primitive password cracker
I was practising for educational purpose with simply password cracker.
I know that I could use itertool but in my case when I'm learning I
would miss facing problems and learning on them and indeed I've met one
which is not giving me a peace.
What I want to learn is if I need get for example four combinations, so
how to get in a loop first letter 'a',then another step'a' and again 'a'
and 'a', to have '' later on'abaa' etc.
So I wrote that:
--
import string
passe = 'zulu'
mylist = []
#letters = string.ascii_lowercase
letters = ['a','b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'w', 'q', 'y', 'z']
mineset= set()
for a in letters:
for b in letters:
for c in letters:
for d in letters:
s = a + b + c + b
mylist.append(s)
mineset=set(mylist)
k = sorted(mineset)
print(k)
for i in k:
if i == passe:
print('got it: ', i )
print(passe in k)
--
It works in someway but the problems are:
Not all combination are made, I change password to: 'pass' and that combination
is not in results.
Another thing is, I had to made a set from list because combinations
were repeated.
And finally, I was struglling with making it in without creating four
loops for four letters, something like that:
To try to solve those I went with that approach:
-
letters = ['a','b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'w', 'q', 'y', 'z']
password = 'pass'
combin = ''
lista=[]
for x in range(4):
for y in letters:
combin +=y
lista.append(combin)
combin=''
mineset=set(lista)
print(mineset)
for i in lista:
if i == password:
print('pass:', i)
---
But the results are disspainting:
{'abc', 'a', 'ab', 'abcd', 'abcde'}
I was seating on it for a long day but can't even closely achieve
similar effect to 4 loops in previous code.
--
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Re: Tkinter menu item underline syntax [RESOLVED]
On 06/01/2021 22:03, Rich Shepard wrote: On Thu, 7 Jan 2021, Chris Angelico wrote: Are you sure that this works? It's syntactically valid, but I don't think it means what you think it does. ChrisA, I'm always open to learning. There's no error generated ... yet the application doesn' open so it's time to run it through pdb. Spoiler: unless the name 'underline' is defined you get a NameError: NameError: name 'underline' is not defined If it is defined and self.callbacks is a dict you get a TypeError: TypeError: unhashable type: 'slice' because that's what a colon means in a context like x[a:b] From what you posted I would guess that underline is most likely a keyword argument to the add_command() method: file_menu.add_command( label='New', command=self.callbacks['file->new'], underline=0, accelerator='Ctrl+N' ) -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tkinter menu item underline syntax [RESOLVED]
On 06/01/2021 22:03, Grant Edwards wrote:
I'm completely baffled by that. Can somebody explain how this
expression is evaluated?
self.callbacks['file->new', underline: 0]
It appears that the dict callbacks is being accessed with the key of
a tuple comprising a string and a slice.
Huh?
You're completely right:
>>> class C:
def __getitem__(self, index): return index
>>> c = C()
>>> underline = 42
>>> c["foo", underline: 0]
('foo', slice(42, 0, None))
The OP's code will most certainly fail at runtime ;)
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Re: primitive password cracker
On Thu, Jan 7, 2021 at 8:46 PM Bischoop wrote:
> What I want to learn is if I need get for example four combinations, so
> how to get in a loop first letter 'a',then another step'a' and again 'a'
> and 'a', to have '' later on'abaa' etc.
So you want every possible four-letter combination?
> So I wrote that:
> --
> import string
> passe = 'zulu'
> mylist = []
> #letters = string.ascii_lowercase
> letters = ['a','b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
> 'n', 'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'w', 'q', 'y', 'z']
I'd recommend having just a string, rather than a list; it'll behave
identically for what you're doing, and it'll be a lot easier to see
when you have all the right letters.
I'd also recommend having the letters in some well-known order, such
as lexicographic (aka "alphabetical order"), or running straight
across the rows of your keyboard. Keyboards aren't all the same, but
at least you'll know that your own keyboard is consistent.
