Single-event-mode plotting
I have some questions on the example below. My intention is to replace the y values with data from some sensor connected to the computer, and to make it work in what could be called 'single-event-mode' which means that I only want to plot and store data whenever the mouse is clicked. I have made the plotting with VPython, and I have also considered matplotlib. However, with either of these modules I cannot see how to answer the questions 1 and 2 below. Is there some other graphical module that will be better suited? Notice, that I use Python 3.2. 1) Can I modify the program so that the clicks should be done in the testdisplay window on not in the scene window? 2) In the testdisplay I only want to see the actual blue point together with the hitherto stored green points. And not only that: I want to free all earlier blue points from memory. How can I do that? Poul Riis from time import * import visual.graph as visualgraph from visual import * scene=display(x=0, y=0, width=300, height=100,foreground=color.black, background=color.white) ch='' txt='' inputtext='tmax: ' labeltext=label(pos=(0,0,0),text=inputtext) while ch!='\n': ch=scene.kb.getkey() txt=txt+ch if ch!='\n': labeltext.text=inputtext+txt tmax=eval(txt) #labeltext.visible=0 testdisplay=visualgraph.gdisplay(title='Test', xtitle='x', ytitle='y', x=0, y=75, width=500, height=500,foreground=color.black, background=color.white) testcurve = visualgraph.gcurve(color=color.blue,display=testdisplay) testdots = visualgraph.gdots(color=color.red,display=testdisplay,size=5) mousedots = visualgraph.gdots(color=color.green,display=testdisplay,size=10) finalcurve = visualgraph.gcurve(color=color.magenta,display=testdisplay) tarray=[] yarray=[] tstart=time() t=time()-tstart while t1: mousedots.plot(pos=(t,y)) scene.mouse.events = 0 tarray.append(t) yarray.append(y) for i in range(0,len(tarray)): finalcurve.plot(pos=(tarray[i],yarray[i])) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Guess the Number Repeat
How do I make the following program play the 'guess the number game' twice?
import random
guessesTaken = 0
print('Hello! What is your name?')
myName = input()
number = random.randint(1, 20)
print('Well, ' + myName + ', I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20.')
while guessesTaken < 6:
print('Take a guess.')
guess = input()
guess = int(guess)
print('You have ' + str(5 - guessesTaken) + ' guesses left.')
guessesTaken = guessesTaken + 1
if guess < number:
print('Your guess is too low.')
if guess > number:
print('Your guess is too high.')
if guess == number:
break
if guess == number:
guessesTaken = str(guessesTaken)
print('Good job, ' + myName + '! You guessed my number in ' + guessesTaken
+ ' guesses!')
if guess != number:
number = str(number)
print('Nope. The number I was thinking of was ' + number)
--
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Re: Guess the Number Repeat
eschneide...@comcast.net wrote:
> How do I make the following program play the 'guess the number game'
> twice?
>
> import random
> guessesTaken = 0
> print('Hello! What is your name?')
> myName = input()
> number = random.randint(1, 20)
> print('Well, ' + myName + ', I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20.')
> while guessesTaken < 6:
> print('Take a guess.')
> guess = input()
> guess = int(guess)
> print('You have ' + str(5 - guessesTaken) + ' guesses left.')
> guessesTaken = guessesTaken + 1
> if guess < number:
> print('Your guess is too low.')
> if guess > number:
> print('Your guess is too high.')
> if guess == number:
> break
> if guess == number:
> guessesTaken = str(guessesTaken)
> print('Good job, ' + myName + '! You guessed my number in ' +
> guessesTaken + ' guesses!')
> if guess != number:
> number = str(number)
> print('Nope. The number I was thinking of was ' + number)
If you put everything needed to guess once into a function like in the
following example. Once you have reorganised
#first version -- flat
guess = int(input("guess my number: "))
if guess == 42:
print("congrats")
else:
print("sorry, you're wrong")
into
#second version -- using a function
def guess_number():
guess = int(input("guess my number: "))
if guess == 42:
print("congrats")
else:
print("sorry, you're wrong")
guess_number()
you can easily modify the script to invoke the guess_number() function
inside a loop:
#third version -- calling the function from within a loop
def guess_number():
guess = int(input("guess my number: "))
if guess == 42:
print("congrats")
else:
print("sorry, you're wrong")
for i in range(2):
print("round", i+1)
guess_number()
--
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Libroffice PMT equivalent in python
Hi, Are there equivalent in any Python libraries that could match function like PMT in libreoffice? Refer: https://help.libreoffice.org/Calc/Financial_Functions_Part_Two#PMT -- Amachu -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Libroffice PMT equivalent in python
On 4/25/2013 6:46 AM, ஆமாச்சு wrote: Hi, Are there equivalent in any Python libraries that could match function like PMT in libreoffice? Refer: https://help.libreoffice.org/Calc/Financial_Functions_Part_Two#PMT try the packages listed at https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=search&term=finance&submit=search -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Libroffice PMT equivalent in python
2013/4/25 ஆமாச்சு > Hi, > > Are there equivalent in any Python libraries that could match function > like PMT in libreoffice? > > Refer: https://help.libreoffice.org/Calc/Financial_Functions_Part_Two#PMT > > -- > > Amachu > -- > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list > Hi, you may check numpy http://www.numpy.org/ http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.pmt.html >>> import numpy >>> numpy.pmt(1.99/100/12,36,25000) -715.95533443739942 >>> (The input in percent is to be divided by 100 and the output could be rounded separately, if needed.) hth, vbr -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Pythonic way to count sequences
25.04.13 08:26, Chris Angelico написав(ла):
So you can count them up directly with a dictionary:
count = {}
for sequence_tuple in list_of_tuples:
count[sequence_tuple] = count.get(sequence_tuple,0) + 1
Or alternatives:
count = {}
for sequence_tuple in list_of_tuples:
if sequence_tuple] in count:
count[sequence_tuple] += 1
else:
count[sequence_tuple] = 1
count = {}
for sequence_tuple in list_of_tuples:
try:
count[sequence_tuple] += 1
except KeyError:
count[sequence_tuple] = 1
import collections
count = collections.defaultdict(int)
for sequence_tuple in list_of_tuples:
count[sequence_tuple] += 1
But of course collections.Counter is a preferable way now.
