ANN: eGenix pyOpenSSL Distribution 0.13.0-1.0.0j
ANNOUNCING eGenix.com pyOpenSSL Distribution Version 0.13.0-1.0.0j An easy-to-install and easy-to-use distribution of the pyOpenSSL Python interface for OpenSSL - available for Windows, Mac OS X and Unix platforms This announcement is also available on our web-site for online reading: http://www.egenix.com/company/news/eGenix-pyOpenSSL-Distribution-0.13.0-1.0.0j-1.html INTRODUCTION The eGenix.com pyOpenSSL Distribution includes everything you need to get started with SSL in Python. It comes with an easy-to-use installer that includes the most recent OpenSSL library versions in pre-compiled form, making your application independent of OS provided OpenSSL libraries: http://www.egenix.com/products/python/pyOpenSSL/ pyOpenSSL is an open-source Python add-on that allows writing SSL/TLS- aware network applications as well as certificate management tools: https://launchpad.net/pyopenssl/ OpenSSL is an open-source implementation of the SSL/TLS protocol: http://www.openssl.org/ NEWS This new release of the eGenix.com pyOpenSSL Distribution updates the included included OpenSSL version to 1.0.0g. New features in OpenSSL 1.0.0j since 1.0.0g --- OpenSSL 1.0.0j fixes several vulnerabilities relative to 1.0.0g: http://openssl.org/news/vulnerabilities.html and includes a number of stability enhancements as well as extra protection against attacks: http://openssl.org/news/changelog.html New features in the eGenix pyOpenSSL Distribution - * Fixed a compatibility problem with Python 2.7's distutils that was introduced in Python 2.7.3 As always, we provide binaries that include both pyOpenSSL and the necessary OpenSSL libraries for all supported platforms: Windows x86 and x64, Linux x86 and x64, Mac OS X PPC, x86 and x64. We've also added egg-file distribution versions of our eGenix.com pyOpenSSL Distribution for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X to the available download options. These make setups using e.g. zc.buildout and other egg-file based installers a lot easier. DOWNLOADS The download archives and instructions for installing the package can be found at: http://www.egenix.com/products/python/pyOpenSSL/ UPGRADING Before installing this version of pyOpenSSL, please make sure that you uninstall any previously installed pyOpenSSL version. Otherwise, you could end up not using the included OpenSSL libs. ___ SUPPORT Commercial support for these packages is available from eGenix.com. Please see http://www.egenix.com/services/support/ for details about our support offerings. MORE INFORMATION For more information about the eGenix pyOpenSSL Distributon, licensing and download instructions, please visit our web-site or write to sa...@egenix.com. Enjoy, -- Marc-Andre Lemburg eGenix.com Professional Python Services directly from the Source (#1, May 16 2012) >>> Python/Zope Consulting and Support ...http://www.egenix.com/ >>> mxODBC.Zope.Database.Adapter ... http://zope.egenix.com/ >>> mxODBC, mxDateTime, mxTextTools ...http://python.egenix.com/ 2012-07-02: EuroPython 2012, Florence, Italy 47 days to go 2012-04-26: Released mxODBC 3.1.2 http://egenix.com/go28 2012-04-25: Released eGenix mx Base 3.2.4 http://egenix.com/go27 ::: Try our new mxODBC.Connect Python Database Interface for free ! eGenix.com Software, Skills and Services GmbH Pastor-Loeh-Str.48 D-40764 Langenfeld, Germany. CEO Dipl.-Math. Marc-Andre Lemburg Registered at Amtsgericht Duesseldorf: HRB 46611 http://www.egenix.com/company/contact/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
On May 15, 7:42 pm, Miki Tebeka wrote: > > Can someone point me towards a resource or two which will tell me how > > to do this - im not very good with whole linux/servers stuff. Im using > > ubuntu linux - if that makes any difference. > > Did not test, but this is the direction I would take: > * Download Python sources > * Open Terminal > * Run the following commands in the Terminal window > - sudo apt-get build-dep python > - tar -xjf Python-2.7.3.tar.bz2 > - cd Python-2.7.3 > - ./configure --prefix=/opt --enable-unicode=ucs2 && make > - sudo make install > * Now you should have /opt/bin/python with ucs2 > > HTH > -- > Miki Tebeka http://pythonwise.blogspot.com Thanks for reply :) And it seems to work... When i type in /opt/bin/python import sys sys.maxunicode then i get the desired answer - 65535 But it seems the work only begins now, because i cant use other python libraries now with this version of python and i probably have to install them all again somehow... But thanks for your help :) Alan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
There is one problem though... when i start script with shebang like #!/opt/bin/python and then try to run the script i get: /opt/bin/python^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory /opt/bin/python /opt/bin/python2 /opt/bin/python2.7 all start this new version of python, but none of those work in shebang Alan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
zayatzz, 16.05.2012 10:22: > On May 15, 7:42 pm, Miki Tebeka wrote: >>> Can someone point me towards a resource or two which will tell me how >>> to do this - im not very good with whole linux/servers stuff. Im using >>> ubuntu linux - if that makes any difference. >> >> Did not test, but this is the direction I would take: >> * Download Python sources >> * Open Terminal >> * Run the following commands in the Terminal window >> - sudo apt-get build-dep python >> - tar -xjf Python-2.7.3.tar.bz2 >> - cd Python-2.7.3 >> - ./configure --prefix=/opt --enable-unicode=ucs2 && make >> - sudo make install >> * Now you should have /opt/bin/python with ucs2 >> >> HTH >> -- >> Miki Tebeka http://pythonwise.blogspot.com > > Thanks for reply :) > > And it seems to work... When i type in > /opt/bin/python > import sys > sys.maxunicode > > then i get the desired answer - 65535 > > But it seems the work only begins now, because i cant use other python > libraries now with this version of python and i probably have to > install them all again somehow... You should install "distribute" and "pip" into it, then you can use pip to install packages directly and automatically from the Python Package Index (PyPI), including any dependencies. Even better, use "virtualenv" to create a local copy of your installation and then install packages into that. This allows you to use completely separate environments of the same Python installation, which can be very handy for testing. Stefan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
On 16.5.2012 10:36, zayatzz wrote: /opt/bin/python^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory Your script has CRLF end-of-lines. Change it to plain Unix LF. Matěj -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 6:36 PM, zayatzz wrote: > There is one problem though... > > when i start script with shebang like > #!/opt/bin/python > > and then try to run the script i get: > > /opt/bin/python^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory You have a Windows end-of-line \r\n instead of a Unix end-of-line \n - how are you editing the files? If nothing else, run the script through dos2unix or equivalent before executing. ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
On May 16, 11:50 am, Matej Cepl wrote: > On 16.5.2012 10:36, zayatzz wrote: > > > /opt/bin/python^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory > > Your script has CRLF end-of-lines. Change it to plain Unix LF. > > Matěj Thanks :) but i have no idea what that means or how to achieve that. Alan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ucs2 and ucs4 python
On 05/16/2012 05:20 AM, zayatzz wrote: > On May 16, 11:50 am, Matej Cepl wrote: >> On 16.5.2012 10:36, zayatzz wrote: >> >>> /opt/bin/python^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory >> Your script has CRLF end-of-lines. Change it to plain Unix LF. >> >> Matěj > Thanks :) but i have no idea what that means or how to achieve that. > > Alan See in the echo of the shebang line the "^M" at the end ? That's a carriage return, hex(0d). Unix/Linux use a single linefeed (hex(0a)) at the end of the line. At some point, you probably edited this file with a Windows (aka DOS) editor, and it used the CRLF form (hex(0d0a)), carriage return/line feed at the end of each line. Your Linux text editor probably has a menu option to convert them back to simple linefeeds, but if not, your Linux/Unix probably has a utility dos2unix which can do the job. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Good data structure for finding date intervals including a given date
On Sun, May 13, 2012 at 2:29 PM, Alec Taylor wrote: > There is an ordered dict type since Python 3.1[1] and Python 2.7.3[2]. Ordered dict are useful, but they only remember the ordered in which they were added, you can not order them a on key. Thanks for the links. > > If you are looking for the best possible self-sorting structure for > searching, then perhaps you are looking for what's outlined in the > 2002 article by Han & Thorup: Integer Sorting in O(n sqrt(log log n)) > Expected Time and Linear Space[3]. > > [1] http://www.python.org/getit/releases/3.1/ > [2] http://www.python.org/getit/releases/2.7.3/ > [3] http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645413.652131 > > On Sat, May 12, 2012 at 10:17 PM, Jean-Daniel > wrote: >> >> Hello, >> >> I have a long list of n date intervals that gets added or suppressed >> intervals regularly. I am looking for a fast way to find the intervals >> containing a given date, without having to check all intervals (less >> than O(n)). >> >> Do you know the best way to do this in Python with the stdlib? >> >> A variant of the red black trees can do the job quickly [1], is this a >> good enough use case to discuss the inclusion of a red black tree >> implementation in the stdlib? >> >> This has been discussed here: http://bugs.python.org/issue1324770 , >> and lack of good use case was the reason the bug was closed. A dict >> implemented with red black trees is slower (but not too slow) at >> inserting, searching and deleting but the dict is always kept ordered. >> Bigger projects have their own implementation of ordered dict so such >> datastructures in the standard library would help the porting of the >> project to other platforms. Take the example of the zodb and the >> C-only implementation of the btree: btree in the stdlib in Python >> would help the porting to GAE or pypy [2]. >> >> Cheers, >> >> [1] in the "Cormen" book: >> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Algorithms >> [2] https://blueprints.launchpad.net/zodb/+spec/remove-btree-dependency >> -- >> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
what does newP = func(code,p) do?