> mineset= set()
> for a in letters:
> for b in letters:
> for c in letters:
> for d in letters:
> s = a + b + c + b
Why is b at the end? :) That's why "zulu" could be found, but "pass" couldn't.
> k = sorted(mineset)
> print(k)
> for i in k:
> if i == passe:
> print('got it: ', i )
> print(passe in k)
> --
> It works in someway but the problems are:
> Not all combination are made, I change password to: 'pass' and that
> combination is not in results.
> Another thing is, I had to made a set from list because combinations
> were repeated.
Yep. I'd recommend looking at the original list rather than setting
and sorting, and you might notice patterns that hint at problems.
> for x in range(4):
> for y in letters:
> combin +=y
> lista.append(combin)
> combin=''
Not entirely sure what your intended logic is here, but I'd advise
planning things out in pseudocode and knowing what you're actually
building.
Debugging code can be very hard, especially if you don't know what
it's doing. Fortunately, Python comes with a number of tools to help
you figure out your code; the simplest is the print function - just
add a few useful print calls to your code and trace through things
that way. You can also look at the pdb module, and various other
techniques. Explore your code, get to know how it works at each point,
and you should be able to figure things out.
Good luck, have fun! And remember IIDPIO: If In Doubt, Print It Out!
ChrisA
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EuroPython 2021: Format Poll
We are currently working out the format for this year’s online EuroPython conference. The conference will be run using online conference tools during the week of July 26 - August 1 and we would like to learn about your preferences regarding the overall structure. For this reason, we’re running a poll to gather input from our (potential) attendees: * EuroPython 2021 Format Poll * https://forms.gle/V4oPEXWiexfVyH1S7 Please add any comments you may have to the comment field. We’d love to hear about new online conference platforms you may have seen (last year, we used Zoom and Discord), suggestions on social event formats, etc. Help spread the word Please help us spread this message by sharing it on your social networks as widely as possible. Thank you ! Link to the blog post: https://blog.europython.eu/post/639651925251571712/europython-2021-format-poll Tweet: https://twitter.com/europython/status/1347146647403450370 Thanks, -- EuroPython 2021 Team https://www.europython-society.org/ -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tkinter menu item underline syntax [RESOLVED]
On Thu, 7 Jan 2021, Peter Otten wrote: Spoiler: unless the name 'underline' is defined you get a NameError: NameError: name 'underline' is not defined If it is defined and self.callbacks is a dict you get a TypeError: TypeError: unhashable type: 'slice' because that's what a colon means in a context like x[a:b] The template I used for the menu doesn't scale to my application so I'm re-writing it from scratch. Thanks, all, Rich -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote:
>
> I'd recommend having just a string, rather than a list; it'll behave
> identically for what you're doing, and it'll be a lot easier to see
> when you have all the right letters.
>
Yes that's definitely better, I've done so.
>> mineset= set()
>> for a in letters:
>> for b in letters:
>> for c in letters:
>> for d in letters:
>> s = a + b + c + b
>
> Why is b at the end? :) That's why "zulu" could be found, but "pass" couldn't.
>
ha, that's typo I was working so long on it that got mixed up.
and yes with 'd' it works :-)
>> k = sorted(mineset)
>> print(k)
>> for i in k:
>> if i == passe:
>> print('got it: ', i )
>> print(passe in k)
>> --
>> It works in someway but the problems are:
>> Not all combination are made, I change password to: 'pass' and that
>> combination is not in results.
>> Another thing is, I had to made a set from list because combinations
>> were repeated.
>
> Yep. I'd recommend looking at the original list rather than setting
> and sorting, and you might notice patterns that hint at problems.
>
The problem was with that 'b' at the end, now it solved.
>> for x in range(4):
>> for y in letters:
>> combin +=y
>> lista.append(combin)
>> combin=''
>
> Not entirely sure what your intended logic is here, but I'd advise
> planning things out in pseudocode and knowing what you're actually
> building.
>
Well :-) I tried to do shorter version of the previous code to do not do
for loop for every character, range
supposed to be for how long the password is, in this case four
characters, once the 4character combination is made add it to the list,
similarly to the previous code but my logic is wrong here.