--
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Re: epiphany
In article <5178b1db$0$29977$c3e8da3$54964...@news.astraweb.com>, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > The semantics of NotImplemented is that it is a signal for one object to > say "I don't know how to do this, let somebody else try". That's precisely the logic here. The rule says, "I don't know how to tell you if this is OK or not, ask another rule". > Since rules apparently take no arguments, either: > > 1) they rely on global state, which is a nasty design; or > > 2) rules actually have a fixed return result, in which case why make them > functions in the first place? Yes, rules take arguments. I elided them from the original description since it wasn't germane to what I was trying to show. > Since both possibilities seem stupid, and I do not believe that Roy > actually is stupid, I am honored that you have such a high opinion of me :-) Here's what the docs say about NotImplemented: > This type has a single value. There is a single object with this > value. This object is accessed through the built-in name > NotImplemented. Numeric methods and rich comparison methods may > return this value if they do not implement the operation for the > operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the reflected > operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) Its > truth value is true. It gives an example of a use by numeric methods. It doesn't say that's the only thing it can be used for. It also says, "Its truth value is true". Why would they document that fact if you weren't supposed to use it as a boolean operand? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Finding the source of an exception in a python multiprocessing program
On 2013-04-24, William Ray Wing wrote: > On Apr 24, 2013, at 4:31 PM, Neil Cerutti wrote: > >> On 2013-04-24, William Ray Wing wrote: >>> When I look at the pool module, the error is occurring in >>> get(self, timeout=None) on the line after the final else: >>> >>>def get(self, timeout=None): >>>self.wait(timeout) >>>if not self._ready: >>>raise TimeoutError >>>if self._success: >>>return self._value >>>else: >>>raise self._value >> >> The code that's failing is in self.wait. Somewhere in there you >> must be masking an exception and storing it in self._value >> instead of letting it propogate and crash your program. This is >> hiding the actual context. > > I'm sorry, I'm not following you. The "get" routine (and thus > self.wait) is part of the "pool" module in the Python > multiprocessing library. None of my code has a class or > function named "get". Oops! I failed to notice it was part of the pool module and not your own code. -- Neil Cerutti -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: epiphany
On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 08:36:34 -0400, Roy Smith wrote: > In article <5178b1db$0$29977$c3e8da3$54964...@news.astraweb.com>, > Steven D'Aprano wrote: > >> The semantics of NotImplemented is that it is a signal for one object >> to say "I don't know how to do this, let somebody else try". > > That's precisely the logic here. The rule says, "I don't know how to > tell you if this is OK or not, ask another rule". Sounds good to me then. It looks like your design is actually much closer to what I believe the standard Python semantics are intended to be than it appeared at first. [...] > Here's what the docs say about NotImplemented: > >> This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. >> This object is accessed through the built-in name NotImplemented. >> Numeric methods and rich comparison methods may return this value if >> they do not implement the operation for the operands provided. (The >> interpreter will then try the reflected operation, or some other >> fallback, depending on the operator.) Its truth value is true. > > It gives an example of a use by numeric methods. It doesn't say that's > the only thing it can be used for. Right. You can do a lot of things in Python, including shooting your foot off :-) but that doesn't mean you should. The further away from standard Python conventions you get, the more wary you should be. That's all. > It also says, "Its truth value is true". Why would they document that > fact if you weren't supposed to use it as a boolean operand? You can use *anything* in Python in a boolean context. That's a language feature: all objects are either truthy or falsey. As for why it is documented for NotImplemented, I guess that's because some people might guess that it is falsey, like None. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: IPython in Emacs
On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 21:38:04 -0700 (PDT), rusi wrote: > There were some ipython+emacs+windows bugs: > https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/290228 > Last I tried nearly 2 years, they were still there > http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_thread/thread/36e757567f28368e On Debian here, so not a problem. Thanks, -- Seb -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: epiphany
In article <51792710$0$29977$c3e8da3$54964...@news.astraweb.com>, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > > It also says, "Its truth value is true". Why would they document that > > fact if you weren't supposed to use it as a boolean operand? > > You can use *anything* in Python in a boolean context. That's a language > feature: all objects are either truthy or falsey. As for why it is > documented for NotImplemented, I guess that's because some people might > guess that it is falsey, like None. That was part of what added the epiphanality to the experience. My first guess was exactly as you say, that bool(NotImplemented) would be false. Once I discovered that it was true, the rest immediately fell into place and many lines of code got replaced by the simple: return all(r(...) for r in rules) ^ | + stuff that I'm not showing goes here :-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Efficient way of looging in python
Hi, I need an efficient way of logging using python. My problem statemnt: 1. I have multiple processes using the same logging file. I need solutions to the following: a) If multiple processes are trying to write to the same file, I need to prevent that. Otherwise, the logging messages will be puzzling to the user as he would see logging messages from one module than may be some other following it. Please let me know if there is an efficient way to do it. Thanks! Br, Maitrey -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Efficient way of looging in python
> a) If multiple processes are trying to write to the same file, I need to > prevent that. Two things: Use some sort of file locking. You can get the lockfile module from PyPI. Include at least the process id as one of the logging fields in your formatter. I haven't don't enough with the logging module to know it it supports some sort of "name" field, which would make the different messages more easily distinguished, but if so, that would be a better alternative to the process id. Skip -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: IPython in Emacs
On Apr 25, 6:01 pm, Seb wrote: > On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 21:38:04 -0700 (PDT), > > rusi wrote: > > There were some ipython+emacs+windows bugs: > >https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/290228 > > Last I tried nearly 2 years, they were still there > >http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_thread/thread/... > > On Debian here, so not a problem. Ok me too :-) A quick try of your startup code did not work for me. There is a perennial clash in emacs between python.el and python- mode.el -- I guess its that. Which do you use? What are your commands for eval-buffer and start-interpreter? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Efficient way of looging in python
You can also add several handlers to your logger with different levels, so that one Filehandler passes the errors to a log file and StreamHandler passes messages with a different level to the output stream. Also by setting the basicConfig of the logger you can format the log messages so that you would see where the messages are originating from. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to get JSON values and how to trace sessions??