def execute (code) : p = 0 while p < len(code) : func = code[p] p += 1 newP = func(code,p) if newP != None : p = newP I'm trying to work out what this does code is a list of function addresses and numbers What on earth is funct(code,p) doing??? My understanding so far is... set p to 0 while p is less than the number of elements in list code keep doing what follows... set func to the first element in the list increment the list index p ? if newP is not null then set the list index p to ? Can someone please explain in english what ? is Thank you in anticipation BTW the link for this stuff is http://openbookproject.net/py4fun/forth/forth.html to see the thing in action ie the download link is on the above page Here's a listing of the output from this proc for the following forth input i.e. I put some print statements in but have no idea how newP set to func( [, 4] , 1 ) i.e. 2 results in 2 and then newP set to func( [] , 1 ) i.e. None results in None ??? Forth> 5 4 + . 1st line of execute__ code = [, 5] p = 0 1st line of while__ func = code[ 0 ] i.e. incrementing p to 1 newP set to func( [, 5] , 1 ) i.e. 2 p = newP i.e. 2 1st line of execute__ code = [, 4] p = 0 1st line of while__ func = code[ 0 ] i.e. incrementing p to 1 newP set to func( [, 4] , 1 ) i.e. 2 p = newP i.e. 2 1st line of execute__ code = [] p = 0 1st line of while__ func = code[ 0 ] i.e. incrementing p to 1 newP set to func( [] , 1 ) i.e. None 1st line of execute__ code = [] p = 0 1st line of while__ func = code[ 0 ] i.e. incrementing p to 1 13 newP set to func( [] , 1 ) i.e. 5 None Forth> -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
python and xml
Hi, I am trying to use cPanel XML-API and every API call return data in XML format. I would like to know how to manipulate the data here. For eg: How can I read the CPU load data from the below output 0.000.000.00 Thank you, -- Regards Nibin. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: python and xml
Nibin V M, 16.05.2012 16:16:
> I am trying to use cPanel XML-API and every API call return data in XML
> format. I would like to know how to manipulate the data here.
>
> For eg: How can I read the CPU load data from the below output
>
>
>
> 0.000.000.00
Here's some untested code to print the text values:
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
loadavg = ET.fromstring('0.000.00'
'0.00')
for interval_tag in ('one', 'five', 'fifteen'):
print(loadavg.findtext(interval_tag))
Stefan
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Wing IDE 4.1.6 released
Hi, Wingware has released version 4.1.6 of Wing IDE, an integrated development environment designed specifically for the Python programming language. Wing IDE is a cross-platform Python IDE that provides a professional code editor with vi, emacs, and other key bindings, auto-completion, call tips, refactoring, context-aware auto-editing, a powerful graphical debugger, version control, unit testing, search, and many other features. **Changes** This release includes: * Support for Django 1.4 * Syntax highlighting Qt Style Sheet (.qss) files * Command to show selected file in OS-provided file manager * Per-project configuration of Debug Network Port for remote debugging * Several auto-editing fixes * Several turbo completion mode fixes * Replace All preserves fold state when possible * Git blame support * Fixed debugging QThreads in older PyQt versions * Shorter delay in restarting Python Shell or debug process * About 15 other bug fixes and minor improvements Complete change log: http://wingware.com/pub/wingide/4.1.6/CHANGELOG.txt **New Features in Version 4** Version 4 adds the following new major features: * Refactoring -- Rename/move symbols, extract to function/method, and introduce variable * Find Uses -- Find all points of use of a symbol * Auto-Editing -- Reduce typing by auto-entering expected code * Diff/Merge -- Graphical file and repository comparison and merge * Django Support -- Debug Django templates, run Django unit tests, and more * matplotlib Support -- Maintains live-updating plots in shell and debugger * Simplified Licensing -- Includes all OSes and adds Support+Upgrades subscriptions Details on licensing changes: http://wingware.com/news/2011-02-16 **About Wing IDE** Wing IDE is an integrated development environment designed specifically for the Python programming language. It provides powerful editing, testing, and debugging features that help reduce development and debugging time, cut down on coding errors, and make it easier to understand and navigate Python code. Wing IDE can be used to develop Python code for web, GUI, and embedded scripting applications. Wing IDE is available in three product levels: Wing IDE Professional is the full-featured Python IDE, Wing IDE Personal offers a reduced feature set at a low price, and Wing IDE 101 is a free simplified version designed for teaching beginning programming courses with Python. Version 4 of Wing IDE Professional includes the following major features: * Professional quality code editor with vi, emacs, and other keyboard personalities * Code intelligence for Python: Auto-completion, call tips, find uses, goto-definition, error indicators, refactoring, context-aware auto-editing, smart indent and rewrapping, and source navigation * Advanced multi-threaded debugger with graphical UI, command line interaction, conditional breakpoints, data value tooltips over code, watch tool, and externally launched and remote debugging * Powerful search and replace options including keyboard driven and graphical UIs, multi-file, wild card, and regular expression search and replace * Version control integration for Subversion, CVS, Bazaar, git, Mercurial, and Perforce * Integrated unit testing with unittest, nose, and doctest frameworks * Django support: Debugs Django templates, provides project setup tools, and runs Django unit tests * Many other features including project manager, bookmarks, code snippets, diff/merge tool, OS command integration, indentation manager, PyLint integration, and perspectives * Extremely configurable and may be extended with Python scripts * Extensive product documentation and How-Tos for Django, matplotlib, Plone, wxPython, PyQt, mod_wsgi, Autodesk Maya, and many other frameworks Please refer to http://wingware.com/wingide/featuresfor a detailed listing of features by product level. System requirements are Windows 2000 or later, OS X 10.3.9or later (requires X11 Server), or a recent Linux system (either 32 or 64 bit). Wing IDE supports Python versions 2.0.x through 3.2.x and Stackless Python. For more information, see the http://wingware.com/ **Downloads** Wing IDE Professional and Wing IDE Personal are commercial software and require a license to run. A free trial can be obtained directly from the product when launched. Wing IDE Pro -- Full-featured product: http://wingware.com/downloads/wingide/4.1 Wing IDE Personal -- A simplified IDE: http://wingware.com/downloads/wingide-personal/4.1 Wing IDE 101 -- For teaching with Python: http://wingware.com/downloads/wingide-101/4.1 **Purchasing and Upgrading** Wing 4.x requires an upgrade for Wing IDE 2.x and 3.x users at a cost of 1/2 the full product pricing. Upgrade a license: https://wingware.com/store/upgrade Purchase a new license: https://wingware.com/store/purchase Optional Support+Upgrades subscriptions are available for expanded support coverage and free upgrades to new major releases: http://wingware.co
Re: python and xml
thank you Stefan. but the XML output is assigned to a variable; how to
process the variable with XML contents?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 7:53 PM, Stefan Behnel wrote:
> Nibin V M, 16.05.2012 16:16:
> > I am trying to use cPanel XML-API and every API call return data in XML
> > format. I would like to know how to manipulate the data here.