I don't have clue hot to tell: get a letter for 1 get for 2 get for 3
and get for 4.
> Debugging code can be very hard, especially if you don't know what
> it's doing. Fortunately, Python comes with a number of tools to help
> you figure out your code; the simplest is the print function - just
> add a few useful print calls to your code and trace through things
> that way. You can also look at the pdb module, and various other
> techniques. Explore your code, get to know how it works at each point,
> and you should be able to figure things out.
>
> Good luck, have fun! And remember IIDPIO: If In Doubt, Print It Out!
>
For me is even not debbuging code is important but to do
what I want and in that case is that what I mention earlier four
letters picked and add them to the list, and today again I seat on it
and just nothing lol.
--
Thanks
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Re: Tkinter menu item underline syntax [RESOLVED]
On 1/6/2021 4:17 PM, Terry Reedy wrote: On 1/6/2021 4:03 PM, Rich Shepard wrote: On Thu, 7 Jan 2021, Chris Angelico wrote: Are you sure that this works? It's syntactically valid, but I don't think it means what you think it does. ChrisA, I'm always open to learning. There's no error generated ... yet the application doesn' open so it's time to run it through pdb. See my response, sent an hour ago, for how to use 'underline. Reposting: 'underline' has nothing to do with looking up the command in self.callbacks. It is a keyword parameter for the add_command method, and is handled like all other values passed by name, and as you did for the other arguments file_menu.add_command( label='New', underline=0, command=self.callbacks['file->new], accelerator='Ctrl+N' ) Note: PEP 8 style is no spaces around '=' used for keyword arguments. Here is an example from idlelib.editor, 978. menu.add_command(label=ulchars[i] + " " + file_name, command=callback, underline=0) -- Terry Jan Reedy -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Some problem in code execution in python
Sir, I am one of the user of your python program, that is after completion of installation I got some statement like "you got code execution problem ". I don't know how to rectify this problem.so please help me to rectify this problem . You send me the solution in this email ID itself . -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
On 1/7/2021 2:42 AM, Christian Gollwitzer wrote:
Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva:
Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button
state (clicking on it) in this example?
I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work?
Thanks.
class C:
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
@staticmethod
^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here
staticmethods are essentially useless in Python. What little was gained
by their addition is partly offset by the introduced confusion.
I am not sure is removing @staticmethod would have been sufficient in 2.x.
def cmd():
print("Test")
top=tkinter.Tk()
cb=Checkbutton(command=cmd)
cb.pack()
Button commands have to be tcl functions. Tkinter wraps Python
functions as tcl function. Static methods also wrap python functions,
as a .__func__ attribute. So the code if one passes cmd.__func__.
Maybe there is a bug in tkinter, that it doesn't work with static methods?
One could propose that tkinter test whether callables are staticmethods
and unwrap them when they are.
Classmethods also do not work as is. By experiment, the following works.
cb=Checkbutton(command=lambda: C.cmd.__func__(C))
But if the class were nested, it would be more complicated.
--
Terry Jan Reedy
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Re: primitive password cracker
On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: This could allow easy to change the number of characters in combination, just pass n argument to range where n is how many characters. -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
RE: primitive password cracker
I think you might want to check out itertools.product()
https://docs.python.org/3.9/library/itertools.html#itertools.product
import itertools
import string
passe = 'pass'
for p in itertools.product(string.ascii_lowercase, repeat = 4):
p = "".join(p)
if p == passe:
print("Found it:", p)
break
else:
print("Didn't find it.")
Or for different lengths:
foundIt = False
for repeat in range(1, 6):
for p in itertools.product(string.ascii_lowercase, repeat = repeat):
p = "".join(p)
if p == passe:
print("Found it:", p)
foundIt = True
break
if foundIt:
break
else:
print("Didn't find it.")