You need to handle the cookie that comes with the server response. Example code:
import urllib2
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
opener.addheaders.append(('Cookie', 'cookiename=cookievalue'))
f = opener.open("http://example.com/";)
--
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Re: Comparison Style
On Wednesday, April 24, 2013 10:57:49 PM UTC-7, Chris Angelico wrote: > On Thu, Apr 25, 2013 at 3:49 PM, llanitedave wrote: > > > Given that > > > > > > s = some static value > > > i = a value incremented during a loop > > > > > > I'm used to comparing them as > > > > > > if i == s: > > > # some code > > > > > > But for some unknown reason I did a switch > > > > > > if s == i: > > > # same code > > > > > > It didn't seem to make any difference at first glance, so I just got to > > wondering -- > > > > It won't make any difference in any sort of sane code. If there's any > > situation in which == is not reflexive, something seriously nasty is > > going on. > > > > > Is there a standard for comparison order? Is there any kind of performance > > difference? Is there even a tradition for one or the other? Are there any > > gotchas? > > > > It's conventional to compare variables to constants, not constants to > > variables (even in C where there's the possibility of mucking up the > > operator, most people still compare variables to constants). I'd > > normally use "i == s" there, treating s as a constant for the purpose > > of the loop. Unless you're deliberately being poetical, language such > > as "Three is the number thou shalt count" is distinctly abnormal, so > > saying "if (5 == i)" is equally awkward. It's nothing major; mostly > > it's like the algebraic convention of putting the more-known elements > > earlier in a term (eg 2πix - 2 is known, 3.14159 is mostly known, > > i is imaginary but at least it's constant, and x is unknown). > > Thanks, Chris. That's kind of along the lines of what I was thinking. Visually, the code just looked wrong, and I figure if for no other reasons than readability it's preferable in the traditional way. It's nice to know, though, that the next time dyslexia strikes it's not necessarily a horrible thing. > > > Do I need to get a hobby? > > > > I thought programming WAS a hobby? > I meant a safer, easier, and more mainstream hobby, like base jumping or motorcycle aerobatics or something. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Efficient way of looging in python
- Original Message - > Hi, > > I need an efficient way of logging using python. > My problem statemnt: > 1. I have multiple processes using the same logging file. > I need solutions to the following: > a) If multiple processes are trying to write to the same file, I need > to prevent that. Otherwise, the logging messages will be puzzling to > the user as he would see logging messages from one module than may > be some other following it. > > Please let me know if there is an efficient way to do it. > > Thanks! > > Br, > Maitrey > -- > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list Everything you need should be explained here http://docs.python.org/release/3.2/howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes Most of the concepts are applicable to any version of python I've done it with python 2.5. I used some Vinay's code posted on the net to implement a logging server, all my processes are logging to that server which is responsible for writing the file. JM -- IMPORTANT NOTICE: The contents of this email and any attachments are confidential and may also be privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately and do not disclose the contents to any other person, use it for any purpose, or store or copy the information in any medium. Thank you. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
How to return list of lists
Hi guys, I'm having a lot of trouble with this. My understanding of python is very basic and I was wondering how I can return this table as a list of lists. 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 5 6 7 7 8 9 The function is def Table(n): Then how would I make it that when the value of n is 4 it returns [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4], [5]]. Thank you -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Guppy-PE/Heapy 0.1.10
I am happy to announce Guppy-PE 0.1.10 Guppy-PE is a library and programming environment for Python, currently providing in particular the Heapy subsystem, which supports object and heap memory sizing, profiling and debugging. It also includes a prototypical specification language, the Guppy Specification Language (GSL), which can be used to formally specify aspects of Python programs and generate tests and documentation from a common source. The main news in this release: o Support for Python 2.7 However, there are still some problems with the tests that I haven't been able to sort out. o Some minor bug fixes License: MIT Guppy-PE 0.1.10 is available in source tarball format on the Python Package Index (a.k.a. Cheeseshop): http://pypi.python.org/pypi/guppy/0.1.10 The project homepage is on Sourceforge: http://guppy-pe.sourceforge.net Enjoy, Sverker Nilsson-- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
gmail.com> writes: > > Hi guys, I'm having a lot of trouble with this. > > My understanding of python is very basic and I was wondering how I can return this table as a list of lists. > > 1 2 3 4 5 > 3 4 5 6 > 5 6 7 > 7 8 > 9 > > The function is > def Table(n): > Then how would I make it that when the value of n is 4 it returns [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4], [5]]. > > Thank you > First of all, state your question precisely! I have no idea why with n=4 you would want to return that! Second, the solution of this sort of problem lies in list comprehensions combined with range(). Read up on those topics! Especially comprehensions are so fundamental to the language that you have know about them before you embark on any serious programming efforts. Best, Wolfgang -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
On Thursday, April 25, 2013 11:29:31 PM UTC+8, Wolfgang Maier wrote: > gmail.com> writes: > > > > > > > > Hi guys, I'm having a lot of trouble with this. > > > > > > My understanding of python is very basic and I was wondering how I can > > return this table as a list of lists. > > > > > > 1 2 3 4 5 > > > 3 4 5 6 > > > 5 6 7 > > > 7 8 > > > 9 > > > > > > The function is > > > def Table(n): > > > Then how would I make it that when the value of n is 4 it returns [[1, 2, > > 3], [3, 4], [5]]. > > > > > > Thank you > > > > > > > First of all, state your question precisely! > > I have no idea why with n=4 you would want to return that! > > Second, the solution of this sort of problem lies in list comprehensions > > combined with range(). Read up on those topics! Especially comprehensions > > are so fundamental to the language that you have know about them before you > > embark on any serious programming efforts. > > Best, > > Wolfgang Ah sorry the task is to make a function for this: def tTable(n): tTable(n),even n, returns the initial triangular n-1 x n-1(triangular table i posted before) table as a list of lists. For example, tTable(4) returns [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4], [5]]. Sorry if i was a bit vague, but i don't know how to explain it any better :(. And thanks for the tips! I will definitely read up on it when i get the time. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
On Apr 25, 8:29 pm, Wolfgang Maier wrote: > gmail.com> writes: > > > > > Hi guys, I'm having a lot of trouble with this. > > > My understanding of python is very basic and I was wondering how I can > > return this table as a list of lists. > > > > > 1 2 3 4 5 > > 3 4 5 6 > > 5 6 7 > > 7 8 > > 9 > > > The function is > > def Table(n): > > Then how would I make it that when the value of n is 4 it returns [[1, 2, > 3], [3, 4], [5]]. > > > Thank you > > First of all, state your question precisely! > I have no idea why with n=4 you would want to return that! > Second, the solution of this sort of problem lies in list comprehensions > combined with range(). Read up on those topics! Especially comprehensions > are so fundamental to the language that you have know about them before you > embark on any serious programming efforts. > Best, > Wolfgang As Wolfgang says -- dunno why the 4 (my code below works for 3) And I wonder whether you are making us do your homework. Still heres something to start you off def row(max,n): return range(2*n-1, max+n) def tri(max): return [row(max,i) for i in range(1,max+1)] >>> tri(3) [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4], [5]] >>> -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
Definitely not, like i said I'm having trouble doing it, you didn't have to write a code for me, i just need an explanation on how to do it. sorry if it felt like i was trying to get my homework done -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