> >
> > For eg: How can I read the CPU load data from the below output
> >
> >
> >
>
> 0.000.000.00
>
> Here's some untested code to print the text values:
>
> import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
>
> loadavg = ET.fromstring('0.000.00'
> '0.00')
>
> for interval_tag in ('one', 'five', 'fifteen'):
> print(loadavg.findtext(interval_tag))
>
>
> Stefan
>
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
--
Regards
Nibin.
http://TechsWare.in
--
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Re: python and xml
Hi,
please don't top-post (I fixed the citation order below).
Nibin V M, 16.05.2012 16:30:
> On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 7:53 PM, Stefan Behnel wrote:
>> Nibin V M, 16.05.2012 16:16:
>>> I am trying to use cPanel XML-API and every API call return data in XML
>>> format. I would like to know how to manipulate the data here.
>>>
>>> For eg: How can I read the CPU load data from the below output
>>>
>>>
>>>
>> 0.000.000.00
>>
>>
>> Here's some untested code to print the text values:
>>
>> import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
>>
>> loadavg = ET.fromstring('0.000.00'
>> '0.00')
>>
>> for interval_tag in ('one', 'five', 'fifteen'):
>> print(loadavg.findtext(interval_tag))
>
> thank you Stefan. but the XML output is assigned to a variable; how to
> process the variable with XML contents?
Not sure what you mean. Maybe something like this?
xml = '0.000.00...'
loadavg = ET.fromstring(xml)
Stefan
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How to embed python2 into python3?
Hello, all: I have two programs, one is written in py3k, the other is written in python 2. I am wondering how to make them work together except port the python 2 code to py3k? Is that possible to expose python2's function to py3k? In other words, I want to embed the Python 2 interpreter into my py3k program. So I can call python2's function in py3k's code. Regards, Tianjiao -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: what does newP = func(code,p) do?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 8:08 AM, e-mail mgbg25171 wrote: > def execute (code) : > p = 0 > while p < len(code) : > func = code[p] > p += 1 > newP = func(code,p) > if newP != None : > p = newP > > I'm trying to work out what this does > > code is a list of function addresses and numbers > What on earth is funct(code,p) doing??? code represents the bytecode of the Forth program being executed. It contains functions that represent operations and the data arguments used by those operations. p is the program counter, keeping track of which opcode should be executed next. func is the operation function that was pulled from code at the current program counter. func(code, p) calls that function, passing in both the entire bytecode, and the index into the bytecode at which the operation can find its data (if any). If the function returns a value, it means that the program counter should be updated -- either to skip past a data element used for the operation just executed, or to perform a jump to somewhere else in the bytecode. If the program counter ever falls off the end of the bytecode, then the program terminates. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
Hi all, because
"There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it",
there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but
I can't find it:
>>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
(True, True)
>>> print('\u0660123')
٠123
>>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
(True, True)
>>> print('\u216B')
Ⅻ
>>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
(False, False)
Can anyone give me some help?
Regards, Marco
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what does newP = func(code,p) do?
It's been a long time since I did any Python and I've never done that In C I'm used to storing function ptrs and then having to use some other constructs to call them. To be able to store func and then use func to call itself like that threw me...it's very elegant. Thank you very much for your very lucid explanation and for taking the time to provide it. Best Regards -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 9:48 AM, Marco wrote:
> Hi all, because
>
> "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it",
>
> there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but I
> can't find it:
>
'123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
> (True, True)
print('\u0660123')
> ٠123
'\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
> (True, True)
print('\u216B')
> Ⅻ
'\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
> (False, False)
>
> Can anyone give me some help?
Here's one example:
>>> '\u00B2'.isdecimal()
False
>>> '\u00B2'.isdigit()
True
>>> '\u00B2'
'²'
The distinction is explained in the docs at:
http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/stdtypes.html#str.isdigit
Cheers,
Ian
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Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On 16/05/2012 16:48, Marco wrote:
Hi all, because
"There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it",
there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but
I can't find it:
>>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
(True, True)
>>> print('\u0660123')
٠123
>>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
(True, True)
>>> print('\u216B')
Ⅻ
>>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
(False, False)
Can anyone give me some help?
Regards, Marco
Try this:
>>> different = [chr(c) for c in range(0x1) if chr(c).isdigit() !=
chr(c).isdecimal()]
>>> print(different)
['²', '³', '¹', '፩', '፪', '፫', '፬', '፭', '፮', '፯', '፰', '፱', '⁰', '⁴',
'⁵', '⁶', '⁷', '⁸', '⁹', '₀', '₁', '₂', '₃', '₄', '₅', '₆', '₇', '₈',
'₉', '①', '②', '③', '④', '⑤', '⑥', '⑦', '⑧', '⑨', '⑴', '⑵', '⑶', '⑷',
'⑸', '⑹', '⑺', '⑻', '⑼', '⒈', '⒉', '⒊', '⒋', '⒌', '⒍', '⒎', '⒏', '⒐',
'⓪', '⓵', '⓶', '⓷', '⓸', '⓹', '⓺', '⓻', '⓼', '⓽', '⓿', '❶', '❷', '❸',
'❹', '❺', '❻', '❼', '❽', '❾', '➀', '➁', '➂', '➃', '➄', '➅', '➆', '➇',
'➈', '➊', '➋', '➌', '➍', '➎', '➏', '➐', '➑', '➒']
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Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
Marco wrote:
> >>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u0660123')
> ٠123
> >>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u216B')
> Ⅻ
> >>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
> (False, False)
[chr(a) for a in range(0x2) if chr(a).isdigit()]
Congratulations, you found a bug! Or maybe not, it all depends on whether
Roman numbers are considered digits or not. I could imagine there being a
difference.
:)
Uli
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Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 10:24 AM, Ulrich Eckhardt wrote:
> Marco wrote:
>> >>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
>> (True, True)
>> >>> print('\u0660123')
>> ٠123
>> >>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
>> (True, True)
>> >>> print('\u216B')
>> Ⅻ
>> >>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
>> (False, False)
>
> [chr(a) for a in range(0x2) if chr(a).isdigit()]
>
> Congratulations, you found a bug! Or maybe not, it all depends on whether
> Roman numbers are considered digits or not. I could imagine there being a
> difference.
They're not. The word "digit" specifically refers to the symbols used
by a positional numeral system, e.g. Arabic numerals. Roman numerals
are not a positional system. The word "decimal" in this case more
specifically means a digit character that is actually suitable for
using to compose a decimal number.
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Re: How to embed python2 into python3?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 7:59 AM, ytj wrote: > Hello, all: > > I have two programs, one is written in py3k, the other is written in > python 2. I am wondering how to make them work together except port > the python 2 code to py3k? Porting the Python 3 code to Python 2 is also an option: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/3to2 But unless you're dependent on a library not available for Python 3 yet, the normal 2to3 route is probably preferable. In either direction, this library may help ease the transition: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/ > Is that possible to expose python2's > function to py3k? In other words, I want to embed the Python 2 > interpreter into my py3k program. So I can call python2's function in > py3k's code. That's very likely possible using the C API; I don't know of any prepackaged solution though. Another obvious approach to connect the two interpreters would be to use some form of IPC or RPC (e.g. XML-RPC, Unix domain sockets, etc.). There will be some degree of extra overhead involved no matter which route you go. Cheers, Chris -- http://rebertia.com -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to embed python2 into python3?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 8:59 AM, ytj wrote: > Hello, all: > > I have two programs, one is written in py3k, the other is written in > python 2. I am wondering how to make them work together except port > the python 2 code to py3k? Is that possible to expose python2's > function to py3k? In other words, I want to embed the Python 2 > interpreter into my py3k program. So I can call python2's function in > py3k's code. I think you're likely to run into conflicts doing that. Here's the result of a quick test using ctypes: Python 3.2 (r32:88445, Feb 20 2011, 21:29:02) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> from ctypes import * >>> python27 = cdll.python27 >>> python27.Py_Initialize() File "c:\python32\lib\site.py", line 159 file=sys.stderr) ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax For some reason, even though I loaded the Python 2.7 DLL, it's then trying to import the Python 3.2 libraries. My suggestion: instead of embedding, use the subprocess module, and keep both Python interpreters firmly entrenched in separate processes. Cheers, Ian -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On 05/16/2012 06:24 PM, Ulrich Eckhardt wrote:
Marco wrote:
>>>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
> (True, True)
>>>> print('\u0660123')
> ٠123
>>>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
> (True, True)
>>>> print('\u216B')
> Ⅻ
>>>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
> (False, False)
[chr(a) for a in range(0x2) if chr(a).isdigit()]
Thanks to your list comprehension I found they are not equal:
>>> set([chr(a) for a in range(0x10) if chr(a).isdigit()]) - \
... set([chr(a) for a in range(0x10) if chr(a).isdecimal()])
Marco
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Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On 16 mai, 17:48, Marco wrote:
> Hi all, because
>
> "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it",
>
> there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but
> I can't find it:
>
> >>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u0660123')
> ٠123
> >>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u216B')
> Ⅻ
> >>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
> (False, False)
>
> Can anyone give me some help?