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Re: primitive password cracker
On Fri, Jan 8, 2021 at 2:12 AM Bischoop wrote: > > On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: > > This could allow easy to change the number of characters in > combination, just pass n argument to range where n is how many characters. > True. Unfortunately, it doesn't work, so what you'd have is something that can be easily parameterized to not work on other numbers of characters too. :) ChrisA -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tkinter menu item underline syntax [RESOLVED]
On Wed, 6 Jan 2021, Terry Reedy wrote: 'underline' has nothing to do with looking up the command in self.callbacks. It is a keyword parameter for the add_command method, and is handled like all other values passed by name, and as you did for the other arguments file_menu.add_command( label='New', underline=0, command=self.callbacks['file->new], accelerator='Ctrl+N' ) Note: PEP 8 style is no spaces around '=' used for keyword arguments. Here is an example from idlelib.editor, 978. menu.add_command(label=ulchars[i] + " " + file_name, command=callback, underline=0) Thank you for the clarification. Rich -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
On 07/01/2021 08:42, Christian Gollwitzer wrote:
Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva:
Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button
state (clicking on it) in this example?
I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work?
Thanks.
class C:
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
@staticmethod
^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here
def cmd():
print("Test")
Maybe there is a bug in tkinter, that it doesn't work with static methods?
It has nothing to do with tkinter, a staticmethod object cannot be
called directly:
>>> class C:
@staticmethod
def cmd(): print("Hello")
cmd()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
class C:
File "", line 4, in C
cmd()
TypeError: 'staticmethod' object is not callable
You have to go through the descriptor protocol:
>>> class C:
@staticmethod
def cmd(): print("Hello")
>>> C.cmd()
Hello
I recommend that the OP use a more conventional stye and do the setup
outside the class or, better, in an instance of the class.
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Re: Some problem in code execution in python
On 07/01/2021 22.44, Dario Dario wrote: > Sir, I am one of the user of your python program, that is after completion > of installation I got some statement like "you got code execution problem > ". I don't know how to rectify this problem.so please help me to rectify > this problem . > You send me the solution in this email ID itself . Welcome to the list, where Python users help each other. Please send more information: - which Operating System - which version of Python - from where Python was downloaded - copy-paste all of the error messages -- Regards =dn -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Some problem in code execution in python
On 2021-01-07, Dario Dario wrote: > Sir, I am one of the user of your python program, that is after completion > of installation I got some statement like "you got code execution problem > ". I don't know how to rectify this problem.so please help me to rectify > this problem . > You send me the solution in this email ID itself . I'm not Window OS user but doesn't running program in Windows Command Shell tells also what's wrong? -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
Às 07:42 de 07/01/21, Christian Gollwitzer escreveu: > Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva: > >> Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button >> state (clicking on it) in this example? >> I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work? >> Thanks. >> >> class C: >> from tkinter import Checkbutton >> import tkinter >> >> @staticmethod > ^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here Yes, that's the coventional way. Thanks -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
Às 09:20 de 07/01/21, Terry Reedy escreveu: > On 1/7/2021 2:42 AM, Christian Gollwitzer wrote: >> Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva: >> >>> Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button >>> state (clicking on it) in this example? >>> I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work? >>> Thanks. >>> >>> class C: >>> from tkinter import Checkbutton >>> import tkinter >>> >>> @staticmethod >> ^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here > > staticmethods are essentially useless in Python. What little was gained > by their addition is partly offset by the introduced confusion. It depends on what the classes are being used for. Sometimes I just want to use them as static wrappers. Of course I could use them in the conventional way for this purpose, but it's not so clean :-) ... > > Classmethods also do not work as is. By experiment, the following works. > cb=Checkbutton(command=lambda: C.cmd.__func__(C)) Why not just cb=Checkbutton(command=lambda : C.cmd()) ? Also works. BTW, just for curiosity, and for my personal learning ... What does "__func__" does? Thank you. -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
Às 16:02 de 07/01/21, Peter Otten escreveu: > On 07/01/2021 08:42, Christian Gollwitzer wrote: >> Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva: >> ... > > I recommend that the OP use a more conventional stye and do the setup > outside the class or, better, in an instance of the class. > There are lots of possible more conventional ways, of course. My purpose was only to understand what was wrong. Thanks anyway. -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: > > True. Unfortunately, it doesn't work, so what you'd have is something > that can be easily parameterized to not work on other numbers of > characters too. :) > My bad is I'm kinda maniac and have to know how to, I know best solution itertool but... I just must know, was thinking that studing the itertool code would give me an answer but found it's in C. Now I try list comprehension for it, so it's another day on it for me. -- Thanks -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
On 2021-01-07, David Raymond wrote: > I think you might want to check out itertools.product() > https://docs.python.org/3.9/library/itertools.html#itertools.product Thanks David for contribution I find it very convenient but not knowing how to solve solution without itertools for: for a i : for b in : for c in : for d in : doesn't give me a peace. -- Thanks -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
Às 07:29 de 07/01/21, Paulo da Silva escreveu:
> Hi!