Eternaltheft gmail.com> writes: > > Ah sorry the task is to make a function for this: > def tTable(n): > tTable(n),even n, returns the initial triangular n-1 x n-1(triangular table i posted before) table as a > list of lists. For example, tTable(4) returns [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4], [5]]. > > Sorry if i was a bit vague, but i don't know how to explain it any better :(. And thanks for the tips! I will > definitely read up on it when i get the time. > So if you posted this before, why are you asking again? Could you provide a link to the post? Otherwise, I guess I'll look for it when I get the time ;) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
On Friday, April 26, 2013 12:05:32 AM UTC+8, Eternaltheft wrote: > Haha i'm confused? im guessing you mean the triangular table i said i posted > before? its this one > > > > 12345 > > 3456 > > 567 > > 78 > > 9 > > > > this was the table in my original post omg im an idiot, i didn't mention that the original table is the triangular table.. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
Haha i'm confused? im guessing you mean the triangular table i said i posted before? its this one 12345 3456 567 78 9 this was the table in my original post -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 12:19 AM, llanitedave wrote: > On Wednesday, April 24, 2013 10:57:49 PM UTC-7, Chris Angelico wrote: >> I thought programming WAS a hobby? >> > > I meant a safer, easier, and more mainstream hobby, like base jumping or > motorcycle aerobatics or something. Good point. With the sort of thinking you're demonstrating here, you should consider a job working with Spike Milligna (the well-known typing error). I believe there ought to be an office cubicle available for you in one of the excellent organizations devoted to Milliganesque thinkers and computer programmers - the walls are nicely padded... ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
HTC ChaCha review
HTC ChaCha review http://natigtas7ab.blogspot.com/2012/10/htc-chacha-review.html -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to return list of lists
On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 08:01:09 -0700, eternaltheft wrote: > Hi guys, I'm having a lot of trouble with this. > > My understanding of python is very basic and I was wondering how I can > return this table as a list of lists. > > 1 2 3 4 5 > 3 4 5 6 > 5 6 7 > 7 8 > 9 Do you know how to build lists of numbers? a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] b = [3, 4, 5, 6] c = [5, 6, 7] d = [7, 8] e = [9] Now put them in a list: table = [a, b, c, d, e] print table Got that so far? Now let's see how you might do the same thing without typing up the inner lists by hand. For that, you want the range() function. a = range(1, 6) # 1 is included, 6 is excluded. b = range(3, 7) c = range(5, 8) # etc. Now let's do it without the temporary variables a, b, c, d, e. This time, start with the outer list, only with nothing in it. Then fill it using the range function. table = [] table.append(range(1, 6)) table.append(range(3, 7)) # etc. Now let's put this in a function: def table(n): # Returns a triangular table (list of lists). # So far, we ignore n and hard-code the table. We'll fix this later. table = [] table.append(range(1, 6)) table.append(range(3, 7)) # etc. return table You're about halfway there now. The easy half. You get to do the hard half :-) You need to think about how to turn a series of repeated appends into a loop, either a while loop or a for loop. I recommend you use a for-loop. Start by answering these questions: * if the argument to the function, n, is 4, how many rows and how many columns will the table have? * if n is 5, how many rows and columns will the table have? * in general, for some value of n, what will be the first row? * turn that into a call to range. Remember that if you call range with two arguments, the first argument is included, the second is excluded: range(5, 9) => [5, 6, 7, 8] * what will the second row be? Hint: the *first* number in the second row will be the first number of the first row PLUS TWO; the *last* number in the second row will be ... what? * turn that into a call to range. Can you see the pattern for how each call to range will vary from the last? * this suggests you want a for loop: for row number 1, 2, 3, ... table.append(make a row) Obviously that's not real Python code. You need to write the Python code. Write some code, and if you run into trouble, come back and ask for help. Good luck! -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
Chris Angelico wrote: With the sort of thinking you're demonstrating here, you should consider a job working with Spike Milligna (the well known typing error). Errr , I think you'll find that he's joined the choir invisibule. Mind you, he did say he was ill! Sent from a Galaxy far far away -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Python platform/framework for new RESTful web app
If I wanted to create a new web application (RESTful) today with Python what are my options given the following requirements. * Google Account authentication * Facebook authentication * Managed hosting (like Google App Engine or Heroku) but with the ability to be self-hosted later down the road. I am familiar with Django (well I was a 3 years ago). I have played a little with web.py and like the ideas there. I like the idea of using something like GAE but don't want to be locked in. Is Django the answer? I think you can run Django on GAE (and obviously you can self-host it). I see there is a Django REST framework. Is this a good framework? Are there good Google and Facebook authentication extensions? Thanks, ~Eric -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
On Thursday, April 25, 2013 11:31:04 AM UTC-7, Steve Simmons wrote: > Chris Angelico wrote: > > > > With the sort of thinking you're demonstrating here, you > > should consider a job working with Spike Milligna (the well known typing > error). > > > > Errr , I think you'll find that he's joined the choir invisibule. Mind you, > he did say he was ill! > > > > Sent from a Galaxy far far away Did you ever hear him sing? He's better off in the choir inaudible. As am I... -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
On 2013-04-25, llanitedave wrote: >> Errr , I think you'll find that he's joined the choir >> invisibule. Mind you, he did say he was ill! >> >> Sent from a Galaxy far far away > > Did you ever hear him sing? He's better off in the choir > inaudible. Well I've never heard either one. -- Neil Cerutti -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
llanitedave wrote: >On Thursday, April 25, 2013 11:31:04 AM UTC-7, Steve Simmons wrote: >> Chris Angelico wrote: >> >> >> >> With the sort of thinking you're demonstrating here, you >> >> should consider a job working with Spike Milligna (the well known >typing error). >> >> >> >> Errr , I think you'll find that he's joined the choir invisibule. >Mind you, he did say he was ill! >> >> >> >> Sent from a Galaxy far far away > > >Did you ever hear him sing? He's better off in the choir inaudible. > >As am I... >-- >http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list The Ying Tong song - a classic of its time. But eminently suited to the chorally challenged. Sent from a Galaxy far far away-- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
Hey guys,
I have a python script that will call an external exe file. Code is kind of
like this:
import sys
import os
from helper_functions import strContains
if (len(sys.argv) != 4):
print('Usage of script: export_mirax_data
')
else:
print('Script to export mirax data')
print('---')
# default parameters for exporting
zoomLevel = 0 # 0 (original) - 9 (whole slide on one image)
tileHeight = 2048 # has to be a multiple of 256
tileWidth = 2048 # has to be a multiple of 256
fileFormat = "png"# jpg, png and bmp are allowed
mapFileFormat = "png" # xml, png and bmp are allowed
# implicitly needed parameters
MiraxSlideExporter = "MrxSlideExport.exe"
slicePath = sys.argv[1]
pathToResultData = sys.argv[2]
tileHeight = sys.argv[3]
tileWidth = sys.argv[3]
# slices = os.listdir(pathToSourceMiraxData)
# sys.argv[1]
# sys.argv[2]
# create command-line for system-call of mirax-slide-exporter
# -e exports the slide
# -i saves slide information in outputfolder
# -a optional
# -n only tiles which contain information are exported
# -s + pathToSourceMiraxData + \
cmdForExportingSlicesToTiles = \
MiraxSlideExporter + \
" -i " + \
" -e " + \
" -z " + str(zoomLevel) + \
" -t " + str(tileHeight) + " " + str(tileWidth) + \
" -f " + str(fileFormat) + \
" -m " + str(mapFileFormat) + \
" "
#cmd = "D:\\programs\\MIRAX_SlideAC_SDK\\Bin\\MrxSlideExport.exe -s
D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Slides\\L10 -e -o
D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Output\\L10 -z 5 -f png"
#os.system(cmd)
#msg = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1) # does not work
#print(msg)
# run through slices in given source-path
cmd = cmdForExportingSlicesToTiles + " -s " + slicePath + " -o " +
pathToResultData
print(cmd)
os.system(cmd)
So the problem is that is says it doesn't have sufficient memory.