> Regards, Marco
It seems to me that it is correct, and the reason lies in this:
>>> import unicodedata as ud
>>> ud.category('\u216b')
'Nl'
>>> ud.category('1')
'Nd'
>>>
>>> # Note
>>> ud.numeric('\u216b')
12.0
jmf
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Re: which book?
I recommend this book :- "beginning python from novice to professional" On Wed, May 9, 2012 at 4:13 PM, Miki Tebeka wrote: > > I am going to learn python for some plot issues. which book or sources, > do you recommend please? > The tutorial is pretty good if you already know how to program. > I also heard a lot of good things on "Python Essential Reference". > > -- > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list > -- yours Ashraf Fouda Software Engineer * * -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
Marco wrote:
> Hi all, because
>
> "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it",
>
> there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but
> I can't find it:
>
> >>> '123'.isdecimal(), '123'.isdigit()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u0660123')
> ٠123
> >>> '\u0660123'.isdigit(), '\u0660123'.isdecimal()
> (True, True)
> >>> print('\u216B')
> Ⅻ
> >>> '\u216B'.isdecimal(), '\u216B'.isdigit()
> (False, False)
>
> Can anyone give me some help?
RTFM.
$ python3 -c 'print("42".isdecimal.__doc__ + "\n");
print("42".isdigit.__doc__)'
S.isdecimal() -> bool
Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
False otherwise.
S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
--
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Please do not Cc: me. / Bitte keine Kopien per E-Mail.
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cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
Just hit a snag: In cPython the deterministic garbage collection allows me a particular optimization when retrieving records from a dbf file -- namely, by using weakrefs I can tell if the record is still in memory and active, and if so not hit the disk to get the data; with PyPy (and probably the others) this doesn't work because the record may still be around even when it is no longer active because it hasn't been garbage collected yet. For PyPy I can use `'PyPy' in sys.version` to set a constant (REFRESH_FROM_DISK in this case) to disable the cPython optimization; does anyone know what strings to look for for the other implementations? ~Ethan~ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:07 PM, Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn
wrote:
> RTFM.
>
> $ python3 -c 'print("42".isdecimal.__doc__ + "\n");
> print("42".isdigit.__doc__)'
> S.isdecimal() -> bool
>
> Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
> False otherwise.
>
> S.isdigit() -> bool
>
> Return True if all characters in S are digits
> and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
Those doc strings are not very helpful at all. I read them myself and
then had to go to the library docs to figure out what the actual
difference was.
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non-pickle persistance for dicts?
I want to persist simple dicts, but due to the security problems with
(un)pickle, I'd prefer to not use shelve, and the only way I could see
to persist them onto sqlite also invoked pickle.
As (un)pickle allows arbitrary system commands to be issued, I'd really
rather just use a simple convert to and from either bytes or strings.
repr works well for the conversion into string (I said they were
simple), but I'd really rather be able to turn "{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2:
['b', 2]}" back into a dict without allowing the execution of arbitrary
commands.
Any suggestions?
--
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Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:33 PM, Ethan Furman wrote:
> Just hit a snag:
>
> In cPython the deterministic garbage collection allows me a particular
> optimization when retrieving records from a dbf file -- namely, by using
> weakrefs I can tell if the record is still in memory and active, and if so
> not hit the disk to get the data; with PyPy (and probably the others) this
> doesn't work because the record may still be around even when it is no
> longer active because it hasn't been garbage collected yet.
>
> For PyPy I can use `'PyPy' in sys.version` to set a constant
> (REFRESH_FROM_DISK in this case) to disable the cPython optimization; does
> anyone know what strings to look for for the other implementations?
Python 2.7.1 (r271:86832, Nov 27 2010, 18:30:46) [MSC v.1500 32 bit
(Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.subversion
('CPython', 'tags/r271', '86832')
Jython 2.5.2 (Release_2_5_2:7206, Mar 2 2011, 23:12:06)
[Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (Sun Microsystems Inc.)] on java1.6.0_31
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.subversion
('Jython', 'tags/Release_2_5_2', '7206')
I don't know what IronPython or PyPy return, but it should be
something other than 'CPython'.
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Re: non-pickle persistance for dicts?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:52 PM, Charles Hixson
wrote:
> I want to persist simple dicts, but due to the security problems with
> (un)pickle, I'd prefer to not use shelve, and the only way I could see to
> persist them onto sqlite also invoked pickle.
>
> As (un)pickle allows arbitrary system commands to be issued, I'd really
> rather just use a simple convert to and from either bytes or strings. repr
> works well for the conversion into string (I said they were simple), but I'd
> really rather be able to turn "{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}" back into a
> dict without allowing the execution of arbitrary commands.
>
> Any suggestions?
Either json, or repr with ast.literal_eval will be safe.
>>> import json
>>> d = {'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
>>> json.dumps(d)
'{"a": "A", "1": 23, "2": ["b", 2]}'
>>> json.loads(json.dumps(d))
{'a': 'A', '1': 23, '2': ['b', 2]}
>>> import ast
>>> ast.literal_eval(repr(d))
{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
Cheers,
Ian
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Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
On 17 May 2012 07:33, Ethan Furman wrote: > Just hit a snag: > > In cPython the deterministic garbage collection allows me a particular > optimization when retrieving records from a dbf file -- namely, by using > weakrefs I can tell if the record is still in memory and active, and if so > not hit the disk to get the data; with PyPy (and probably the others) this > doesn't work because the record may still be around even when it is no > longer active because it hasn't been garbage collected yet. > What is the distinguishing feature of an "active" record? What is the problem if you get back a reference to an inactive record? And if there is indeed a problem, don't you already have a race condition on CPython? 1. Record is active; 2. Get reference to record through weak ref; 3. Record becomes inactive; 4. Start trying to use the (now inactive) record. Tim Delaney -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to call and execute C code in Python?
There are many choices rather then raw python C API calls. Boost, PyCXX and ctypes are worth investigating. PyCXX requires you code in C++ but hides lots of the issues of using the Python API from you. It also supports python 2 and 3. Barry - PyCXX maintainer -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
Ian Kelly wrote:
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:33 PM, Ethan Furman wrote:
Just hit a snag:
In cPython the deterministic garbage collection allows me a particular
optimization when retrieving records from a dbf file -- namely, by using
weakrefs I can tell if the record is still in memory and active, and if so
not hit the disk to get the data; with PyPy (and probably the others) this
doesn't work because the record may still be around even when it is no
longer active because it hasn't been garbage collected yet.
For PyPy I can use `'PyPy' in sys.version` to set a constant
(REFRESH_FROM_DISK in this case) to disable the cPython optimization; does
anyone know what strings to look for for the other implementations?
Python 2.7.1 (r271:86832, Nov 27 2010, 18:30:46) [MSC v.1500 32 bit
(Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
import sys
sys.subversion
('CPython', 'tags/r271', '86832')
Jython 2.5.2 (Release_2_5_2:7206, Mar 2 2011, 23:12:06)
[Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (Sun Microsystems Inc.)] on java1.6.0_31
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
import sys
sys.subversion
('Jython', 'tags/Release_2_5_2', '7206')
I don't know what IronPython or PyPy return, but it should be
something other than 'CPython'.