>
> Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button
> state (clicking on it) in this example?
> I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work?
> Thanks.
>
> class C:
> from tkinter import Checkbutton
> import tkinter
>
> @staticmethod
> def cmd():
> print("Test")
>
> top=tkinter.Tk()
> cb=Checkbutton(command=cmd)
> cb.pack()
>
> @staticmethod
> def loop():
> C.top.mainloop()
>
> c=C()
> c.loop()
>
After some experiments I found two solutions:
1)
class C:
@staticmethod
def cmd():
print("Test")
class C: #@DuplicatedSignature
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
top=tkinter.Tk()
cb=Checkbutton(command=C.cmd)
cb.pack()
@staticmethod
def loop():
C.top.mainloop()
c=C()
c.loop()
2)
class C:
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
@staticmethod
def cmd():
print("Test")
top=tkinter.Tk()
cb=Checkbutton(command=lambda : C.cmd())
cb.pack()
@staticmethod
def loop():
C.top.mainloop()
c=C()
c.loop()
This one as a sequence of the answer of Terry - thanks.
BTW, does anyone know I can I get the arguments eventually passed by the
Checkbutton event, or any other widget callback (*pargs, **kargs) using
this "solution"?
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Re: primitive password cracker
On 2021-01-07, Bischoop wrote: > On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: >> >> True. Unfortunately, it doesn't work, so what you'd have is something >> that can be easily parameterized to not work on other numbers of >> characters too. :) >> > > My bad is I'm kinda maniac and have to know how to, I know best solution > itertool but... I just must know, was thinking that studing the itertool > code would give me an answer but found it's in C. > Now I try list comprehension for it, so it's another day on it for me. > > So after checking itertools doc I found what itertools.product is quivalent for on: https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html#itertools.product Now I'll sleep. -- Thanks -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
I find a parallel to counting useful. Let letters be '0' to '9' and think of manual (in contrast to formatting range(0, 10)) construction of list of strings "" to "" Let's start with . How do you compute the next item? Start looking from its end. I stop here in order to leave space for Bischoop's deliberation. To sum up in order words, the clue is to stop thinking of inner loops for each letter and find a way to get the next combination. Best, David On Thu, Jan 07, 2021 at 04:52:56PM -, Bischoop wrote: > On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: > > > > True. Unfortunately, it doesn't work, so what you'd have is something > > that can be easily parameterized to not work on other numbers of > > characters too. :) > > > > My bad is I'm kinda maniac and have to know how to, I know best solution > itertool but... I just must know, was thinking that studing the itertool > code would give me an answer but found it's in C. > Now I try list comprehension for it, so it's another day on it for me. > > > -- > Thanks > -- > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
On 08/01/2021 05.52, Bischoop wrote: > On 2021-01-07, Chris Angelico wrote: >> >> True. Unfortunately, it doesn't work, so what you'd have is something >> that can be easily parameterized to not work on other numbers of >> characters too. :) >> > > My bad is I'm kinda maniac and have to know how to, I know best solution > itertool but... I just must know, was thinking that studing the itertool > code would give me an answer but found it's in C. > Now I try list comprehension for it, so it's another day on it for me. BTW have you realised a second 'typo' - that there are only 24 letters in this 'alphabet'? It is not difficult to parametrise the building of a "password cracking dictionary"! (NB not same definition as a Python dictionary) Take it one step (one character) at a time... We start from our list of "letters". This is every permutation of the alphabet, taken one at a time. Call it the one_character_list. [Let's not distract from the problem by arguing about the definition of "permutation"!] Next, we'll take the one_character_list and permute that, with each of our letter[s]. Thus 'a, b, c' expands to 'aa, ab, ac, ... ba, bb, bc, ... ca, cb, cc, ...'