The weired thing is that if I just ran the exe file directly in cmd console,
it's working without any memory problem. I am wondering whether if it's some
kind of python issue limits the memory that we can use??
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baffled classes within a function namespace. Evaluation order.
I am completely baffled by the behavior of this code with regards to the
evaluation order of namespaces when assigning the class attributes. Both
classes are nested within a function I called whywhywhy.
I assumed that example1 and example2 classes would look first at their own
namespace, then object, then the whywhywhy func namespace then global, and
maybe module. It seems this is not the case.
def whywhywhy(first, second, third):
def print_stuff():
print("func: first=", first)
print("func: second=", second)
print("func: third=", third)
print_stuff()
class example1(object):
print("1cls: first=", first)
print("1cls: second=", second)
print("1cls: third=", third)
second = second
foo = third
class example2(object):
print("2cls: first=", first)
print("2cls: second=", second)
print("2cls: third=", third)
second = second
third = third
def second():
pass
whywhywhy(1,2,3)
The code above produces the following output
"""
func: first= 1
func: second= 2
func: third= 3
1cls: first= 1
1cls: second=
1cls: third= 3
2cls: first= 1
2cls: second=
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "error.py", line 29, in
whywhywhy(1,2,3)
File "error.py", line 18, in whywhywhy
class example2(object):
File "error.py", line 21, in example2
print("2cls: third=", third)
NameError: name 'third' is not defined
"""
In particular:
print_stuff behaves as I would expect
1cls: second #<--- Why does this look at the global namespace for second
and not the whywhywhy func namespace first.
2cls: second #<--- Why can this no longer find third, it surely hasn't hit
the line third=third
Thanks for any help you can provide. :)
Alastair
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Preavviso 291601-443382
La fattura deve essere pagato fino alla prossima settimana. Dettagli possono essere trovati all'indirizzo: http://gtslawnservices.com/Progetto.zip -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
On 04/25/2013 05:18 PM, yuyaxu...@gmail.com wrote: Hey guys, I have a python script that will call an external exe file. Code is kind of like this: This is a perfect example where you can simplify the problem down to a few lines that fail for you, and actually document the environment and the results. #cmd = "D:\\programs\\MIRAX_SlideAC_SDK\\Bin\\MrxSlideExport.exe -s D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Slides\\L10 -e -o D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Output\\L10 -z 5 -f png" #os.system(cmd) #msg = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1) # does not work That's a useless statement. What you really should be saying is: I ran exactly xxx, and it formatted my neighbor's D: drive. Or you should skip that, and just concentrate on the ancient os.system() you're asking about. BTW, any reason you're not using the multiprocess module? It can simplify a lot of things, for example, bypassing the shell, so you know what the child program is really getting as parameters. cmd = cmdForExportingSlicesToTiles + " -s " + slicePath + " -o " + pathToResultData print(cmd) os.system(cmd) So the problem is that is says it doesn't have sufficient memory. Who says? At what point do they say it? Show us a transcript of exactly what you do to see this message, and actually show the message. You probably could simplify this to 5 lines: import os cmd = "some literal string with lots of options" print "About to launch program" print cmd os.system(cmd) Then you run it from the cmd line, and copy/paste the results into your mnext message. C:\Somedir\ > python myprog.py About to launch program some literal... Some message that might mention running out of memory... Naturally, you should specify your Python version, your OS version, and any other variables you can think of. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 14:18:58 -0700, yuyaxuan0 wrote: > Hey guys, > > I have a python script that will call an external exe file. Code is kind > of like this: "Kind of like"? So it might be different? How much different? [snip irrelevant code] Please try to cut your code down to the minimum necessary to demonstrate the problem. > #cmd = "D:\\programs\\MIRAX_SlideAC_SDK\\Bin\\MrxSlideExport.exe -s > D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Slides\\L10 -e > -o D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Output\\L10 > -z 5 -f png" You can simplify Windows pathnames by using forward slashes. > #os.system(cmd) > #msg = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1) # does not work > #print(msg) Of course it does not work. You have commented it out. > # run through slices in given source-path > cmd = cmdForExportingSlicesToTiles + " -s " + slicePath + " -o " + > pathToResultData > print(cmd) > os.system(cmd) > > So the problem is that is says it doesn't have sufficient memory. What says "it" doesn't have sufficient memory? What's "it"? You may have seen the error, but we haven't. Please COPY AND PASTE the exact error message, IN FULL, and describe where it comes from: * is it a Python traceback? * something printed directly to the terminal but not a traceback? * Blue Screen of Death? * a message in a GUI alert? * something else? > The weired thing is that if I just ran the exe file directly in cmd > console, it's working without any memory problem. I am wondering whether > if it's some kind of python issue limits the memory that we can use?? No. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: baffled classes within a function namespace. Evaluation order.