Thanks! That will do the trick. On CPython 2.4 .subversion does not
exist, so I'll use:
subversion = getattr(sys, 'subversion', None)
if subversion is not None and subversion[0] != 'CPython':
...
Hopefully all the others do have it defined (PyPy does, at least as of 1.8).
~Ethan~
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Re: non-pickle persistance for dicts?
On 05/16/2012 03:11 PM, Ian Kelly wrote:
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:52 PM, Charles Hixson
wrote:
I want to persist simple dicts, but due to the security problems with
(un)pickle, I'd prefer to not use shelve, and the only way I could see to
persist them onto sqlite also invoked pickle.
As (un)pickle allows arbitrary system commands to be issued, I'd really
rather just use a simple convert to and from either bytes or strings. repr
works well for the conversion into string (I said they were simple), but I'd
really rather be able to turn "{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}" back into a
dict without allowing the execution of arbitrary commands.
Any suggestions?
Either json, or repr with ast.literal_eval will be safe.
import json
d = {'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
json.dumps(d)
'{"a": "A", "1": 23, "2": ["b", 2]}'
json.loads(json.dumps(d))
{'a': 'A', '1': 23, '2': ['b', 2]}
import ast
ast.literal_eval(repr(d))
{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
Cheers,
Ian
Thanks. It looks like either would do what I need. Any suggestion as
to how to choose between them? E.g., is AST better supported? faster?
(I'm tending towards AST purely because it seems more tied to Python,
but of course that *could* be a disadvantage, if there were more
external tools for working with json.)
--
Charles Hixson
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Re: non-pickle persistance for dicts?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 4:53 PM, Charles Hixson
wrote:
> On 05/16/2012 03:11 PM, Ian Kelly wrote:
>>
>> On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 3:52 PM, Charles Hixson
>> wrote:
>>
>>>
>>> I want to persist simple dicts, but due to the security problems with
>>> (un)pickle, I'd prefer to not use shelve, and the only way I could see to
>>> persist them onto sqlite also invoked pickle.
>>>
>>> As (un)pickle allows arbitrary system commands to be issued, I'd really
>>> rather just use a simple convert to and from either bytes or strings.
>>> repr
>>> works well for the conversion into string (I said they were simple), but
>>> I'd
>>> really rather be able to turn "{'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}" back into
>>> a
>>> dict without allowing the execution of arbitrary commands.
>>>
>>> Any suggestions?
>>>
>>
>> Either json, or repr with ast.literal_eval will be safe.
>>
>>
>
> import json
> d = {'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
> json.dumps(d)
>
>>
>> '{"a": "A", "1": 23, "2": ["b", 2]}'
>>
>
> json.loads(json.dumps(d))
>
>>
>> {'a': 'A', '1': 23, '2': ['b', 2]}
>>
>
> import ast
> ast.literal_eval(repr(d))
>
>>
>> {'a': 'A', 1: 23, 2: ['b', 2]}
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Ian
>>
>>
>
> Thanks. It looks like either would do what I need. Any suggestion as to
> how to choose between them? E.g., is AST better supported? faster? (I'm
> tending towards AST purely because it seems more tied to Python, but of
> course that *could* be a disadvantage, if there were more external tools for
> working with json.)
You pretty much just summed it up. JSON is more portable because it's
a well-known standard with implementations in a lot of different
languages. On the downside, since it essentially involves translating
your data into *JavaScript* literals and back, it's not going to be
quite as faithful. Notice in the example that the numeric dictionary
keys got turned into strings. AST will do a cleaner job since you're
just converting Python objects into Python literals and back, but the
serialized data will only be easily readable using Python.
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Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
Tim Delaney wrote: On 17 May 2012 07:33, Ethan Furman wrote: Just hit a snag: In cPython the deterministic garbage collection allows me a particular optimization when retrieving records from a dbf file -- namely, by using weakrefs I can tell if the record is still in memory and active, and if so not hit the disk to get the data; with PyPy (and probably the others) this doesn't work because the record may still be around even when it is no longer active because it hasn't been garbage collected yet. What is the distinguishing feature of an "active" record? What is the problem if you get back a reference to an inactive record? And if there is indeed a problem, don't you already have a race condition on CPython? 1. Record is active; 2. Get reference to record through weak ref; 3. Record becomes inactive; 4. Start trying to use the (now inactive) record. A record is an interesting critter -- it is given life either from the user or from the disk-bound data; its fields can then change, but those changes are not reflected on disk until .write_record() is called; I do this because I am frequently moving data from one table to another, making changes to the old record contents before creating the new record with the changes -- since I do not call .write_record() on the old record those changes do not get backed up to disk. With CPython as soon as a record goes out of scope it dies, and the next time I try to access that record I will get the disk version, without the temporary changes I had made earlier (this is good). However, with PyPy (and others) not all records are destroyed before I try to access them again, and I end up seeing the temp data instead of the disk data. ~Ethan~ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Difference between str.isdigit() and str.isdecimal() in Python 3
On Wed, 16 May 2012 17:48:19 +0200, Marco wrote: > Hi all, because > > "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it", > > there should be a difference between the two methods in the subject, but > I can't find it: The Fine Manual has more detail, although I admit it isn't *entirely* clear what it is talking about if you're not a Unicode expert: http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/stdtypes.html#str.isdecimal str.isdecimal() Return true if all characters in the string are decimal characters and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Decimal characters are those from general category “Nd”. This category includes digit characters, and all characters that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO. str.isdigit() Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Digits include decimal characters and digits that need special handling, such as the compatibility superscript digits. Formally, a digit is a character that has the property value Numeric_Type=Digit or Numeric_Type=Decimal. And also: str.isnumeric() Return true if all characters in the string are numeric characters, and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are those with the property value Numeric_Type=Digit, Numeric_Type=Decimal or Numeric_Type=Numeric. Examples: py> c = '\u2155' py> print(c) ⅕ py> c.isdecimal(), c.isdigit(), c.isnumeric() (False, False, True) py> import unicodedata py> unicodedata.numeric(c) 0.2 py> c = '\u00B2' py> print(c) ² py> c.isdecimal(), c.isdigit(), c.isnumeric() (False, True, True) py> unicodedata.numeric(c) 2.0 -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: non-pickle persistance for dicts?
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 6:53 PM, Charles Hixson wrote: > Thanks. It looks like either would do what I need. Any suggestion as to > how to choose between them? E.g., is AST better supported? faster? (I'm > tending towards AST purely because it seems more tied to Python, but of > course that *could* be a disadvantage, if there were more external tools for > working with json.) I'd pick json, because it will tell you if you try to serialize something that can't be deserialized. repr() will just dump it, and then you'll find out later (on load) that it wasn't serialized properly. repr() is not meant for storing data, it's meant for presenting it to a programmer. -- Devin -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
On Thu, May 17, 2012 at 9:01 AM, Ethan Furman wrote: > A record is an interesting critter -- it is given life either from the user > or from the disk-bound data; its fields can then change, but those changes > are not reflected on disk until .write_record() is called; I do this > because I am frequently moving data from one table to another, making > changes to the old record contents before creating the new record with the > changes -- since I do not call .write_record() on the old record those > changes do not get backed up to disk. I strongly recommend being more explicit about usage and when it gets written and re-read, rather than relying on garbage collection. Databasing should not be tied to a language's garbage collection. Imagine you were to reimplement the equivalent logic in some other language - could you describe it clearly? If so, then that's your algorithm. If not, you have a problem. ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
On 17 May 2012 11:13, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Thu, May 17, 2012 at 9:01 AM, Ethan Furman wrote:
> > A record is an interesting critter -- it is given life either from the
> user
> > or from the disk-bound data; its fields can then change, but those
> changes
> > are not reflected on disk until .write_record() is called; I do this
> > because I am frequently moving data from one table to another, making
> > changes to the old record contents before creating the new record with
> the
> > changes -- since I do not call .write_record() on the old record those
> > changes do not get backed up to disk.
>
> I strongly recommend being more explicit about usage and when it gets
> written and re-read, rather than relying on garbage collection.
> Databasing should not be tied to a language's garbage collection.
> Imagine you were to reimplement the equivalent logic in some other
> language - could you describe it clearly? If so, then that's your
> algorithm. If not, you have a problem.