. For every one of the 24 elements of the one_character_list we now have 24 elements in the two_character_list, ie len( two_character_list ) should be 24*24 (== 24**2) and each element should be unique (ie same rule as a set). NB above equation varies if the rule for what may be the first character of a password differs for the rule of which letters/characters may follow! Similarly, if we take the two_character_list, we can permute that (again/further) with each letter. Thus 'aaa, aab, aac, ...baa, bab, bac, ...'. Thus, len( three_character_list ) == 24 * 24 * 24 == 24 ** 3 == len( two_character_list ) * 24 == len( one_character_list ) * 24 * 24 Carrying-on we can build a "password cracking dictionary" of any length. NB the three-character_list contains exactly 'what it says on the tin' (English-English expression meaning that the label is entirely correct). Thus if the password rules say 'up to three characters in length', then the password-cracker would have to test each of the three lists in-turn too look for one-character passwords, then two-character passwords, and finally three...! Disclaimers: Permutations and combinations are an interesting [learning] exercise, and we're getting used to your preference for step-by-step experimentation and learning-mastery. That said, @David is correct - once understood, use the tool! Because these multiple loops are "expensive" (in terms of execution-time). Per @Chris and comments above, consider when and where to use character-strings, tuples, lists, and/or sets - for 'best results' and/or 'best practice'. Per @yourself, once you have coded, tested, and debugged a solution featuring explicit for-loops, it will be a valuable exercise to upgrade (the code and quite probably the execution speed) using comprehensions/expressions... Sample code: def permute_lists( existing_list:list, expansion_list:list )->list: '''Expand each of the existing list's elements with every element of a provided list. ''' permuted_list = list() for existing_element in existing_list: for expansion_element in expansion_list: permuted_list.append( existing_element + expansion_element ) return permuted_list # establish character-set to be used letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'w', 'q', 'y', 'z'] # taking each of the letters once is the character-set one_character_list = letters print( len( one_character_list ) ) print( one_character_list, end="\n" ) # taking the letters two at a time two_character_list = permute_lists( one_character_list, letters ) print( len( two_character_list ), len( one_character_list ) * len( letters ) ) print( two_character_list, end="\n" ) # taking the letters three at a time three_character_list = permute_lists( two_character_list, letters ) print( len( three_character_list ), len( two_character_list ) * len( letters ) ) print( three_character_list, end="\n" ) -- Regards =dn -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Class and tkinter problem
On 1/7/2021 4:20 AM, Terry Reedy wrote:
On 1/7/2021 2:42 AM, Christian Gollwitzer wrote:
Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva:
Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button
state (clicking on it) in this example?
I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work?
Thanks.
class C:
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
@staticmethod
^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here
staticmethods are essentially useless in Python. What little was gained
by their addition is partly offset by the introduced confusion.
def cmd():
print("Test")
The confusion is that methods are callable, whereas 'staticmethods' are
not. I was not completely aware of this until pointed out by Peter
Otten with example
"cmd()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
class C:
File "", line 4, in C
cmd()
TypeError: 'staticmethod' object is not callable
You have to go through the descriptor protocol:"
Indeed, dir(cmd) shows that it does not have a .__call__ attribute.
top=tkinter.Tk()
cb=Checkbutton(command=cmd)
Button commands have to be tcl functions. Tkinter wraps Python
functions as tcl function. Static methods also wrap python functions,
as a .__func__ attribute. So the code if one passes cmd.__func__.