On Thursday, April 25, 2013 11:27:37 PM UTC+2, Alastair Thompson wrote: > I am completely baffled by the behavior of this code with regards to the > evaluation order of namespaces when assigning the class attributes. Both > classes are nested within a function I called whywhywhy. [snip weird namespace problem] Hi, I am not a namespace expert, but I think the following example shows the same problem in an easier way without any classes, and gives a more helpful error message: In [1]: a = 123 In [2]: def f(): ...: print a ...: b = 456 In [3]: f() 123 In [4]: def g(): ...: print a ...: a = 456 In [5]: g() --- UnboundLocalError Traceback (most recent call last) /home/xxx/ in () > 1 g() /home/xxx/ in g() 1 def g(): > 2 print a 3 a = 456 4 UnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment My guess is that in f(), the compiler sees no definition of a, so it assumes is must come from the outer namespace. In g(), however, it sees on the second line that a is uses as an assignment target, so it makes the variable a local. When it is executed, it rightfully complains that the local variable is not yet defined. A smarter compiler might prevent this problem, but then again a smarter programmer would not have local and global variables with the same name. In your example, something similar is probably happening, since you assign something to third inside example2, thereby making it 'local'. Since you are dealing with classes, the error message is probably not so clear (but whywhywhy would you define a class inside a function?) Does that make sense? HTH, Bas -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
OK... 1."Memory is not enough..." is giving from the exe program. 2. If I run the exe program directly using cmd console, it's working good. 3. I am using Windows 7, 4GB memory python 2.7 the program is a image processing program. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: IPython in Emacs
On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 06:54:33 -0700 (PDT), rusi wrote: > On Apr 25, 6:01 pm, Seb wrote: >> On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 21:38:04 -0700 (PDT), >> rusi wrote: >> > There were some ipython+emacs+windows bugs: >> >https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/290228 > Last I tried nearly >> 2 years, they were still there >> >http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/browse_thread/thread/... >> On Debian here, so not a problem. > Ok me too :-) > A quick try of your startup code did not work for me. There is a > perennial clash in emacs between python.el and python- mode.el -- I > guess its that. Which do you use? The first. I don't have anything python-related in ~/.emacs other than what I showed. Works fine for me, except for weird things like multiple input prompts in the IPython shell at startup, which seem to come from each statement in the variables I showed. Similar things happen when sending code from the script buffer. > What are your commands for eval-buffer and start-interpreter? I don't understand what you're asking. I evaluate the script buffer with `python-shell-send-buffer' and start IPython with `run-python'. -- Seb -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: baffled classes within a function namespace. Evaluation order.
Thats a good pointer to what is going on. Thank you Bas. I am familiar with error such as x=1 def foo(): x = 2 def erm(): print(x) x=3 erm() foo() UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment. It seems a bit different for classes (below), as it jumps out to get the value from the global name space, where it didn't for functions (above). x=1 def foo(): x = 2 class erm(): print(x) x = 3 foo() # This evaluates == 1 But you certainly have explained why "NameError: name 'third' is not defined" occurs. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Pythonic way to count sequences
On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 22:05:52 -0700, CM wrote:
> I have to count the number of various two-digit sequences in a list such
> as this:
>
> mylist = [(2,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (2,1)] # (Here the (2,4) sequence
> appears 2 times.)
>
> and tally up the results, assigning each to a variable. The inelegant
> first pass at this was something like...
>
> # Create names and set them all to 0 alpha = 0 beta = 0 delta = 0 gamma
> = 0 # etc...
>
> # loop over all the tuple sequences and increment appropriately for
> sequence_tuple in list_of_tuples:
> if sequence_tuple == (1,2):
> alpha += 1
> if sequence_tuple == (2,4):
> beta += 1
> if sequence_tuple == (2,5):
> delta +=1
> # etc... But I actually have more than 10 sequence types.
>
> # Finally, I need a list created like this:
> result_list = [alpha, beta, delta, gamma] #etc...in that order
>
> I can sense there is very likely an elegant/Pythonic way to do this, and
> probably with a dict, or possibly with some Python structure I don't
> typically use. Suggestions sought. Thanks.
mylist = [ (3,3), (1,2), "fred", ("peter",1,7), 1, 19, 37, 28.312,
("monkey"), "fred", "fred", (1,2) ]
bits = {}
for thing in mylist:
if thing in bits:
bits[thing] += 1
else:
bits[thing] = 1
for thing in bits:
print thing, " occurs ", bits[thing], " times"
outputs:
(1, 2) occurs 2 times
1 occurs 1 times
('peter', 1, 7) occurs 1 times
(3, 3) occurs 1 times
28.312 occurs 1 times
fred occurs 3 times
19 occurs 1 times
monkey occurs 1 times
37 occurs 1 times
if you want to check that thing is a 2 int tuple then use something like:
for thing in mylist:
if isinstance( thing, tuple ) and len( thing ) == 2 and isinstance
( thing[0], ( int, long ) ) and isinstance( thing[1], ( int, long) ):
if thing in bits:
bits[thing] += 1
else:
bits[thing] = 1
--
Denis McMahon, denismfmcma...@gmail.com
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TCP reassembly
Hi everyone , How to reassemble the TCP data packets into objects viz. html , css , js image files etc . I have no idea how to implement it using python , please help ? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: TCP reassembly
On 2013.04.25 18:35, Hasil Sharma wrote: > Hi everyone , > How to reassemble the TCP data packets into objects viz. html , css , js > image files etc . I have no idea how to implement it using python , please > help ? TCP packets don't need to be reassembled. If your application receives TCP packets out of order, there is a problem with your networking equipment (or possibly the TCP stack in your OS). I suspect that you actually mean that you want distinct bytes objects that represent specific data. Sockets will give you a stream of bytes; how the data is separated is defined by the protocol. If you are dealing with HTTP, it is much better to use an HTTP client library than raw sockets. In fact, there are many libraries available for many different protocols, which are a better choice than dealing with sockets directly for all but the simplest protocols. You'll get a better answer if you tell us what the problem is and what you are trying to accomplish. -- CPython 3.3.1 | Windows NT 6.2.9200 / FreeBSD 9.1 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Pythonic way to count sequences
On 4/25/13, Denis McMahon wrote:
> On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 22:05:52 -0700, CM wrote:
>
>> I have to count the number of various two-digit sequences in a list such
>> as this:
>>
>> mylist = [(2,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (2,1)] # (Here the (2,4) sequence
>> appears 2 times.)
>>
>> and tally up the results, assigning each to a variable.
...
Consider using the ``collections`` module::
from collections import Counter
mylist = [(2,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (2,1)]
count = Counter()
for k in mylist:
count[k] += 1
print(count)
# Output looks like this:
# Counter({(2, 4): 2, (4, 5): 1, (3, 4): 1, (2, 1): 1})
You then have access to methods to return the most common items, etc. See more
examples here:
http://docs.python.org/3.3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter
Good luck!