>
Agreed. To me, this sounds like a perfect case for with: blocks and
explicit reference counting. Something like (pseudo-python - not runnable):
class Record:
def __init__(self):
self.refs = 0
self.lock = threading.Lock()
def __enter__(self):
with self.lock:
self.refs += 1
def __exit__(self):
with self.lock:
self.refs -=1
if self.refs == 0:
self.write_record()
rec = record_weakrefs.get('record_name')
if rec is None:
rec = load_record()
record_weakrefs.put('record_name', rec)
with rec:
do_stuff
Tim Delaney
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Newbie questions on import & cmd line run
Hi, I am a newbie running the latest pythonxy (2.7.2.1) & spyder and python 2.7.2. I suspect my questions are mostly basic to python, and not specific to Spyder or iPython. Note: Up until now, I mainly used MATLAB, and thus need to de-program myself appropriately. I use Win7-64. I wrote the following .py file: - #! # Filename: newbie00.py if __name__ == '__main__': print 'This program was called from the \ system command line.' print __name__ + '.py' else: print 'This program was imported on the \ Python command line.' print __name__ + '.py' - If I run from the system (win cmd) command, I get: C:\engineer\engruser\python>python newbie00.py This program was called from the system command line. __main__.py - If I hit the run button in Sypder, I get (in the iPython command console): In [70]: runfile(r'C:\engineer\engruser\python\newbie00.py', wdir=r'C: \engineer\engruser\python') This program was called from the system command line. __main__.py - If I import on the iPython command, I get: In [71]: import newbie00 This program was imported on the Python command line. newbie00.py - If I import *again* on the iPython command, I get: In [72]: import newbie00 In [73]: - If I hit the run button (again) in Sypder, I get (in the iPython command console): In [73]: runfile(r'C:\engineer\engruser\python\newbie00.py', wdir=r'C: \engineer\engruser\python') UMD has deleted: newbie00 This program was called from the system command line. __main__.py --- Some questions: 1. If running from the system command line, or the Sypder "run" button, "__name__" is "__main__" rather than "newbie00", as seen above. So, how would I get the file name newbie00.py in these two noted cases? I mean, what other function do I use to get it? (This functionality is something that occasionally came in handy back in my m-file writing days. Perhaps I am wrong in anticipating such an occasional need, but I would not know that yet.) 2. In python, there seems to be a distinction between running something as if it is a system command of "C:\...>python myPyFile.py" compared to simply entering that same ".py" file name directly on the python console command line. In fact, the latter does not work unless the somewhat lengthy ">>> runfile(r'C:\... wdir=r'C:\...) stuff is entered (in iPython). (I mean, my old MATLAB habit of simply entering ">> mfilename" on the command line seems to be quite wrong in python.) Is there a shortened syntax of running a .py from the python command prompt, if not using a Spyder "run" button? Or should I always run as if from the system prompt? That is, dispense with the MATLAB-like "run from MATLAB/python command line" bias I may be holding. 3. In injecting my old MATLAB bias of running via the command line ">> mfilename", I tried a tweak of ">>>import newbie00". That "sort of" worked, but only the first time. Why did the subsequent run of ">>>import newbie00" print nothing? I'm just trying to understand how python works. 4. The final case shown of hitting the Spyder run button included this: UMD has deleted: newbie00 What does that mean? I noted that after this "automatic" deletion, I could do the ">>>import newbie00" once again and get the print. (I did not show that above.) 5. I think #4 implies an import can be removed. (Yes/No?) I am not sure why that would be desired, but I will ask how to remove an import, or to "refresh" the run, of that is the appropriate question. I think I saw someplace where a .pyc file is created on an initial run and subsequently run instead of the .py. I'm not sure if that applies here, but if related, I guess an auxiliary question is how to easily force the .py to run rather than the .pyc? 6. Perhaps peripherally related to getting a running script/function/ module name, is getting a "call listing" of all the functions (and modules) called by a .py program. How would I get that? I only ask as it comes in handy if one distributes a program. I mean, you only give people what they actually need. --- Advance thanks to any one who answers any of my questions. I am sure they appear from misguided to rudimentary in character. I'm don't claim to be a programmer; I did okay with MATLAB. I'm trying to bootstrap here, and appreciate any help. Thanks! Greg -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
bash/shell to python
Hello, I currently build a lot of interfaces/wrappers to other applications using bash/shell. One short coming for it is it lacks a good method to handle arguments so I switched to python a while ago to use 'argparse' module. Its a great complement to subprocess module. I was wondering if there is a generic framework people follow to build python scripts which are replacing shell scripts? Is there a guide or a template to follow? -- --- Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please.-- -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: cPython, IronPython, Jython, and PyPy (Oh my!)
Chris Angelico wrote: On Thu, May 17, 2012 at 9:01 AM, Ethan Furman wrote: A record is an interesting critter -- it is given life either from the user or from the disk-bound data; its fields can then change, but those changes are not reflected on disk until .write_record() is called; I do this because I am frequently moving data from one table to another, making changes to the old record contents before creating the new record with the changes -- since I do not call .write_record() on the old record those changes do not get backed up to disk. I strongly recommend being more explicit about usage and when it gets written and re-read, rather than relying on garbage collection. Databasing should not be tied to a language's garbage collection. Imagine you were to reimplement the equivalent logic in some other language - could you describe it clearly? If so, then that's your algorithm. If not, you have a problem. Yeah, I've been thinking about this for a couple hours now; initially (way back when) I didn't want to keep hitting the disk unnecessarily -- but all my other supporting data structures go to great lengths to not keep records in memory unless the user has them explicitly named or contained... I think I've been fighting against myself! Good news is I'm winning. ;) ~Ethan~ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Where is the most recent Tkinter information
It seems like all the info on tkinter is around the 2000 time frame. Is tkinter still being developed/supported? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Where is the most recent Tkinter information
On 5/16/2012 11:02 PM, Mark R Rivet wrote: It seems like all the info on tkinter is around the 2000 time frame. Is tkinter still being developed/supported? tkinter is CPython's tk interface. tcl/tk is still being developed at Active State. The Windows release for Py 3.3 will come with 8.5.11, released a couple of months ago. tkinter does not change much because tk does not change much. But bugs are fixed as reported. A fix for an obscure bug affecting certain *nix systems was committed just today. The docs do need improving. -- Terry Jan Reedy -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Are there any instrumentation widgets for wxpython or tkinter?
On Sat, 12 May 2012 12:40:28 -0700 (PDT), Sverre wrote: >I searched for widgets used for PLC automation or lab instrumentation >like gauges, led's etc. in the net, but didn't found anything because >of those massive link spam sites. In the case there isn't any >solution, with which toolkit would it be easiest to build gauges? I just skimmed through the book "Python and Tkinter" by John E. Grayson. This book goes through everything I think you will need for instrumentation type widgets. It even shows how to create your own new widgets. A lot of information in this book. Its dated, but there isn't any other book available. But try some of the code, see how it works. I know I'm going to. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Python and Tkinter by John E Grayson
I have a copy of this book and was wondering how relevant the content is considering the publish date is 2000. Are people still using this information? Anyone have any experience with this book? I guess what I mean, is, any of the code in this book deprecated? or does it still contain information used today the same as then. I mean, I guess some things don't change right? For instance, the derivative of x^2 is 2x now and in the 1800's. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Where is the most recent Tkinter information
On 17/05/12 13:02, Mark R Rivet wrote: It seems like all the info on tkinter is around the 2000 time frame. Is tkinter still being developed/supported? The main page of the python 3.2.3 documentation for tkinter can be found here... http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/tkinter.html?highlight=tkinter#tkinter it is dated 2012. This seems to be duplicated from the ActiveState site here... http://docs.activestate.com/activepython/3.1/python/library/tkinter.html also dated 2012. Here are some other resources I have stumbled on... http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_gui_programming.htm http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/ http://www.tkdocs.com/tutorial/index.html http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tkprg/ -- Cheers Simon Simon Cropper - Open Content Creator / Website Administrator Free and Open Source Software Workflow Guides Introduction http://www.fossworkflowguides.com GIS Packages http://www.fossworkflowguides.com/gis bash / Pythonhttp://www.fossworkflowguides.com/scripting -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Newbie questions on import & cmd line run
On 5/16/2012 9:45 PM, gwhite wrote:
Hi,
I am a newbie running the latest pythonxy (2.7.2.1)& spyder and
python 2.7.2. I suspect my questions are mostly basic to python, and
not specific to Spyder or iPython.
