – Allow writing union types as X | Y
* PEP 612 – Parameter Specification Variables
* PEP 626 – Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools.
* bpo-38605: from __future__ import annotations (PEP 563) is now the
default.
* PEP 618 – Add Optional Length-Checking To zip.

(Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is missing
from this list, let me know.)
The next pre-release of Python 3.10 will be 3.10.0a5, currently scheduled
for 2021-02-01.


*And now for something completely different*
The Majumdar–Papapetrou spacetime
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhansu_Datta_Majumdar#Majumdar%E2%80%93Papapetrou_solution>
is
one surprising solution of the coupled Einstein-Maxwell equations that
describe a cluster of static charged black holes with the gravitational and
the electrostatic forces cancelling each other out. Each one of these many
black holes of the multi-black holes system has a spherical topology and
follows the Reissner–Nordström metric
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric>.
Unsurprisingly, the movement of a test particle in such spacetime is not
only a very chaotic system but also has some fractals
<https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9502014> hiding the complexity of its movement.

Regards from cold London,
Pablo Galindo Salgado
-- 
https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list