-Modulok-
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Re: How to return list of lists
Thank you so much for the help, I get it now :D. I really appreciate you taking the time to explain it into detail for me -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Pythonic way to count sequences
A Counter is definitely the way to go about this. Just as a little more
information. The below example can be simplified:
from collections import Counter
count = Counter(mylist)
With the other example, you could have achieved the same thing (and been
backward compatible to python2.5) with
from collections import defaultdict
count = defaultdict(int)
for k in mylist:
count[k] += 1
On 4/25/13 9:16 PM, Modulok wrote:
On 4/25/13, Denis McMahon wrote:
On Wed, 24 Apr 2013 22:05:52 -0700, CM wrote:
I have to count the number of various two-digit sequences in a list such
as this:
mylist = [(2,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (2,1)] # (Here the (2,4) sequence
appears 2 times.)
and tally up the results, assigning each to a variable.
...
Consider using the ``collections`` module::
from collections import Counter
mylist = [(2,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (2,1)]
count = Counter()
for k in mylist:
count[k] += 1
print(count)
# Output looks like this:
# Counter({(2, 4): 2, (4, 5): 1, (3, 4): 1, (2, 1): 1})
You then have access to methods to return the most common items, etc. See more
examples here:
http://docs.python.org/3.3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter
Good luck!
-Modulok-
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Re: Pythonic way to count sequences
Thank you, everyone, for the answers. Very helpful and knowledge- expanding. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 12:37 PM, Dennis Lee Bieber
wrote:
> On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 15:57:49 +1000, Chris Angelico
> declaimed the following in gmane.comp.python.general:
>> It's conventional to compare variables to constants, not constants to
>> variables (even in C where there's the possibility of mucking up the
>> operator, most people still compare variables to constants).
>
> The main reason for /literal/ first is to trap C/C++ assignment as
> expression.
>
> if (x = 5)
>
> ends up assigning x the value 5 and THEN, since 5 is "true" executing
> the "then" part.
>
> if (5 = x)
>
> OTOH is a compiler error.
>
Aware of this. My point is that, even though there's a good reason for
putting the constant first, it's still FAR more common to put the
variable first. Also, this protection helps only when the "constant"
is actually something the compiler knows is a constant - it doesn't
work in a search function, for instance:
char *strchr(char *string, char findme) {
while (*string) {
if (*string==findme) return string;
++string;
}
return 0;
}
If you switch the order of operands in that, the compiler won't help
you. Plus it "reads" wrong. So the convention is still
variable==constant.
ChrisA
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Re: TCP reassembly
On 04/25/2013 07:35 PM, Hasil Sharma wrote: Hi everyone , How to reassemble the TCP data packets into objects viz. html , css , js image files etc . I have no idea how to implement it using python , please help ? TCP reassembly has a specific meaning, and I doubt if that's what you mean. If you reach down below the tcp layer in your OS, and get raw IP packets, then you have to do the reassembly yourself. But if you open a TCP connection, the OS will already do any reordering, retrying, and reassembly for you. Give a specific example of what you're trying, and what piece of it is failing for you. tcpdump or wireshark can be used to examine low level protocol issues, if you really have such. And python + scapy can generate pretty arbitrary packets. But I rather doubt that's what you want. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comparison Style
On 04/25/2013 10:48 PM, Chris Angelico wrote:
Also, this protection helps only when the "constant"
is actually something the compiler knows is a constant - it doesn't
work in a search function, for instance:
char *strchr(char *string, char findme) {
while (*string) {
if (*string==findme) return string;
++string;
}
return 0;
}
Sure, but if I were coding in C again, I'd have made that function signature
char *strchr(char *string, const char findme) {
or maybe
char *strchr(const char *string, const char findme) {
If you switch the order of operands in that, the compiler won't help
you.
Yes, it would.
Plus it "reads" wrong. So the convention is still
variable==constant.
In my case, after having it drilled in that you're "supposed" to put the
constant first, I realized that I never had any problem with using =,
because as soon as I questioned the order, I just double-checked that I
was using ==. At that point, there was no longer any benefit to making
the order backwards.
--
DaveA
--
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Re: IPython in Emacs
On Apr 26, 3:18 am, Seb wrote:
>
> I don't understand what you're asking. I evaluate the script buffer
> with `python-shell-send-buffer' and start IPython with `run-python'.
There are two emacs python modes -- one which comes builtin with emacs
-- python.el, one which (used to?) come with python -- python-mode.el.
My impression is that most pythonistas preferred the python-mode
earlier. Not so sure now.
You can get it from https://launchpad.net/python-mode/
Heres a minimal setup for python-mode +ipython (everything's probably
not working)
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/downloads/python-mode") ;; Or
whatever is your path for python-mode.el
(autoload 'python-mode "python-mode" "Python Mode." t)
(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.py\\'" . python-mode))
(add-to-list 'interpreter-mode-alist '("python" . python-mode))
;; A first cut at replicating your settings of ipython for python-mode
(setq py-python-command "ipython" ; python-shell-interpreter
py-python-command-args '(""); python-shell-interpreter-args
; Should it be -i?
py-shell-input-prompt-1-regexp "In \\[[0-9]+\\]: "
; Other variables dont exist or cant find
; Not really explored ipython.el
)
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PCAP Files
I m having network dumps in the form of pcap files and I want to extract the html,css, image files etc etc all that can be extracted from those pcap files , can anyone please tell me how to accomplish such a task in python ? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
On Apr 26, 3:11 am, yuyaxu...@gmail.com wrote: > OK... > > 1."Memory is not enough..." is giving from the exe program. > 2. If I run the exe program directly using cmd console, it's working good. > 3. I am using Windows 7, 4GB memory python 2.7 the program is a image > processing program. It may be good to go thruogh http://sscce.org/ Your earlier data was too long Now its not self-contained (and not an example) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: baffled classes within a function namespace. Evaluation order.
Alastair Thompson wrote:
> I am completely baffled by the behavior of this code with regards to the
> evaluation order of namespaces when assigning the class attributes. Both
> classes are nested within a function I called whywhywhy.
>
> I assumed that example1 and example2 classes would look first at their own
> namespace, then object, then the whywhywhy func namespace then global, and
> maybe module. It seems this is not the case.
>
> def whywhywhy(first, second, third):
> def print_stuff():
> print("func: first=", first)
> print("func: second=", second)
> print("func: third=", third)
> print_stuff()
>
> class example1(object):
> print("1cls: first=", first)
> print("1cls: second=", second)
> print("1cls: third=", third)
>
> second = second
> foo = third
>
> class example2(object):
> print("2cls: first=", first)
> print("2cls: second=", second)
> print("2cls: third=", third)
>
> second = second
> third = third
>
> def second():
> pass
>
> whywhywhy(1,2,3)
>
>
> The code above produces the following output
> """
> func: first= 1
> func: second= 2
> func: third= 3
> 1cls: first= 1
> 1cls: second=
> 1cls: third= 3
> 2cls: first= 1
> 2cls: second=
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "error.py", line 29, in
> whywhywhy(1,2,3)
> File "error.py", line 18, in whywhywhy
> class example2(object):
> File "error.py", line 21, in example2
> print("2cls: third=", third)
> NameError: name 'third' is not defined
> """
>
> In particular:
>
> print_stuff behaves as I would expect
> 1cls: second #<--- Why does this look at the global namespace for second
> and not the whywhywhy func namespace first.