Note: Up until now, I mainly used MATLAB, and thus need to de-program
myself appropriately.
I use Win7-64.
I wrote the following .py file:
-
#!
# Filename: newbie00.py
if __name__ == '__main__':
print 'This program was called from the \
system command line.'
print __name__ + '.py'
else:
print 'This program was imported on the \
Python command line.'
print __name__ + '.py'
-
If I run from the system (win cmd) command, I get:
C:\engineer\engruser\python>python newbie00.py
This program was called from the system command line.
__main__.py
-
If I hit the run button in Sypder, I get (in the iPython command
console):
In [70]: runfile(r'C:\engineer\engruser\python\newbie00.py', wdir=r'C:
\engineer\engruser\python')
This program was called from the system command line.
__main__.py
-
If I import on the iPython command, I get:
In [71]: import newbie00
This program was imported on the Python command line.
newbie00.py
-
If I import *again* on the iPython command, I get:
In [72]: import newbie00
In [73]:
Read the doc for the import command. It only runs code when needed to
create the module to import. When you import again, you re-import the
existing module.
If I hit the run button (again) in Sypder, I get (in the iPython
command console):
In [73]: runfile(r'C:\engineer\engruser\python\newbie00.py', wdir=r'C:
\engineer\engruser\python')
UMD has deleted: newbie00
This output is Spyder specific. When you run from an Idle window, it prints
== RESTART
which means that the user main namespace is reset. Idle usually does
this by starting a new user subprocess (and terminating the old one),
but the alternative would be to try to clean the existing subprocess by
reversing and resetting everything that was done. Wiping out everything
and restarting is easier ;-).
1. If running from the system command line, or the Sypder "run"
button, "__name__" is "__main__" rather than "newbie00", as seen
above. [how to get latter]
# Running in 3.3 Idle from edit window: tem.py
print(dir())
print(__file__)
# output in shell window
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__']
F:\Python\mypy\tem.py
os.path.something() can isolate the last part in a cross-platform manner.
2. In python, there seems to be a distinction between running
something as if it is a system command of "C:\...>python myPyFile.py"
You use dos syntax in the dos command prompt window.
compared to simply entering that same ".py" file name directly on the
python console command line.
You use python syntax in the interactive python console. The Idle Shell
closes simulates that. Other shells add extra syntax that only works in
the specific shell.
> In fact, the latter does not work unless
the somewhat lengthy ">>> runfile(r'C:\... wdir=r'C:\...) stuff is
entered (in iPython). (I mean, my old MATLAB habit of simply entering
">> mfilename" on the command line seems to be quite wrong in python.)
I believe runfile is ipython (?) specific.
>>> exec(open("F:\\Python\\mypy\\tem.py").read())
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__',
'__warningregistry__']
F:\Python\mypy\tem.py
It is relatively unusual to run a file in the main space rather than
importing it.
5. I think #4 implies an import can be removed. (Yes/No?)
Yes, but it is not a newbie thing to do, and it often does not do what
people expect or want. My advice: forget about it.
I think I saw someplace where a .pyc file is created on an initial run
and subsequently run instead of the .py.
A .pyc file is only generated when the .py is imported. But this is
unreleated to the above and a CPython-specific behind-the-scenes time
optimization you should not worry about.
here, but if related, I guess an auxiliary question is how to easily
force the .py to run rather than the .pyc?
You do not want to do that. If the .py is changed, the .pyc is
regenerated on the next import.
6. Perhaps peripherally related to getting a running script/function/
module name, is getting a "call listing" of all the functions (and
modules) called by a .py program. How would I get that? I only ask
as it comes in handy if one distributes a program. I mean, you only
give people what they actually need.
Look at the trace module. Of course, you distribute files, not
functions. There are various packaging programs that do a module import
trace rather than function call trace.
--
Terry Jan Reedy
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Newbie questions on import & cmd line run
On Wed, May 16, 2012 at 6:45 PM, gwhite wrote: > Hi, > > I am a newbie running the latest pythonxy (2.7.2.1) & spyder and > python 2.7.2. I suspect my questions are mostly basic to python, and > not specific to Spyder or iPython. > > Note: Up until now, I mainly used MATLAB, and thus need to de-program > myself appropriately. > > I use Win7-64. > > I wrote the following .py file: > > - > #! That's a shebang line. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix) It's doesn't matter at all since you're on Windows. On Unix-like systems, one typically writes: #!/usr/bin/env python > # Filename: newbie00.py > > if __name__ == '__main__': Cheers, Chris -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Algorithms in Python, #n+1
I have continued my research in literature algorithms in Python. The
algorithms in Knuth's volumes 1 -- 3 either have been incorporated
into Python, or they can be easily implemented with Python. Quite as
John Nagle said here. However, the Fascicles in Vol. 4 to my opinion
contain nontrivially useful material.
And, Vol. 2 has something interesting, however -- e. g. the statistical
tests on random number generators.
I have included in this entry a working Python program which carries
out the chi squared test on different random number generators. It
demonstrates the paradigm of building Knuth's equations directly into
one's Python program, instead of the DFA/FSA approach. Moreover,
someone over there may wish to test his/her random number generators.
Therefore, I feel that it is relevant to show this program (which is
about two pages long) in this context.
I have carried out the chi squared test on Python's own random number
generator, which to my knowledge is based on the Mersenne twister:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_twister
and Knuth's (old) Linear Congruential method:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator
If you run the program (with Python 3) you will see that the both
generators will pass the chi squared test.
# Random number generation and analysis after D. E. Knuth.
#
# See The Art of Computer Programming, VOL 2, Seminumerical Algorithms,
# 3rd Edition, pp. 1 --
#
# AJY 05-16-2012.
import math, random
# First do the MIX simulator.
# AJY 05-16-2012.
# -
# Python based MIX simulator.
#
# Written in the object oriented manner.
#
# AJY 05-16-2012.
#
# Do as follows:
#
# MIX_computer = MIXSIM(memory_size, word_size)
# A, X = MIX_computer.MUL(A, X)
#
# etc etc. in the same vein.
# This constitutes just a maximally simple demo.
class MIXSIM(object):
""" Maximally simple object oriented MIX simulator. """
def __init__(self, mem_size, word_size):
self.mem_size = mem_size
self.word_size = word_size
self.w = 10**word_size # Assume a base 10 computer,
after Knuth.
# No other methods in this class. I said it only constitutes a demo.
# --
class LCRNG(object):
""" The Linear Congruential Random Number Generator. AJY
05-16-2012. """
def __init__(self, modulus, multiplier, increment, seed):
self.modulus= modulus# Modulus == m in Knuth's text.
self.multiplier = multiplier # Multiplier == a in Knuth's text.
self.increment = increment # Increment == c in Knuth.
# Seed == X0 in Knuth.
self.reg_X = seed # Initial value X0 to Register X.
self.MIX= MIXSIM(5000, 12) # Demo sample MIX computer.
def rand(self):
# See Knuth VOL 2 on p. 12.
# Following calculate the next pseudo random integer:
self.reg_A = (self.multiplier * self.reg_X) % (self.MIX.w + 1)
# Transfer A to X for the next round.
self.reg_X = self.reg_A
# And now return a floating point number x such that 0 <= x < 1.
return float(self.reg_A) / float (self.modulus)
class chi_squared_test(object):
""" Instances are chi squared tests of random number generators. """
def __init__(self, generator_f, buckets, iterations, name):
self.generator_f = generator_f # The function to be tested.
self.buckets = buckets # How many discrete buckets are
used
self.iterations = iterations # The # of random numbers
generated.
self.name= name # name of this test.
self.B = [0] * self.buckets # initially all buckets are empty
def run_test(self):
""" Generate random numbers and place them in buckets. """
for i in range(self.iterations):
random_nr = self.generator_f() # Random number, in interval
[0, 1)
ind_bucket = int(self.buckets * random_nr) # Index, 0 ..