"So the code works if one passes the callable cmd.__func__."
Maybe there is a bug in tkinter, that it doesn't work with static
methods?
One could propose that tkinter test whether callables are staticmethods
Command options, as documented, must be callables. Neither staticmethods
nor classmethods are callable.
and unwrap them when they are.
I would propose instead that if possible tkinter raise TypeError when
passed a non-callable as a command.
Classmethods also do not work as is. By experiment, the following works.
cb=Checkbutton(command=lambda: C.cmd.__func__(C))
But if the class were nested, it would be more complicated.
--
Terry Jan Reedy
--
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This is a test
I have added you to the EMAIL list, so when I have questions. Just learn for fun. Craig Hatch -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
Another way to approach this problem is using recursion, e.g. def find_combinations(items, n, comb, result): if n == 0: result.append(comb) else: for item in items: find_combinations(items, n - 1, comb + [item], result) words = [] find_combinations(['a', 'b', 'c'], 3, [], words) print(words) For this particular problem it's less efficient than the technique used by itertools.product, because it generates sub-combinations multiple times. However, it's a useful technique to keep in mind whenever you have a "variable number of nested for-loops" kind of problem. -- Greg -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: primitive password cracker
On Fri, Jan 8, 2021 at 11:31 AM Greg Ewing wrote:
>
> Another way to approach this problem is using recursion, e.g.
>
> def find_combinations(items, n, comb, result):
>if n == 0:
> result.append(comb)
>else:
> for item in items:
>find_combinations(items, n - 1, comb + [item], result)
>
> words = []
> find_combinations(['a', 'b', 'c'], 3, [], words)
> print(words)
>
True, but I'd much rather write it as a generator:
def permute(items, n):
if not n:
yield ""
return
# Optional performance enhancement:
if n == 1: return (yield from items)
for item in items:
for rest in permute(items, n - 1):
yield item + rest
words = list(permute("abc", 3))
I'm not sure how performance would go, but this is a lot cleaner.
ChrisA
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Re: Class and tkinter problem
Às 20:35 de 07/01/21, Terry Reedy escreveu:
> On 1/7/2021 4:20 AM, Terry Reedy wrote:
>> On 1/7/2021 2:42 AM, Christian Gollwitzer wrote:
>>> Am 07.01.21 um 08:29 schrieb Paulo da Silva:
>>>
Does anybody know why cmd method isn't called when I change the button
state (clicking on it) in this example?
I know that this seems a weird class use. But why doesn't it work?
Thanks.
class C:
from tkinter import Checkbutton
import tkinter
@staticmethod
>>> ^^it works if you remove the staticmethod here
>>
>> staticmethods are essentially useless in Python. What little was
>> gained by their addition is partly offset by the introduced confusion.
>
def cmd():
print("Test")
>
> The confusion is that methods are callable, whereas 'staticmethods' are
> not. I was not completely aware of this until pointed out by Peter
> Otten with example
>
> " cmd()
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "", line 1, in
> class C:
> File "", line 4, in C
> cmd()
> TypeError: 'staticmethod' object is not callable
>
> You have to go through the descriptor protocol:"
>
> Indeed, dir(cmd) shows that it does not have a .__call__ attribute.
>
>> top=tkinter.Tk()
>> cb=Checkbutton(command=cmd)
>
>> Button commands have to be tcl functions. Tkinter wraps Python
>> functions as tcl function. Static methods also wrap python functions,
>> as a .__func__ attribute. So the code if one passes cmd.__func__.
>
> "So the code works if one passes the callable cmd.__func__."
>
>>> Maybe there is a bug in tkinter, that it doesn't work with static
>>> methods?
>>
>> One could propose that tkinter test whether callables are staticmethods
>
> Command options, as documented, must be callables. Neither staticmethods
> nor classmethods are callable.
>
>> and unwrap them when they are.
>
> I would propose instead that if possible tkinter raise TypeError when
> passed a non-callable as a command.
>
Yes, that would be much better.
Thanks.
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