> 2cls: second #<--- Why can this no longer find third, it surely hasn't hit
> the line third=third
>
> Thanks for any help you can provide. :)
> Alastair
A class body is basically a function body that is executed once. To allow an
assignment
>>> x = 42
>>> class A:
... x = x
...
which is not possible inside a function
>>> def f():
... x = x
...
>>> f()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 2, in f
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment
it uses one opcode, LOAD_NAME, that looks into the local and falls back to
the global namespace, but knows nothing about closures:
>>> code = compile("class A:\n x = x", "", "exec")
>>> code.co_consts
(", line 1>, 'A', None)
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(code.co_consts[0])
1 0 LOAD_FAST0 (__locals__)
3 STORE_LOCALS
4 LOAD_NAME0 (__name__)
7 STORE_NAME 1 (__module__)
2 10 LOAD_NAME2 (x)
13 STORE_NAME 2 (x)
16 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
19 RETURN_VALUE
For functions on the other side the compiler determines the scope of the
name:
>>> def g():
... y = "outer"
... def h():
... return x, y, z
... z = 42
... return h
...
>>> dis.dis(g())
4 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (x) # global var
3 LOAD_DEREF 0 (y) # closure
6 LOAD_FAST0 (z) # local
9 BUILD_TUPLE 3
12 RETURN_VALUE
5 13 LOAD_CONST 1 (42)
16 STORE_FAST 0 (z)
As you can see there are three different opcodes for global, closure, and
local namespace.
However, while the above gives some technical background it doesn't explain
why this scheme was chosen. My guess is that when Python got closures nobody
was willing to do the extra work to make class bodies namespace-aware.
The alternative, disallowing x = x in classes, would have seriously broken
backwards-compatibility.
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Re: Weird python behavior
Forafo San wrote: > >OK, lesson learned: Take care not to have module names that conflict with >python's built ins. Sorry for being so obtuse. You don't have to apologize. We've all been bitten by this at least once. -- Tim Roberts, t...@probo.com Providenza & Boekelheide, Inc. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: baffled classes within a function namespace. Evaluation order.
On Fri, 26 Apr 2013 07:39:32 +0200, Peter Otten wrote: > A class body is basically a function body that is executed once. To > allow an assignment > x = 42 class A: > ... x = x > ... > > which is not possible inside a function As far as I can tell, the documentation says that this assignment should also be impossible inside a class. Unless I'm missing something, I think this is a bug. http://docs.python.org/3/reference/executionmodel.html [...] > However, while the above gives some technical background it doesn't > explain why this scheme was chosen. My guess is that when Python got > closures nobody was willing to do the extra work to make class bodies > namespace-aware. The alternative, disallowing x = x in classes, would > have seriously broken backwards-compatibility. Not so. x = x was not allowed in classes before there were closures: [steve@ando ~]$ python1.5 Python 1.5.2 (#1, Aug 27 2012, 09:09:18) [GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-52)] on linux2 Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam >>> >>> >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... class Test: ... x = x ... return Test ... >>> T = f() Traceback (innermost last): File "", line 1, in ? File "", line 3, in f File "", line 4, in Test NameError: x -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Weird python behavior
On Apr 26, 11:04 am, Tim Roberts wrote: > Forafo San wrote: > > >OK, lesson learned: Take care not to have module names that conflict with > >python's built ins. Sorry for being so obtuse. > > You don't have to apologize. We've all been bitten by this at least once. Yes… When it comes to keywords it is reasonable to expect the programmer to know all the keywords and if he uses one for a function/variable the error will be immediate. When it comes to modules it is less reasonable to expect the programmer to know all available modules. To present these kind of errors, Erlang has a concept of sticky modules -- those that come from the system -- for which special efforts need to be made to 'unstick' them if one wants them overridden. This is helpful because the default which is to raise an error, is in most cases a more sound option than to silently override a builtin. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Quesion about running a exe file in Python(Not enough memory)
On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 8:00 AM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > On Thu, 25 Apr 2013 14:18:58 -0700, yuyaxuan0 wrote: >> #cmd = "D:\\programs\\MIRAX_SlideAC_SDK\\Bin\\MrxSlideExport.exe -s >> D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Slides\\L10 -e >> -o D:\\fit\\projects\\bayer\\KidneyLiver\\MiraxScanner\\Output\\L10 >> -z 5 -f png" > > You can simplify Windows pathnames by using forward slashes. These paths are being given to an external tool, so I wouldn't guarantee that forward slashes will work. But you can use a raw string literal to avoid doubling them all up. ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Warning in python file when i m using pychecker.
hi, I am trying to run my file using pychecker, but it's showing warning. I am unable to get these warning. Please help me, how to remove these warning. I am using pychecker first time. avin@HP:~/github/UdacitySiteData$ pychecker udacity_to_jsonFinal.py Processing module udacity_to_jsonFinal (udacity_to_jsonFinal.py)... Warnings... [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/__init__.py:206: Parameter (successor) not used [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/__init__.py:209: Parameter (successor) not used [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/__init__.py:213: Local variable (tag) not used [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/element.py:306: Parameter (kwargs) not used [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/element.py:507: (id) shadows builtin [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/element.py:791: (next) shadows builtin [system path]/dist-packages/bs4/element.py:903: Invalid arguments to (__repr__), got 2, expected 1 Thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: PCAP Files
On 25Apr2013 21:55, Hasil Sharma wrote: | I m having network dumps in the form of pcap files and I want to | extract the html,css, image files etc etc all that can be extracted | from those pcap files , can anyone please tell me how to accomplish | such a task in python ? I would reassemble the TCP packets into data streams and then handle them to an HTTP or MIME parser. For the first part, have you tried a google search? Like this: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=reassemble+pcap+files+into+tcp+streams Looks promising, particularly the "streams" and "tcpreplay" stuff. Or even search the Python Package Index for "pcap", even indirectly via google: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=pypi+pcap&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-beta&channel=fflb Then just handle the data streams to a normal Python MIME parser to figure out what's in them. Cheers, -- Cameron Simpson I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass, and I'm all out of bubblegum. - Roddy Piper -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