#buckets-1
self.B[ind_bucket] += 1
def chi2test(self):
""" Carry out the chi squared test of the material generated. """
# Calculate the chi squared statistics value. See Knuth VOL 2
# on Page 43.
Vsum = 0
for i in range(self.buckets):
Vsum += (self.B[i] - self.iterations * (1.0 /
float(self.buckets)))**2 \
/ (self.iterations * (1.0 / float(self.buckets)))
V = Vsum
print("\n Chi squared test. Name = ", self.name)
print("\n Chi squared value V = ", V)
print("\n Degrees of freedom: ", self.buckets - 1)
chi2_1 = (self.buckets - 1) + math.sqrt(2.0 * self.buckets) \
* -2.33 + (2.0/3.0)*(-2.33)**2 - (2.0/3.0)
chi2_99 = (self.buckets - 1) + math.sqrt(2
Re: Newbie questions on import & cmd line run
On Wed, 16 May 2012 18:45:39 -0700, gwhite wrote:
> #!
> # Filename: newbie00.py
"Supposed to"? Nothing -- it is completely optional.
#! ("hash-bang") lines currently do nothing on Windows machines, they are
just comments. However, on Unix and Linux machines (and Macintosh?) they
are interpreted by the shell (equivalent to cmd.exe or command.com), in
order to tell the shell what interpreter to use to execute the program if
you run it directly. It is common to use something like:
#!/usr/bin/env python
but I stress that this is completely optional, and doesn't do anything on
Windows.
> if __name__ == '__main__':
> print 'This program was called from the \
> system command line.'
> print __name__ + '.py'
> else:
> print 'This program was imported on the \
> Python command line.'
> print __name__ + '.py'
>
> -
>
> If I run from the system (win cmd) command, I get:
>
> C:\engineer\engruser\python>python newbie00.py
>
> This program was called from the system command line. __main__.py
The magic variable "__name__" is special in Python. When you run a Python
module as a script from the command line, it gets set to "__main__". Note
that there is no such file "__main__.py" (unless you have happened to
create one yourself).
When you import a module, rather than run it, __name__ gets set to the
actual filename of the module, minus the file extension.
> -
> If I hit the run button in Sypder, I get (in the iPython command
> console):
>
> In [70]: runfile(r'C:\engineer\engruser\python\newbie00.py', wdir=r'C:
> \engineer\engruser\python')
> This program was called from the system command line. __main__.py
I'm not sure what Spyder is. Is it part of iPython? You may need to
consult the iPython or Spyder docs to find out exactly what tricks it
plays in its interactive console.
> -
> If I import on the iPython command, I get:
>
> In [71]: import newbie00
> This program was imported on the Python command line. newbie00.py
In this case, __name__ is set to the module name (the file name less the
file extension). Your script adds the .py at the end.
> -
> If I import *again* on the iPython command, I get:
>
> In [72]: import newbie00
>
> In [73]:
>
>
That is correct. Python modules are only executed *once*, the first time
they are imported. From then on, additional imports refer back to a
cached module object.
When you say "import newbie00", the (highly simplified!) process is this:
* Python looks in sys.modules for the name "newbie00". If it finds
something in the cache (usually a module object), it fetches that thing
and assigns it to the variable "newbie00", and the import process is
complete.
* But if it doesn't find anything in the cache, Python searches the
locations listed in sys.path for a module, package, or library. That
could mean any of:
- newbie00.py (source code)
- newbie00.pyc (compiled byte-code)
- newbie00.pyo (compiled optimized byte-code)
- newbie00.pyw (Windows only)
- newbie00.dll (Windows only C library)
- newbie00.so (Linux and Unix C library)
as well as others (e.g. packages).
* If no module is found, Python raises an error, otherwise the first
found module is used.
* If a compiled module (e.g. newbie00.pyc) is found, and is no older than
the source code (newbie00.py), then Python uses the pre-compiled file.
(If the compiled module is older than the source module, it is ignored.)
* Otherwise Python parses the newbie00.py source code, compiles it to
byte-code, and writes it to the file newbie00.pyc so that the next time
the import will be faster.
* At this point, Python now has a compiled chunk of Python byte-code.
It then sets the special global variable __name__ to the file name (less
extension), and executes that code.
* If no fatal error occurs, Python now bundles the results of the
executed code (any functions, classes, variables, etc.) into a module
object, stores the module object in the cache sys.modules for next time,
and finally assigns it to the name "newbie00".
There is a *lot* that goes on the first time you import a module, which
is why Python tries really hard to avoid running modules unless you
explicitly ask it to. So "import newbie00" only *executes* the code once
per Python session. Subsequent imports use the cached version.
The process is quite different when you run a Python module as a script.
In this case, the .pyc file (if any) is ignored, the script is parsed and
compiled from scratch every single time, the magic variable __name__ is
set to "__main__", and the script is executed every single time.
[...]
> Some questions:
>
> 1. If running from the system command line, or the Sypder "run" button,
> "__name__" is "__main__" rather than "newbie00", as seen above.
>
> So, how would I get the file name newbie00.py in these two noted cases?
The special variable "__file__" is set to the f
Re: Newbie questions on import & cmd line run
On May 17, 11:45 am, gwhite wrote: > 1. If running from the system command line, or the Sypder "run" > button, "__name__" is "__main__" rather than "newbie00", as seen > above. > > So, how would I get the file name newbie00.py in these two noted > cases? You can get it from the file name: import os.path name = os.path.split(__file__)[-1] However, you might find it better in the long term to always separate your code into import-only modules and execute-only scripts. It avoids this issue and others. > 2. Is there a shortened syntax of running a .py from the python command > prompt, if not using a Spyder "run" button? Or should I always run as > if from the system prompt? That is, dispense with the MATLAB-like > "run from MATLAB/python command line" bias I may be holding. Generally, the correct way of running Python code from the interpreter is 'import '. You might find this pattern useful: In your module: def main(): # code goes here if __name__ == '__main__': main() Then from the interpreter: import mymodule; mymodule.main() > 3. In injecting my old MATLAB bias of running via the command line > ">> mfilename", I tried a tweak of ">>>import newbie00". That "sort > of" worked, but only the first time. > > Why did the subsequent run of ">>>import newbie00" print nothing? I'm > just trying to understand how python works. The import mechanism only imports a module once, as all files use the same module instance (they're effectively singletons). This happens with repeated imports in one module as well as across various modules during a single execution. So re-importing a module does nothing; to force a re-import, you can use the reload() function, although that doesn't guarantee updating all references. For example: import mymodule from mymodule import myfunc # modify myfunc code externally reload(mymodule) myfunc() # original reference mymodule.myfunc() # newly modified function I don't think that only-one-import is true for scripts that are run from the command line, though. They can exist as both '__main__' and their actual name in the module table. (Someone please correct me if this understanding is wrong...) > 4. The final case shown of hitting the Spyder run button included > this: > > UMD has deleted: newbie00 > > What does that mean? I noted that after this "automatic" deletion, I > could do the ">>>import newbie00" once again and get the print. (I > did not show that above.) Spyder provides a convenience feature to force the reimport of user- defined modules, like your newbie00. After execution, it appears to drop all references to your module, forcing a garbage collection. As its no longer loaded, a subsequent import works. > 5. I think #4 implies an import can be removed. (Yes/No?) I am not > sure why that would be desired, but I will ask how to remove an > import, or to "refresh" the run, of that is the appropriate question. reload() However, the only way to guarantee you've updated all references correctly is to close the interpreter and re-start it. For this kind of development process of modifying code and seeing the changes, it's probably better to look into writing tests instead. These will always be run in isolation, so you're guaranteed of having the correct environment each time. > I think I saw someplace where a .pyc file is created on an initial run > and subsequently run instead of the .py. I'm not sure if that applies > here, but if related, I guess an auxiliary question is how to easily > force the .py to run rather than the .pyc? A .pyc file won't be created for .py files that are run directly, only for those that are imported. You really shouldn't need to worry about this, though. It's an implementation detail that isn't influencing the issues you're seeing. However, if you do ever need to do it, you can stop .pyc files by passing the -B flag to the interpreter, or by setting the environment variable PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE. > 6. Perhaps peripherally related to getting a running script/function/ > module name, is getting a "call listing" of all the functions (and > modules) called by a .py program. How would I get that? I only ask > as it comes in handy if one distributes a program. I mean, you only > give people what they actually need. Perhaps this might be of use: http://pycallgraph.slowchop.com/ Hope this helps. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
